
Glass 



( L, Quality of Water, 21 



Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 198 Series { M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 23 

I N, Water Power, 13 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director 



It 



WATER RESOURCES 

OF THE 

KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, MAINE 

BY 
H. K. BARROWS 

WITH A SECTION ON THE 

QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER 

BY 

GEORGE C. WHIPPLE 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1907 






FEB 24 19G3 
D. or 0. 



K 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction 1 

General description of basin 2 

Physical characteristics 2 

Geology, by George Otis Smith 4 

Drainage 9 

Forest conditions 15 

Population and industries 15 

Transportation facilities 16 

Precipitation 16 

Snow storage and water equivalent 23 

Stream flow 24 

Sources of information 24 

Field methods 25 

Office methods , 27 

Definitions 28 

Explanation of tables 29 

Accuracy of determinations 30 

Use of data 32 

Location of stations 33 

Kennebec River at The Forks 33 

Kennebec River near .North Anson 41 

Kennebec River at Waterville -__ 48 

Moose River near Rockwood 59 

Miscellaneous measurements in Moose River basin 64 

Roach River at Roach River '. 64 

Moosehead Lake 1 70 

Dead River near The Forks 76 

Carrabassett River at North Anson 81 

Sandy River near Madison 86 

Messalonskee Stream at Waterville . 90 

Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner 93 

Relation of run-off to precipitation 106 

Kennebec River at Waterville 106 

Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner 110 

Evaporation '. 113 

Floods on Kennebec River 115 

Flood of 1832 115 

Flood of December, 1901 116 

Weather conditions _. >_ 116 

Run-off 117 

Maximum discharge 118 

Comparative heights of fioods____ . =—,,—. 119 

in 



IV CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Low-water conditions 120 

Kennebec River 120 

Tributaries of Kennebec River 121 

Water power 121 

Developed water powers 121 

Kennebec River 122 

Dead River 123 

Carrabassett River 123 

Sandy River 124 

Sebasticook River 124 

Messalonskee Stream 125 

Cobbosseecontee Stream 126 

Undeveloped water powers 126 

General considerations .. 126 

Kennebec River 127 

Moose River 128 

Roach River •_ 128 

Moxie Stream 128 

Dead River 128 

Pleasant Pond Stream 129 

Pierce Pond outlet 129 

Carrabassett River 130 

Sandy River __ 130 

Sebasticook River 130 

Messalonskee Stream 130 

Weber Pond outlet 130 

Cobbosseecontee Stream 130 

Water storage 131. 

General considerations 131 

Storage in Kennebec headwaters__: 132 

Moosebead Lake 132 

Moose River Basin ._ 133 

Brassua Lake 133 

Long Pond 134 

Wood and Attean ponds * 135 

Holeb Pond 136 

Roach River Basin 137 

Lower Roach Pond 137 

Middle Roach Pond 137 

Summary 138 

Storage below Moosebead Lake . 138 

Moxie Pond 138 

Pierce Pond 1 139 

Dead River basin 139 

Flagstaff Lake _■_'____ 139 

West Carry Pond _* 140 

Spring Lake 140 

Dead River dam 140 

Spencer ponds 141 

Spencer Stream dam 141 

Upper Dead River _, 141 

Summary 141 

Effect of present storage on flow, „__„__,_, „ ,______,_,_, 145 



CONTENTS. V 

Page. 
Water storage — Continued. 

Water available in Kennebec headwaters 148 

General discussion 148 

Discussion of mass curves 153 

Application of results of "mass curve" computation 158 

Conclusions : 161 

Log driving and lumbering 162 

General statement 162 

Time of driving 163 

Water used in driving 163 

Quantities of logs driven, and cost of driving 164 

Improvements in log-driving facilities 166 

Quality of Kennebec River Water, by George C. Whipple 167 

Introduction : 167 

Water examinations 168 

Turbidity 168 

Color 170 

Odor 172 

Results of examinations 172 

Chemical constituents 181 

Microscopic organisms 184 

Bacteria 186 

Effect of tides on quality of water below Augusta 186 

Pollution 188 

Source and character 188 

Effects of pollution 195 

Turbidity 196 

Color 196 

Odor 196 

Chemical constituents 197 

Bacteria 197 

Typhoid-fever epidemic of 1902-3 198 

Introduction 198 

General account 200 

Typhoid fever in Waterville 201 

General account 201 

Origin of epidemic in Waterville 205 

Typhoid fever in Augusta 207 

Previous history of typhoid fever in Augusta 1 207 

Typhoid fever at Richmond 211 

Deaths from typhoid, 1892-1903___ 211 

Gazetteer of rivers, lakes, and ponds, by B. D. Wood 212 

Index 229 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 
Plate I. Map of Kennebec drainage basin, showing gaging and rainfall 

stations and river and lake surveys 2 

II. A, Cable gaging station on Moose River at Rockwood, Me.; 
B, Raft, pan, etc., for measuring evaporation on Androscoggin 
River at Lewiston, Me 2(5 

III. A, B, "Freshet oak" during and after the Kennebec River 

flood of December, 1901 120 

IV. Profile of Kennebec River 126 

Vr A, Head-gates at east outlet of Moosehead Lake; B, Long Pond 

dam on Moose River 128 

VI. Storage mass curve for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum 
flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 
second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period 

(May, June, and July) _:_ 152 

VIL A, Log jam in Kennebec River above Madison, Me. ; B, Kenne- 
bec River below Madison, Me 162 

Fig. 1. Map of Kennebec basin, showing area mapped by United States 

Geological Survey . 3 

2. Mean annual precipitation at Gardiner, Me., 1839-1905 17 

3. Mean annual precipitation on Kennebec basin above Waterville, 

Me., 1891-1905 22 

4. Water equivalent of snow on the ground at The Forks, Me 24 

5. Rating, area, and mean-velocity curves for Kennebec River at 

The Forks, Me 27 

6. Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on various min- 

imum flows at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from 
Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and 
July) 154 

7. Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum 

flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and various flows from 
Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and 
July) - 155 

8. Diagram showing storage required in Moosehead Lake for various 

minimum flows at Waterville and for various quantities used 
during log-driving period (May, June, and July) 157 

9. Diagram showing flow of Kennebec River at Waterville and esti- 

mated flow with and without storage in Moosehead Lake 160 

10. Diagram showing estimated flow from Moosehead Lake with and 

without storage - 161 

11. Diagram showing use of normal-chlorine isochlors 181 

12. Diagram showing fluctuations in chlorine in Kenebec River water 

at Richmond, December 9, 1903 187 

13. Diagram showing drainage area and population above various 

points on Kennebec River 190 

14. Map showing principal sources of pollution in Kennebec River 

basin and normal isochlors 191 

15. Diagram showing chronological distribution of typhoid-fever cases 

in Waterville and Augusta from October, 1902, to April, 1903__ 202 

16. Map of Waterville, showing location of typhoid-fever cases 204 

17. Map of Augusta, showing location of typhoid-fever case« 208 

VI 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



By H. K. Barrows. 



INTRODUCTION. 

Kennebec River with its important tributaries furnishes some of 
the best water power in the country, besides affording many excellent 
sites for further development. In extending in the best manner the 
use of this river and its branches for water power, for log driving and 
lumbering, and for municipal and other purposes, the welfare of the 
whole State of Maine is vitally concerned. A large amount of infor- 
mation of value in the study of this drainage basin has been gathered 
at various times, but much of it is scattered through various manu- 
scripts and reports and is not readily accessible. This paper has been 
prepared in response to the constant demand for this information 
from both engineers and the public. Especial attention has been 
given to the subject of water storage, as this is of the utmost impor- 
tance to present and future users of the water and the natural oppor- 
tunities for regulating and improving flow in this basin are excep- 
tionally good. 

As a result of cooperation between the Maine State Survey Com- 
mission and the United States Geological Survey, the main river 
from Skowhegan to The Forks was surveyed during 1904, and sur- 
veys of various lakes and ponds in the headwater region were made 
during 1905-6 by the National Survey. The following plans and 
profiles will be furnished to persons especially interested in the sub- 
ject on application to the Director, United States Geological Survey, 
Washington, D. C: 

Plan and profile of Kennebec River from Skowhegan to The Forks. 
Plan of Brassua Lake. 
Plan of Brassua Lake Outlet. 

Plan and profile of Moose River between Moosehead and Brassua lakes. 
Plan of Wood and Attean ponds. 
Plan of Wood Pond Outlet. 

Reconnaissance plan of Holeb Pond, Long Pond, Lower Roach Pond, Middle 
Roach Pond, Flagstaff Lake, West Carry Pond, Spring Lake, and Spencer Ponds. 

Topographic maps of a large portion of the Kennebec basin have 

a These maps may be obtained for 5 cents each by addressing the Director of the United States 
Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, 

1 



2 WATER RESOURCES OF KENKEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

been published by the United States Geological Survey. The unit of 
survey adopted is a rectangular area bounded by meridians and par- 
allels. Such an area is known as a quadrangle and in Maine is 15 
minutes in extent each way and has an area of one-sixteenth of a 
square degree. The quadrangles disregard political boundaries such 
as those of States, counties, and townships. To each is given the 
name of some well-known place or feature within its limits. The 
areas surveyed in the Kennebec basin and the names of the quad- 
rangles are shown in fig. 1. 

The present report has been compiled chiefly from the records, 
reports, and maps of the United States Geological Survey, although 
much valuable information has been furnished by private parties. 
Primarily this report is made possible at this time by the cooperation 
of the State of Maine, through its State Survey Commission, Messrs. 
Leslie A. Lee, chairman; Charles S. Hichborn, secretary and treasurer; 
and William Engel. Special acknowledgment is also due to the Hollings- 
worth & Whitney Company, of Waterville, through F. E. Boston, agent, 
and James L. Dean, engineer, for data on flow at Waterville, on Moose- 
head Lake, and on floods in Kennebec River; to the Kennebec Water 
Power Company, through W. H. K. Abbott, secretary and treasurer, 
and Fred T. Dow, engineer, for much information regarding Moose- 
head Lake and Kennebec River; to the Kennebec, Moose, and Dead 
River Log-Driving Companies, through S. W. Philbrick, secretary 
and treasurer, for information regarding log driving, improvements 
of river, etc.; and to Prof. A. D. Butterfleld, of the University of 
Vermont, who gathered much of the new matter for this report. 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF BASIN. 

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 

Kennebec River rises in Moosehead Lake, in the west central part 
of Maine, the headwaters being collected by Moose River, Roach 
River, and a number of smaller streams rising in the hilly, forested 
areas east and west of the lake. The drainage basin (PI. I) extends 
from the Canada line to the ocean, measures about 150 miles in length, 
varies in width from 50 to 80 miles in the main portion, and embraces 
a total area of 5,970 square miles (about one-fifth the total area of the 
State), of which 1,240 square miles are tributary to Moosehead Lake. 
The length of the river from the lake to the entrance of Merrymeet- 
ing Bay, including the more considerable windings, is about 140 
miles. 

The northern part of the drainage basin is broken by offsets from 
the White Mountains, and nearly the whole upper portion is forest 
covered and in its original wild state. Near Moosehead Lake the 
hills and highlands lie well back from the lake, leaving a great open 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 




a O River gaging stations ? ^ '? 
• Precipitation stations 



30 miles ____ Drainage boundary 
- *— River and Lake surveys 



MAP OF KENNEBEC DRAINAGE BASIN. 
Showing gaging and rainfall stations and river and lake surveys. 



PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 



plain ; below the outlet of the lake into the Kennebec the hills close in 
on the river, forming a narrow, rocky chasm, with steep, precipitous 




Fig. 1.— Map of Kennebec basin, showing area mapped by United States Geological Survey. 

sides. From Mooseliead Lake to the upper end cf Indian Pond, a 
distance of about 4.5 miles, there is a fall of about 90 feet" this being a 



4 WATER* RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

very rough, rocky, and turbulent part of the river. Indian Pond 
varies in width from a few hundred feet to about three-fourths of a 
mile, and has a total length of about 5 miles. It has two levels, sepa- 
rated by a short stretch of rapids at the " narrows," about a mile from 
the upper end of the pond, where there is ordinarily a fall of about 5 
feet. From Indian Pond to The Forks the river is a torrent, falling 
over a rough and rocky bed more than 350 feet in a distance of about 
15 miles. Below the Forks, where it is joined by the waters of Dead 
River, the Kennebec flows through a broader valley whose gentler 
slopes are still covered to some extent with forest growth. About 60 
miles from the coast the hills again rise, though not to any consider- 
able height. The general elevation of the basin is less than that of 
the Androscoggin, which adjoins it on the west, though near the center 
of the area Saddleback, Abraham, and Bigelow mountains rise as 
isolated peaks to an elevation higher than any mountains in the State 
except Katahdin. 

The fall of the river from Moosehead Lake to the head of tide water 
at Augusta is 1,026 feet, the distance being 120 miles and the average 
descent 8.55 feet per mile. 

GEOLOGY. 
By George Otis Smith. 

The water resources of a drainage basin are to a large extent depend- 
ent on the geology of the area. The geologic factors that are of prime 
importance in influencing the present drainage conditions of the Ken- 
nebec basin are the rock structure and the processes of land erosion 
that have produced .the present configuration of the surface, which 
represents one stage in the topographic development as shown by the 
amount of relief and its details. All of these details are the products 
of past geologic processes and constitute the record of geologic history. 
Most, if not all, of these conditions directly affect the character of the 
drainage system and largely control the availability and permanence 
of its water resources, thus showing the intimate relation between the 
geologic work of the past and the industrial activity of the present. 

The Kennebec basin presents considerable variety in its rock forma- 
tions. In the northern part of the basin the rocks are of later Paleo- 
zoic age and include sandstones, conglomerates, shales, slates, and 
impure limestones, these sedimentary rocks in several localities being 
fossiliferous. Within this area there are also some masses of volcanic 
rocks, of which the porphyritic rhyolite of Mount Kineo furnishes the 
most conspicuous exposure. The sedimentary rocks of this portion 
of the Kennebec basin have a general northeast-southwest trend, but 
it is not known that the geologic structure has any marked influence 
on the topography except where certain more massive and resistant 
strata may control the position of minor ridges. To the northwest 
tho divide between the Kennebec waters and the drainage of the 
Chaudiere is probably determined in part by the presence of some 



GEOLOGY. 5 

older schists which have withstood erosion more effectively than the 
sediments of the Moosehead region. 

South of The Forks the rocks of the Kennebec basin include roofing 
slates similar to those quarried in Piscataquis County, other argilla- 
ceous rocks, impure limestones, and calcareous sandstones. Associ- 
ated with these sedimentary rocks are several areas of intrusive 
granite, the largest of which is on the headwaters of Dead, Carrabas- 
sett, and Sandy rivers. The general trend of the formations in this 
part of the basin is also northeast and southwest, and the river gorge 
cuts across several ridges whose position appears to be determined by 
rock structure. 

South of Augusta the rocks are sedimentary in origin ana were once 
similar to those just described, but have been altered into slates, 
schists, and gneisses, which are thoroughly impregnated with peg- 
matitic and granitic material. So complex is the character of this 
widespread intrusion that in many places it is difficult to distinguish 
between the schist or gneiss and the granite. The quarries at Hallo- 
well are located on one of the larger masses of pure granite. 

A noticeable characteristic of all the rocks mentioned above is their 
compactness and hardness. Not only is this due to their age, but 
more especially to the degree of their alteration. During the ages 
that have elapsed since their deposition they have undergone impor- 
tant changes by which soft mud rock or shale has been metamorphosed 
into crumpled schist, and loose-textured sandstone into flintlike 
quart zite. This has been effected both by the intrusion of large 
masses of molten granite and by the folding of beds that were origi- 
nally horizontal but are now steeply inclined. Similar rock folds 
characterize deeply eroded mountain masses, and here the rocks may 
have been elevated into ridges. Of these ridges the lower portions 
alone remain, and any suggestion of their existence is furnished only 
by the closely folded beds of rock that line the stream bank in so many 
localities. 

These hard and compact rocks give to the present channels of the 
Kennebec and its principal tributaries a permanence which they 
might not possess if the rocks were softer. The complicated structure 
of the rocks and the consequent alternation of relatively hard and soft 
beds control to a large extent the abrupt changes in the grade of the 
streams where rips and falls succeed quiet reaches. 

The topography of the region drained by Kennebec River is the 
resultant of a long-continued process of erosion or land wear in which 
normal weathering and stream work have been the most important 
elements. The agency that has been most active in the production 
of the present land forms is running water, and the topography of the 
basin is to be considered as largely the product of the activity of Ken- 
nebec River and its many tributary streams. Glacial erosion and 
deposition have also contributed to the production of the present 



6 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

land surface, with the result that in certain areas the relief in its 
details is due largely to glacial processes rather than to river work. 

The differences between the topography of this region at the begin- 
ning of the Pleistocene or glacial epoch and that at its close are 
doubtless great and are of special interest in the present connection. 
It is probable that before the first invasion of the ice the hills and 
mountains of this basin rose more abruptly above the valleys, and 
that the Kennebec and its principal tributaries meandered over rela- 
tively wide valley floors instead of being confined between terraces 
as at present. In the valleys firm rocks were exposed in few places, 
probabty, and residual soils and clays formed a deep cover where to- 
day there are ledges of solid rock or benches of gravels, sands, and 
clays. The first effect of the occupation of the basin by the ice sheet 
from the north was the planing away of the decomposed rock, and the 
smoothing down of the outlines of the hills and mountains. A con- 
sequence of this planing action of the ice is the presence to-day of. 
firm rock foundations that afford opportunity for the erection of mill 
structures and dams whose safety is insured against destruction by 
freshets. 

The detritus produced by this glacial erosion furnished in turn the 
material transported in the ice and the mass of gravel, sand, and 
finer material transported by the streams flowing on the surface of 
the glacier, beneath it, or over the land surfaces beyond its margin. 
All this material was deposited at various points within this area or 
in the submarine extension of this- basin. The subsidence of the land 
during the later stages of the glacial epoch caused an advance of the 
sea northward along the Kennebec Valley to a distance of 100 miles 
or more from the present coast line. In the quiet waters of" the 
estuary thus produced the glacial streams deposited their loads, and 
from these deposits have resulted many of the present topographic 
forms, such as the terraces, sand plains, and kettle basins, which are 
familiar to those who traverse the Kennebec Valley. The glacial 
deposits, however, affect more than the scenery. The preglacial 
Kennebec drainage system was greatly altered, and not only were old 
channels filled with bowlder clay and with glacial gravel and sand, 
but the streams, thus diverted at a time when their volume and load 
were greatly increased by the contribution from the melting glacier, 
were compelled to cut new channels, which in many cases followed 
courses quite different from the old. This resulted in the transfer of 
drainage from one river system to another and, what is more impor- 
tant, the creation of waterfalls. The stream, thus forced to abandon 
a valley that probably was relatively wide and possessed a moderate 
grade, now cuts across a rock divide, where it develops a waterfall. 
When the drainage history of the Kennebec basin is thoroughly 
worked out it will be found that there have been many such stream 



GEOLOGY. 7 

diversions, which have resulted in the development of water powers 
that now constitute one of the most valuable assets of the State. 

One of the more conspicuous cases of probable stream diversion 
that can be cited is that of Sandy River. This stream flows almost 
due north where it enters the southward-flowing Kennebec a short 
distance below Madison. This abnormal relation between the two 
rivers points to the existence of diversion, and it seems probable that 
in preglacial time the drainage from the Sandy River basin flowed in 
a different direction and entered Androscoggin River in the vicinity 
of Jay. Through obstruction of the lower course of the Sandy by 
glacial deposits the channel south of the present site of Farmington 
seems to have been abandoned and the stream forced to seek an out- 
let to the east. The position of the abandoned portion of the Sandy 
River Valley is indicated in the present topography, and like many 
other such abandoned valleys this one has been utilized by the railroad 
engineer, being followed approximately by the Farmington branch of 
the Maine Central. The water powers at Farmington end Farming- 
ton Mills may be regarded as owing their origin to this stream diver- 
sion. It is also possible that a part of the present drainage basin of 
Dead River was once tributary to the Sandy, but was likewise diverted 
by glacial deposits during the retreat of the ice. This supposition is 
based principally on the abnormal course of the lower part of Dead 
River and the presence there of rapid water and falls, in strong con- 
trast with the upper reaches which give the name to the river. 

Not only are there in the Kennebec basin such cases of diversion of 
former tributaries of other river systems as that just cited, but the 
Kennebec itself seems to possess a somewhat complex character. It 
now occupies portions of the valleys of streams that were formerly 
tributaries. There is reason to believe that the portion of the Ken- 
nebec north of Norridgewock formerly flowed more nearly southward 
from that point and united with the drainage of Wesserunsett and 
Carrabassett streams and Sebasticook River at some point south of 
Waterville. If this is true, then that portion of the Kennebec 
between Norridgewock and Skowhegan, with its abnormal north- 
easterly course, represents the diversion of the upper Kennebec east- 
ward to the point where it joined the valley of the Wesserunsett 
below Skowhegan. This change in the river's course can doubtless 
be attributed to the thick deposits of glacial gravels and sands in the 
western part of the town of Norridgewock, where in fact the low 
divide between the streams flowing directly into the Kennebec and 
those tributary to the Smithfield ponds and Messalonskee Stream is 
relatively close to the main river at Norridgewock. In a similar way 
the Messalonskee drainage seems to have been itself diverted from its 
original course, so that this stream is turned northward nearly to the 
point of its junction with the Kennebec. Another stream whose 



8 WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

present abnormal course suggests similar diversion is the Cobbossee- 
contee. The result of all these diversions has been to create valuable 
water powers. These drainage changes, examples of which are not 
peculiar to the Kennebec basin but are common throughout western 
Maine, might be described with greater detail had fuller study been 
made of this interesting subject. The statements made above are, 
however, sufficient to indicate to what a large degree the present 
wealth of available water powers in the Kennebec basin is the result 
of the glacial history of the region. 

A hardly less important result of the glaciation has been the forma- 
tion of the numerous lakes and ponds that are so characteristic of 
almost the whole of the Kennebec basin. As has been pointed out, 
the original system of drainage was so modified by the distribution of 
glacial deposits as hardly to be recognizable in the present stream 
arrangement, and with this stream adjustment is connected the 
origin of these ponds and lakes, the total area of whose water surface 
is very great, as is shown in other portions of this report. These con- 
ditions are extremely important in their economic bearing, for the 
ponds and lakes, together with extensive swamps, constitute a vast 
storage system by which the water supply is held in reserve, the 
rather indirect communication which many of these natural reser- 
voirs have with the main river serving to hold back the water some- 
what in times of freshets. So it is that the glacial occupation of this 
drainage basin is responsible not only for the creation of most of the 
Kennebec water powers, but also for the constancy of the flow. 

The existing topography, as has been shown above, is the result of 
modification of an earlier topography by the different geologic proc- 
esses. Although the present seems to the casual observer to be a 
period of equilibrium and quiet so far as these geologic processes are 
concerned, in reality this may not be the case, so silent and slow 
moving are these natural forces. It is therefore of interest to suggest 
the stage in topographic development which has been reached at the 
present time. As might be expected, different portions of the Ken- 
nebec Valley exhibit quite different characters ; thus the broad valley 
along the lower courses of the river is in marked contrast with the 
canyon occupied by the stream north of Bingham. The canyon-like 
character of the valley of the upper Kennebec is all the more notice- 
able because of the type of upland topography to be seen a few miles 
east of the river. This upland is suggestive of a topography which 
is much older than that represented by the gorge through which the 
river runs. Thus it may be said that this part of the Kennebec basin 
exhibits both the mature topography of the upland and the youthful 
topography of the canyon. This suggests that the region had 
reached the stage of maturity in one cycle of its history and has now 
entered on the first stage in a later cycle. 



DRAINAGE. 



9 



The amount of relief within the Kennebec basin is considerable, 
although the highest mountains in the State are not included within 
this basin. Its highest peaks are those about the headwaters of Dead 
and Sandy rivers, the more prominent being Mount Bigelow, Mount 
Abraham, and Saddleback, and the peaks along the divide between 
the Kennebec and Piscataquis waters, as well as Mount Kineo. 
South of Moosehead Lake the upland has a general elevation between 
1,000 and 1,400 feet, above which rise peaks to elevations of 2,000 
to 3,000 feet. In this area the elevation of the river in the gorge is 
between 500 and 900 feet. Farther south the contrasts of relief are 
much less. The presence of the extensive elevated regions in the 
northern part of the basin directly affects the amount of precipitation 
and of forest cover within this region. 

In short, in the Kennebec basin the geologic structure, the geologic 
processes that have controlled the evolution of the present topog- 
raphy, the amount of relief, and the details in the land forms all con- 
tribute to the permanence and value of the water resources described 
on the following pages. 

DRAINAGE. 

There are, according to Wells, a 1,084 streams in the Kennebec 
basin. The most important of these tributary streams are listed in 
the following table : b 

Principal tributaries of Kennebec River. 

Squaw Brook. 

Roach River — Lazy Tom Brook. 

Norcross Brook. 

Carry Brook. 

Williams Stream. 

Moose Brook. 

Socatean River. 

Tomhegan Stream. 

Baker Brook. 

Barrett Brook. 

Beaver Brook. 
Moose Brook. 

Wood Stream. 

Gander Brook. 

Henson Brook. 
Moose River ( Upper Churchill Stream. 

Lower Churchill Stream. 

Parlin Stream. 

Stony Brook. 

Tom Fletcher Stream. 

Brassua Stream. 

Miseree Stream. 

a Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1869, p. 91. 

*>For descriptions of streams, ponds, and lakes in the following lists see Gazetteer at end of this 
paper. 



Moosehead Lake 



Horse Brook 



10 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Dead River 



North Branch 



West Outlet Moosehead Lake — Churchill Stream. 

Indian Stream. 

Chase Stream. 

Cold Stream — Alder Stream. 

f Sandy Stream. 
Moxie Stream-j Mosquito Stream. 
L Baker Stream. 

Bear Brook. 
Clearwater Brook. 
Indian Stream. 
Cold Brook. 

Alder Stream— Little Alder Stream. 
.Tim Brook. 
rRedington Brook. 
South Branch - ! Black Brook. 

IStratton Brook. 
Reed Brook. 
Bog Brook. 

Spencer Stream/ Kibb y Stream - 

I Little Spencer Stream. 

Enchanted Stream— Bitter Brook. 

Gulf Stream. 

k Salmon Stream. 

Mink Brook. 

Bean Brook. 

Kelly Brook. 

Hoi way Brook. 

Pleasant Pond Stream. 

Carney Brook. 

Decker Brook. 

Whitcomb Brook. 

Houston Brook — Little Houston Brook. 

South Branch — Ritt Brook. 

Gulf Stream. 

Heald Stream — Little Heald Brook. 

Chase Stream — Bassett Brook. 

Mink Brook. 



Austin Stream 



Jackson Brook. 

Martin Stream — Mill Stream. 

Fall Brook. 

Michael Stream. 



Carrabassett River 



Houston Brook. 
Poplar Brook. 
Hammond Brook. 
Rapid Stream. 

East Brook. 



Sandy Stream< 



Mill Stream- 



Rowe Pond Stream. 
West Brook. 
Stony Brook. 
Michael Stream. 
Alder Stream. 
Witham Brook. 



DRAINAGE. 



11 



Sandy River 



Beaver Dam Brook. 

Wilson Stream. 

Bog Stream. 

Lemon Stream. 
Bombazee Brook. 
Mill Stream. 
Turner Brook. 
Wesserunsett Stream. 
Oarrabassett Stream — Black Stream. 
Sebasticook River — Fifteen-mile Brook. 
Messalonskee Stream — Belgrade Stream. 
Bond Brook. 
Oobbosseecontee Stream. 
Togus River. 
Rolling Dam Brook. 
Eastern River. 
Abagadassett River. 
Cathance River. 
Muddy River. 
Nequasset Brook. 

Wells states that there are 311 lakes and ponds in the basin/ 
The largest and most important are listed below: 

Principal lakes and ponds in the Kennebec basin. 

CONNECTED WITH MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 



Fitzgerald Pond. 
Prong Pond. 
Roach Ponds (3). 



Trout Pond. 
Spencer Pond. 
Tomhegan Pond. 



CONNECTED WITH MOOSE RIVER. 



Indian Pond. 
McKinney Pond. 
Holeb Pond. 
Turner Ponds (2). 
Toby Ponds (3). 
Attean Pond. 
Moores Pond. 
Wood Pond. 
Little Big Wood Pond. 
Benjamin Ponds (3). 
Sally Pond. 
Ponco Ponds (2). 
Heald Pond. 

3697— irr 198—07- 



Long Pond (Jackman and Long Pond 

townships). 
Fish Pond. 
Muskrat Pond. 
Mud Pond. 
Ironbound Pond. 
Pari in Pond. 

Long Pond (Parlin Pond Township). 
Smith Pond. 
Brassua Lake. 
Luther Pond. 
Miseree Pond. 



Op. cit., p. 93. 



12 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



CONNECTED WITH DEAD RIVER. 



North Branch of Dead River: 
South Boundary Pond. 
Northwest Boundary Pond. 
North Boundary Pond. 
Horseshoe Pond. 
Otter Pond. 
Round Pond. 
Natanis Pond. 
Little Pocket Pond. 
Long Pond. 
Bog Pond. 
Lower Pond. 
Viles Pond. 
Chase Pond. 
Blanchard Pond. 
Bear Pond. 

Round Mountain Lake. 
Snow Pond. 
Greenbush Pond. 
Shallow Pond. 
Jim Pond. 
Little Jim Pond. 
Tim Pond. 
Barnard Pond. 
Welhern Pond. 
Tee Pond. 



South Branch of Dead River: 

Saddleback Ponds (2). 

Dead River Pond. 

Redington Ponds (3). 

Long Pond. 
Spencer Stream: 

Rock Pond. 

Iron Pond. 

Baker Pond. 

Spectacle Pond. 

Long Pond. 

Bartlett Pond. 

Horseshoe Pond. 

Parker Pond. 

Spencer Ponds (3). 

•Whipple Pond. 

Hall Pond. 
Dead River proper: 

Flagstaff Lake. 

Butler Ponds. 

Deer Pond. 

Spring Lake. 
' Carrying Place Ponds. 

Alder Pond. 



Austin Ponds. 
Little Austin Pond. 
Withee Pond. 
Heald Ponds (3). 



CONNECTED WITIJ AUSTIN STREAM. 

Chase Pond. 
Chase Bog Pond. 
Mink Ponds (2). 



CONNECTED WITH CARRABASSETT RIVER. 



Dutton Pond. 

Tufts Pond. 

Grindstone Pond. 

Indian Pond. 

Lily Pond. 

Middle Carrying Place Pond. 

Rowe Ponds. 

Beans Pond. 

Brandy Pond. 

Gilman Pond. 



Judkins Pond. 
Butler Pond. 
Embden Pond. 
Hancock Pond. 
Spruce Pond. 
Fahi Pond. 
Sandy Pond. 
Mud Pond. 
Boynton Pond. 



CONNECTED WITH SANDY RIVER. 



Sandy River Ponds (4). 
Locks Pond. 
Sand Pond. 
Chesterville Ponda. 
Norcross Pond. 



Wilton Pond. 
North Pond. 
McGurdy Pond. 
Clear Water Pond. 



DRAINAGE. 



13 



CONNECTED WITH WESSE 111' NS KTT STKKAM. 



Weeks Pond. 
Wyman Pond. 
Wentworth Pond. 



Moose Pond. 
Barker Pond. 
Starbird Pond. 
Stafford Pond. 
Mill Pond. 
Indian Pond. 
Little Indian Pond. 
Rogers Pond. 
Weymouth Pond. 
Palmyra Ponds (2). 
Whites Pond. 
Sebasticook Lake. 



Messalonskee Lake. 
Ward Pond. 
Moose Pond. 
Long Pond. 
Beaver Pond. 
Kidder Pond. 



Savage Pond. 
Hayden Lake. 



CONNECTED WITH SEBASTICOOK RIVER. 



Hicks Pond. 

Nokomis Pond. 

Corinna Ponds (2V 

Dexter Pond. 

Stetson Pond. 

Plymouth Ponds (2). 

Skinner Pond. 

Unity (Twenty-five Mile) Pond. 

Sandy Pond. 

Lovejoy Pond. 

Pattee Pond. 

China Lake. 



CONNECTED WITH MESSALONSKEE STREAM. 

Great Pond. 
Ellis Pond. 
McGrath Pond. 
North Pond. 
Little Pond. 
East Pond. 



CONNECTED WITH COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM. 



Pleasant Pond. 
Loon Pond. 
Horseshoe Pond. 
Purgatory Pond. 
Sand Pond. 
Buker Pond. 
Jimmy Pond. 
Sanborn Pond. 
Jamies Pond. 
Cobbosseecontee Pond . 
Richard Pond. 



Shed Pond. 
Lake Annabessacook. 
Wilsons Pond. 
Cochne wagon Pond. 
Dexter Pond. 
Berry Pond. 
Narrows Pond. 
Carlton Pond. 
Lake Maranacook. 
Greeley Pond. 



CONNECTFD WITH KENNEBEC RIVER. 



Moosehead Lake. 

West Outlet Ponds (3). 

Indian Pond. 

Burnham Pond. 

Big Indian Pond . 

Little Indian Pond. 

Ten Thousand Acre Ponds. 

Island Pond. 

Ellis Pond. 

Dead River Pond. 

Long Pond (T. 1, R. 6). 

Wilsons Pond. 

Knights Pond. 

Black Brook Pond. 



Fish Pond. 
Cold Stream Pond. 
Moxie Pond. 
Mosquito Pond. 
Baker Pond. 
Mountain Pond. 
Dimmick Ponds (2). 
Pierce Pond. 
Otter Ponds (2). 
Pleasant Pond. 
Robinson Pond. 
Doughnut Pond. 
Carrying Place Pond. 
Decker Ponds. 



14 



WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Youngs Pond. 

Emerton Ponds. 

Turner Pond. 

Mill Pond. 

Merrill Pond. 

Jackson Pond. 

Sebleys Pond. 

Long Pond (Hartland Township). 

Lake George. 

Oak Pond. 

Weber Pond. 



Threemile Pond. 
Spectacle Pond. 
Dam Pond. 

Tolman Pond. 
Togus Pond. 
Threecornered Pond. 
Greeley Pond. 
Nehumkeag Pond. 
Bradley Pond. 
Nequasset Pond. 



The following table, compiled from the Tenth Census, vol. 16, from 
publications of the United States Geological Survey, and from the best 
maps obtainable, shows the drainage area at different points on the 
Kennebec River and its tributaries: 

Drainage areas of Kennebec River and its tributaries. 



Stream. 



Point of measurement. 



Drainage 
area. 



Kennebec River . 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 



Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 



Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Moose River. 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Roach River. 

Do 

Do 



Do 

Moxie Stream 

Do 

North Branch of Dead River. 
South Branch oi Dead River. 
Dead River 

Do 

Do 

Carrabassett River 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Sandy River 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Sebasticoofc River 

Do 

Do 

Do 

Messalonskee Stream 

Do 

Cobbosseecontee Stream 



Outlet Moosehead Lake 

The Forks gaging station above mouth of Dead River 

Below and including Dead River 

Solon dam 

North Anson gaging station above mouth of Carrabassett 

River. 

Below and including Carrabassett River 

Madison dam 

Above mouth of Sandy River 

Below and including Sandy River 

Skowhegan dam 

Somerset Mills. Fairfield 

Waterville, HolLingsworth & Whitney Co.'s dam' above 

mouth of Sebasticook River. • 

Below and including Sebasticook River 

Above mouth of Messalonskee Stream 

Below and including Messalonskee Stream 

Augusta 

Above mouth of Cobbosseecontee Stream 

Below and including Cobbosseecontee Stream 

Head of Merrymeeting Bay 

Outlet of Holeb Pond 

Outlet of Atteau Pond 

Outlet of Wood Pond 

Outlet of Long Pond 

Outlet of Brassua Lake 

Gaging station at mouth 

Outlet of Upper Roach Pond 

Outlet of Middle Roach Pond , 

Gaging station near Roach River at outlet of Lower Roach 

Pond. 
Mouth 



Outlet of Moxie Pond 

Mouth 

Above junction with South Branch 

Above junction with North Branch 

Above mouth of Spencer Stream 

Below and including Spencer Stream 

Gaging station at mouth 

Above mouth of Rapid Stream 

Below and including Rapid Stream 

Gaging station at North Anson 

Mouth 

Phillips 

Farmington Falls above Wilson Stream. 

Below and including Wilson Stream 

Gaging station near Madison 

Mouth 

Outlet Moose Pond 

Near Pittsfield above East Branch 

Below and including East Branch 

Mouth 

Gaging station at Waterville 

Mouth 

Gaging station at mouth 



Sq. miles. 
1,240 
1,570 
2,440 
2,700 
2,790 

3,180 
3,200 
3,220 
3,890 
3,950 
4,260 
4,270 

5,240 

5,240 

5,450 

5,580 

5,600 

5,840 

5,970 

170 

270 

320 

520 

675 

680 

20 

35 

85 

120 
80 
90 
200 
380 
570 
760 
870 
90 
160 
340 
395 
160 
370 
490 
650 
670 
220 
320 
560 
970 
205 
210 
240 



POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 15 

FOREST CONDITIONS. a 

The upper portion of the Kennebec River drainage basin is heavily 
timbered, although extensive cutting has been going on for many 
years. Spruce is the most abundant, but large quantities of poplar, 
valuable in the production of the best grades of paper, are found. 
There are approximately 2,350 square miles of timber land in the 
basin, and about 3,883,000,000 feet of spruce standing (1902) suitable 
for lumber and pulp. About one-third of all the lumber used in the 
State for pulp and paper comes from the Kennebec basin, the remain- 
der being almost wholly supplied by the forests of the Androscoggin 
and Penobscot basins. 

POPULATION AND INDUSTRIES. 

The population of the northern half of the basin is in general con- 
centrated in lumber camps and a few small towns, which exist for the 
purpose of distributing men and supplies for lumbering, but there is a 
sparse farming population that caters to the needs of the lumbermen. 
In addition a considerable number of sportsmen live within the basin 
during the season for fishing and hunting. The lower half of the basin 
is very generally in farming lands, but several towns are engaged in 
the collection of produce and distribution of supplies and in manu- 
facturing. Notable among the manufacturing towns are Solon, Madi- 
son, Skowhegan, Waterville, Augusta, and Gardiner. The principal 
products are pulp, paper, lumber, and cotton and woolen goods. 

The following table gives the population of some of the principal 
towns and cities, based on the census of 1900: 

Population of principal cities and towns in Kennebec basin. 



Augusta , 11, 683 

Gardiner 5, 501 

Hallowell : : . . 2, 714 

Waterville 9,477 

Fairfield 2, 238 

Skowhegan 4, 266 

Madison 2, 764 

Solon 996 

Greenville 1, 117 



Farmington 3, 288 

Pittsfield 2, 891 

Newport .■ 1, 533 

Norridgewock 1, 495 

Winslow 2, 227 

Richmond 2, 049 

Winthrop. 2, 088 

Oakland 1, 913 



The river is one of the best streams in the United States for the 
development of water power, and the upper section is used largely for 
log driving. The river is open during eight months of the year and 
is navigable as far as Augusta to vessels drawing 10 feet. Several 
cities and towns obtain their water supplies from the river. The ice- 
cutting industry is also of considerable importance. From the 

a Fourth Rept. Forest Commissioner of Maine, 1902. 



16 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



20-mile stretch between Augusta and Richmond, all within the navi- 
gable portion, many thousands of tons of ice are cut yearly and 
shipped for use in southern cities. 

TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. 

Water transportation is available below Augusta. Rail transpor- 
tation is provided by the Maine Central Railroad to points along the 
river south of Skowhegan; by the Somerset Railway, through its 
connection with the Maine Central at Oakland, to the middle and 
northern parts of the basin as far north as Bingham ; and by the Cana- 
dian Pacific and Bangor and Aroostook railways, through their numer- 
ous connections with the Maine Central, to the northern part of the 
basin. An extension of the Somerset Railway, now being con- 
structed, will when completed extend to Birch Point, on the shore of 
Moosehead Lake, opposite Kineo, forming a junction with the Cana- 
dian Pacific Railway near the west outlet of Moosehead Lake. 

PRECIPITATION. 

Precipitation stations have been maintained at the following places 
in the Kennebec River drainage area and its immediate vicinity. 
With the exception of those at Chesuncook, Grant Farm, and The 
Forks, which were established by the United States Geological Survey, 
these stations have been maintained by the United States Weather 
Bureau. 

Rainfall stations in Kennebec basin. 



Approximate 

elevation 

above sea 

level (feet). 

Chesuncook 950 

Fairfield 90 

Farmington 368 

Flagstaff 1, 400 

Gardiner 100 

Grant Farm 1, 000 

Greenville 1, 040 

Jackman 1, 220 



Approximate 
• elevation 
above sea 
level (feet). 

Kents Hill 300 

Kineo 1, 050 

Madison 250 

Mayfield. . ■ 1, 300 

Roach River 1, 150 

Solon 350 

The Forks 590 

Winslow 80 



In the northern and more remote parts of the basin considerable 
difficulty has been experienced in obtaining continuous records. The 
station at Gardiner (fig. 2), however, furnishes an unbroken record 
for more than fifty years (from 1839 to 1889). 

In computing the mean monthly and yearly precipitation, where 
data are lacking for a few months only, they have been supplied from 
adjacent stations, as noted. It appears that the mean annual rainfall 
for selected stations is as follows: 



PRECIPITATION. 



17 



Mean annual ■precipitation, in inches, in Kennebec basin. 



Station. 



Fairfield.... 
Farmington. 

Flagstaff 

Gardiner 

Kineo 



Mayfield . . . 
The Forks. 
Winslow. . 



Average. 



Period of 
record. 



1891-1905 
1891-1905 
1896-1901 
1839-1888 
11895-18971 
11901-1902/ 
1899-1905 
1902-1905 
1896-1905 



For period. 



34.46 
42. 90 
38.48 
44.73 

35.72 

43.31 
37.90 

38.87 



39. 55 



1899-1905, 1902-1905, 
inclusive, inclusive. 



36.82 
43.00 


35. 39 

39. 45 


42. 59 


40. 16 


43.31 


42. 63 


39.31 


37.29 



41.01 



38. 98 



The third column of the foregoing table gives a good idea of the 
amount of and variation in annual precipitation, although the 
stations are, of course, not very evenly placed and should not be 
weighted alike. Apparently the precipitation in the Kennebec basin 




Fig. 2.— Mean annualprecipitationat Gardiner, Me., 1839-1905. Records from ISSOto 1892 are mostly 
from Lewiston. Dotted lines show means for five-year intervals. 

reaches a maximum of about 45 inches near the coast, as shown by 
the Gardiner records. There is a slight falling off farther inland, 
in the vicinity of Winslow and Fairfield, and then an increase (see 
Farmington and Mayfield records) to almost the same amount as 
near the coast. Probably there is a gradual decrease from these 
points northward, a minimum of between 30 and 35 inches being 
reached in the extreme northern part of the basin. The mean annual 
precipitation over the whole basin above Gardiner is about 39 to 40 
inches. 

Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin. 

CHESUNCOOK.a 



Year. 


Jan. 


Feb. Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Annual. 


1904 


1.78 
2.67 
1.94 


0.80 
.69 
1.61 


2.11 
1.32 
4.22 


2.52 
.71 
2.33 


3.49 
2.42 

2.74 


2.75 
1.65 
3.10 


4.23 
1.52 


5.44 
.92 


5.44 
1.18 


1.70 

.77 


0.91 
3.15 


0.59 
2.22 


31.76 


1905 


19.22 


1906 

















a In basin of Penobscot River. 



18 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. 

FAIRFIELD. 



Year. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Annual. 


1891 


6.12 
3.38 
1.62 
2.43 
2.23 
.31 
3.31 
5.07 
2.76 
5.89 
2.74 
2.25 
3.94 
3.21 
3.78 
2.59 


2.23 
2.28 
2.77 
1.03 

.34 
2.95 
1.00 
6.48 
2.73 
7.00 
1.95 
1.54 
3.39 
1.65 

.99 
2.52 


4.75 
1.82 
2.49 
.86 
1.58 
5.62 
2.63 
1.45 
3.66 
4.75 
5.22 
7.76 
6.35 
3.78 
.88 
a3.33 


1.97 
.80 
2.13 
.72 
3.50 
1.28 
2.40 
2.31 
1.05 
1.63 
3.96 
2.41 
1.95 
5.75 
2.15 
3.09 


2.26 
2.67 
3.42 
3.78 
1.83 
2.33 
4.47 
1.55 
2.05 
5.18 
2.35 
2.54 
.37 
4.75 
2.22 
3.55 


2.03 
5.79 
.99 
2.97 
1.96 
1.91 
3.39 
3.32 
1.39 
4.08 
1.64 
4.04 
3.56 
2.32 
3.49 
3.29 


4.63 
1.78 
2.27 
2.56 
3.08 
3.21 
3.52 
1.13 
5.13 
3.40 
2.99 
2.22 
a4.53 
2.69 
3.65 


4.00 
5.58 
2.90 
3. 50 
2.59 
3.83 
2.82 
3.71 
.46 
1.76 
3.39 
'4. 06 
«3. 37 
4.39 
1.43 


2.06 
3.23 
2.12 
3.82 
1.11 
5.10 
2.54 
2.37 
3.58 
2.55 
3.79 
1.86 
al.01 
'5.58 
2.45 


1.38 
1.37 
4.89 
2.41 
1.58 
2.00 

.53 
4.33 
1.11 
4.05 
2.77 
4.01 
a3. 31 
2.05 

.38 


2.14 
3.17 
.86 
2.02 
5.47 
2.35 
3.98 
3.71 
2.32 
4.55 
2.19 
1.03 
1.06 
1.61 
3.80 


4.56 
1.10 
2.36 
1.82 
3.77 
1.17 
3.06 
1.42 
1.93 
2.19 
7.98 
4.68 
2.70 
1.44 
3.19 


38. 13 


1892 


32.97 


1893 


28.82 


1894... 


27.92 


1895... 


29.04 


1896 


32.06 


1897... 


33.65 


1898.. 


36. 85 


1899.. 


28. 17 


1900 


47.03 


1901. 


40.97 


1902 . 


38. 40 


1903 


35 54 


1904... 


39.22 


1905.. 


28.41 


1906... 




















Mean, 1891-1905. 


3.27 


2.55 


3.57 


2.27 


2.78 


2.86 


3.12 


3.19 


2.87 


2.41 


2.68 


2.89 


34.46 



FARMINGTON. 



1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 
1904 
1905 
1906 



Mean, 1891-1905. 3.86 3.13 



6.54 
5.45 
2.66 
1.64 
4.05 
.80 
5.45 
65.54 
2.57 
6.19 
3.27 
3.06 
3.61 
3.52 
3.79 
2.29 



2.13 

2.33 

3.81 

2.22 

.95 

5.58 

62.13 

6.85 

2.60 

10.76 

1.04 

2.32 

2.81 

.72 

.70 

1.89 



8.28 
2.33 
2.69 
2.20 
1.88 
10.83 
4.85 
.55 
5.79 
7.04 
4.54 
8.43 
5.67 
3.13 
1.41 
4.30 



4.64 



1.97 
.85 
2.34 
1.43 
5.67 
2.66 
3.19 
2.71 
.92 
1.74 
6.88 
3.67 
2.47 
6.36 
2.12 
2.06 



1.94 
3.75 
6.95 
5.14 
3.06 
62.80 
3.75 
1.79 
1.97 
5.12 
3.95 
5.16 
.59 
5.72 
2.65 
3.67 



3.00 I 3.62 3.85 



3.93 
6.26 
2.78 
3.20 
3.38 
2.49 
4.32 
4.34 
2.41 
5.51 
3.47 
5.28 
5.70 
1.03 
3.60 
5.41 



3.42 
3.29 
1.60 
1.92 
1.05 
3.75 
8.11 
2.80 
5.07 
4.88 
4.22 
1.93 
4.27 
4.97 
4.07 



3.69 



4.03 
5.09 
3.76 
2.61 
5.93 
3.97 
3.93 
3.27 
1.91 
2.30 
3.45 
3.34 
2.67 
4.58 
3.10 



3.60 



1.45 
4.16 
3.02 
5.73 
1.92 
4.62 
2.98 
2.82 
3.26 
4.82 
2.25 
3.60 
1.17 
4.44 
5.27 



3.43 



1.68 
1.49 
5.72 
5.02 
1.99 
3.88 
.95 
4.63 
1.43 
4.23 
3.03 
4.68 
3.08 
2.09 
1.24 



3.01 



2.69 
4.44 
2.99 
2.97 
5.76 
4.22 
5.01 
4.40 
2.60 
8.50 
2.10 
1.19 
1.24 
1.83 
2.58 



3.50 



5.64 
1.39 
3.39 
2.76 
6.25 
1.15 
4.98 
1.44 
2.71 
1.77 
8.97 
4.31 
4.19 
1.76 
2.69 



3.58 



FLAGSTAFF. 



1895 
















3.54 
3.14 
5.01 
3.60 
.33 
2.17 
4.95 


1.49 
4.53 
3.72 
3.21 
1.73 
2.35 
1.65 


1.06 
3.44 
.72 
2.65 
1.65 
2.47 
2.40 


4.18 
2.80 
a4.96 
3.25 
2.35 
5.66 
2.20 


3.62 
1.05 
2.53 
1.05 
2.15 
2.45 
4.88 




1896... 


1.20 

2.90 
4.80 
1.85 
4.30 
2.20 


3.92 
2.60 
6.90 
3.83 
5.40 
1.50 


6.97 
3.07 
al.05 
4.05 
3.90 
2.75 


1.45 
3.02 
1.76 
.67 
.35 
7.83 


2.75 
7.33 
1.20 
1.95 
3.55 
2.34 


2.40 
4.27 
2.45 
1.19 
3.43 
4.58 


4.85 
7.77 
1.05 
a6.81 
4.80 
5.01 


38.50 


1S97 


47.90 


1898 


32.97 


1899 


28.56 


1900 


40.83 


1901 . . . 


42.29 






Mean, 1896-1901. 


2.88 


4.02 


3.63 


2.51 


3.19 


3.05 


5.05 


3.20 


2.86 


2.22 


3.52 


2.35 


38. 48 



GARDINER. 



1839 


2.45 
1.77 
5.72 
2.88 
2.54 
3.95 
5.85 
2.66 
5. 11 


2.10 
2.29 
1.12 
4.49 
5.67 
1.68 
2.25 
1.29 
3.67 
2. 53 


2.66 
4.14 
3.24 
3.26 
5.50 
4.82 
2.96 
6.27 
1.62 
2.84 


3.87 
4.14 
5.29 
2.51 
5.52 
.65 
2.59 
1.59 
2.90 
1.22 


5.04 
4.22 
3.58 
1.83 
3.50 
3.01 
2.68 
4.83 
2.69 
8.64 


4.45 
4.20 
3.17 
3.05 
3.96 
1.79 
1.95 
2.77 
6.32 
1.88 


5.26 
1.72 
1.58 
3.08 
1.76 
1.47 
6.55 
2.62 
3.34 
6.29 


5.21 
3.72 
1.08 
2.35 
4.80 
3.03 
2.40 
3.83 
3.95 
4.32 


2.27 
1.54 
3.83 
3.06 
1.17 
2.36 
3.20 
1.00 
3.32 
5. 76 


0.41 
6.02 
1.46 
1.61 
5.28 
5.72 
2.89 
2.09 
4.06 
4.59 


4.22 
3.88 
3.37 
3.33 
3.58 
3.93 
10. 56 
3.42 
3.64 
2.38 


3.10 
3.52 
5.09 
5.67 
2.71 
5.91 
4.82 
2.95 
4.28 
4.50 


41 04 


1840 . 


41. 16 


1841... 


38.53 


1842 


37. 12 


1843 


45.99 


1844 


38.32 


1845 


48 70 


1846... 


35.32 


1847. 


44 90 


1848 


3.84 


48.85 






Moan, 1839-1848. 


3. 68 


2.71 


3.73 


3. 03 


4.00 


3.35 


3.37 


3.47 


2.75 


3.41 


4.23 


4.26 


41.99 



a No record; figures supplied from Winslow record. 
6 No record; figures supplied from Gardiner record. 



PRECIPITATION. 



19 



Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. 
GARDINER— Continued. 



Year. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Annual. 


1849 


0.92 
3.09 
4.66 
2.36 
1.49 
2.78 
7.17 
2.25 
4.22 
3.11 


1.50 
2.96 
4.45 
3.89 
9.47 
435 
1.80 
1.95 
2.46 
2.33 


2.80 
2.29 
1.88 
2.22 
1.94 
4.73 
1.10 
.90 
4.03 
3.16 


3.47 
2.98 
3.74 
6.13 
1.14 
5.62 
4 57 
2.46 
5.30 
4 44 


5.18 
11.76 
3.16 
.36 
7.16 
5.28 
1.93 
4.52 
4.74 
3.02 


2.59 
5.44 
3.42 
3.89 
.95 
5.05 
5.98 
2.06 
3.59 
2.51 


1.69 
3.04 
5.56 
2.80 
4.10 
4 95 
2.42 
2.49 
2.33 
6.43 


6.11 
4 31 
2. 36 
5.87 
3.34 
1.41 
3.09 
7.49 
5.51 
7.26 


2.81 
3.70 
2.76 
3.51 
5.17 
5.03 
1.76 
3.82 
1.24 
3.74 


5.85 
5.29 
8.43 
4.38 
4.45 
3.25 
13. 15 
3.20 
4 97 
5.06 


2.67 
2.41 
6.30 
6.33 
6.47 
8.12 
3.18 
2.14 
3.63 
2.91 


3.97 
4.10 
4 05 
4.92 
4.46 
3.16 
5.01 
4 70 
419 
2.87 


39.56 


1850 


51.37 


1851 


50. 77 


1852 


46 66 


1853 


50. 14 


1854 


53. 73 


1855 


51. 16 


1856 

1857 


37.98 
46.22 


1858 


46. 84 






Mean, 1849-1858. 


3.20 


3.52 


2.50 

10.06 
2.14 
5.47 
3.49 
4.23 
4 58 
5.39 
5.47 
5.76 
2.38 


3.98 

2.51 
1.32 
4.35 
2.75 
3.98 
2.46 
4 43 
1.91 
4 96 
2.28 


4.71 

3.00 
.87 
440 
1.92 
2 56 
3.94 
5.05 
4 97 
5.27 
9.59 


3.55 

6.35 
2.36 
1.27 
3.81 
1.73 
.90 
2.68 
3.50 
1.96 
3.20 


3.58 

1.77 
1.97 
4.14 
2.41 
6.46 
.59 
4 61 
3.01 
3.94 
1.87 


4.68 


3.35 

2.48 
3.63 
1.85 
3.18 
4.34 
4 32 

.84 
5.66 

.98 
8.24 


5.80 


4 42 4 14 


47. 43 


1859 


4.42 
1.04 
2.94 
4.20 
4.42 
3.51 
3.10 
1.63 
2.62 
2.86 


2.15 
3.30 
3.26 
3. 60 
3.75 
2.07 
2.85 
5.24 
4.36 
1.87 


2.79 
4.70 
1.37 
1.94 
4 39 
6.12 
1.46 
5.50 
8.49 
1.06 


1.08 
3.81 
5.47 
5.21 
4.74 
2.76 
4.75 
2.59 
4 60 
.98 


4.75 1 6.54 
5. 36 a 26 


47.90 


I860 


33.76 


1861 


3.16 
4.33 
7.30 
5.77 
3.24 
3.18 
2.85 
6.76 


2.17 
2.56 
4 35 
4.03 
3.23 
3.00 

2. 04 


39.85 




39.40 


1863 


52.26 


1864 


41.05 


1865 


41.63 


1866 


45.66 


1867 


47.68 


1868 


43. 13 






Mean, 1859-1868. 


3.07 


3.24 


4.90 


3.10 


4 16 


2.78 


3.08 


3.78 


3.55 


3.60 


4.67 


3.31 


43.24 




1.96 
6.12 
2.11 
1.86 
4.63 
4.39 
2.94 
3.03 

a 57 


6.75 
5.93 
1.56 
1.84 
2.09 
3.33 
3.72 
5.88 
.55 
2.73 


4.00 
3.22 
5.37 
3.03 
3.94 
1.96 
3.70 
7.96 
7.91 
3.13 


3.05 
4 78 
3.38 
1.85 
2.97 
4 63 
3.92 
2.69 
3.01 
5.84 


4.50 
1.90 
3.92 
2.58 
2.38 
3.14 
2.90 
3.62 
1.61 
1.49 


5.50 
1.94 
1.58 
3.88 
1.26 
3.86 
5.87 
2.95 
1.16 
3.69 


1.51 
2.43 
4 58 
3.10 
3.56 
5.57 
2.22 
6,16 
2.22 
1.08 


1.17 
1.99 
4.93 
6.98 
1.59 
6.21 
6.66 
.20 
5.28 
4.43 


3.37 

1.33 
1.84 
4 73 
3.88 
2.76 
4 89 
4.63 
1.42 
2.39 


12.07 
6.39 
7.58 
3.42 
6.01 
1.72 
5.06 
2.59 
5.27 
7.82 


3.10 
4.19 
4 90 
5.82 
3.63 
2.99 
3.67 
413 
8.24 
4.60 


4 74 
2.82 
3.28 
3.57 
2.03 
1.54 
.83 
3.45 
1.24 
7.55 


52.32 


1870 


43.04 


1871 


45. 03 


1872 


42.64 


1873 


37.97 


1874 


42.10 


1875 


46.35 


1876 


47.29 


1877 


39.60 


1878 


48.32 






Mean, 1869-1878. 


3.23 


3.44 


4 42 


3.61 


2.80 


3.17 


3.24 


3.94 


3.12 


5.85 


4.53 


3.10 


44 45 


1879 


2.88 
4.10 
3.73 
3.56 
2.50 
5.40 
5.26 
6.61 
7.32 
5.13 


3.08 
3.61 
5.84 
4.96 
2.89 
7.29 
6.44 
7.25 
5.62 
5.90 


4.21 
2.68 
5.31 
5.04 
2.24 
5.40 
2.18 
3.90 
7.27 
5.09 


3.39 
3.29 
1.56 
2.65 
3.46 
6.53 
2.50 
1.43 
6.81 
2.27 


1.50 
2.39 
5.89 
4.74 
5.02 
4.00 
3.41 
3.76 
1.08 
2.48 


5.83 
1.53 
3.09 
4.25 
4.86 
1.22 
6.50 
1.85 
3.42 
2.59 


5.27 
3.94 
3.76 
2.60 
3.49 
5.17 
1.73 
1.93 
6.96 
2.20 


5.21 
2.18 
2.36 
.34 
.32 
4.22 
3.21 
2.82 
3.42 
4.33 


4.05 
4.06 
3.00 
7.00 
3.11 
2.11 
1.98 
3.68 
1.05 
7.12 


2.05 
4,39 
2.65 
2.02 
4.48 
3.14 
3.94 
3.67 
2.44 
6.71 


4.70 
4.86 
3.26 
1.14 
2.84 
3.29 
2.86 
6.06 
3.64 
5.98 


4.19 
2.96 
6.56 
3.53 
3.67 
5.05 
2.60 
4.68 
5.61 
4.20 


46. 37 


1880 


39.99 


1881 


47.02 


1882 


41.83 


1883 : 


38.88 




52.82 


1885 


42.61 




47.64 


1887 


54.65 


1888 


54.00 






Mean 1879-1888 . 
Mean 1839-1888 . 


4.65 
3.57 


5.29 
3.64 


4.33 
3.98 


3.39 
3.42 


3.43 
3.82 


3.51 

3.27 


3.70 
3.39 


2.84 
3.74 


3.72 
3.30 


3.55 

4.44 


3.86 
4.34 


4.30 
3.82 


46.57 
44.73 


1889 


5.20 
3.18 


1.84 
3.78 


2.76 
4.52 


2.38 
1.51 


2.54 
7.84 


4.18 
3.61 


2.96 
(a) 


1.60 


2.56 


4.59 


5.44 


5.51 


41. 56 














1 


1893 


2.70 
3.30 
2.50 
.87 
4.51 
5.54 
3.41 
7.19 
3.78 
2.67 
4.54 
4.12 
4.85 
2.95 


4.79 
1.99 
1.64 
5.25 
2.13 
5.45 
3.10 
8.96 
1.76 
1.70 
3. 63 
2.24 
1.32 
1.98 


3.18 
1.44 
2.48 
7.19 
4.30 
1.76 
5.56 
7.23 
6.25 
10.33 
6.65 
3.71 
.94 
4.80 


2.52 
1.86 
4.83 
2.02 
2.86 
3.44 
1.19 
2.50 
6.43 
3.71 
1.42 
7.10 
2.10 
3.74 


4.66 
5.84 
1.50 
2.80 
5.94 
1.60 
1.87 
5.42 
3.97 
2.01 
.45 
3.95 
2.17 
4.52 


2.56 
1.18 
2.01 
1.94 
4.32 
3.56 
2.43 
1.34 
1.36 
4.52 
5.12 
1.29 
4.83 
4.89 


1.12 
2.30 
4.55 
3.18 
3.15 
.98 
5.48 
1.87 
4.26 
2.07 
4.77 
1.25 
4.52 




3.27 
3.08 
3.28 
2.88 
2.66 
3.73 
1.08 
2.77 
5.54 
4.46 
2.90 
4.53 
2.03 


3.23 
3.81 
1.21 
7.60 
3.11 
2.90 
3.90 
2.45 
2.08 
3.22 
1.34 
5.09 
4.09 


5.90 
4.25 
1.82 
2.64 

.92 
6.23 
1.85 
4.47 
4.18 
4.90 
3.82 
2.02 

.78 


1.83 
2.21 
6.85 
4.12 
5.99 
4.57 
2.42 
5.28 
2.41 
1.21 
1.63 
2.39 
3.95 


5.13 
2.80 
4.40 
1.52 
3.83 
2.74 
2.61 
1.64 
9.43 
5.35 
3.56 
2.28 
3.12 


40.89 


1894 


34. 06 


1895 


37.07 


1896 


42.01 


1897 


43. 72 


1898 


42.50 


1899 

1900 

1901 


34. 90 
51. 12 
51.45 


1902 


46.15 


1903 ■ 


39. 83 


1904 


39. 97 


1905 

1906 


3-1.70 


Mean, 1893-1905 
Mean 1839 1903 b 


3.84 


3.38 


4.69 


3.23 


3.24 


2.80 


3.04 


3.25 


3.39 


3. 37 3. 45 3. 72 



41.40 
44.41 





















a No record at Gardiner from July, 1890, to December, 1892, inclusive. 
b Missing records, 1890-1892, supplied from Lewiston records. 



20 



WATER KESOUKCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. 

GRANT FARM. 



Year. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Annual. 


1904 




0.38 


1.70 


1.30 


4.01 
4.05 


2.91 
2.66 


3.96 

2.70 


2.55 
.79 


7.85 
1.15 


2.72 
.48 


1.31 
1.62 






1905 






















GREENVILLE. 


1904 










5.27 
3.22 

4.72 


3.60 
3.99 
3.43 


6.85 
2.52 
6.28 


4.09 
1.43 


7.63 
2.82 


2.44 
.86 


0.47 
2.51 






1905 








1.91 
2.20 


1.22 




190G 


1.20 


1.23 




















JACKMAN. 


1894 


2.25 


1.48 
2.20 

4.65 


1.79 
2.55 
3.30 






















1897 


0.95 
1.51 
1.91 

.84 
1.85 


5.00 


4.00 


6.23 


2.45 


4.20 


1.68 








1903 


2.32 








1904 














1.52 
1.91 


1.82 
2.10 




1905 


2.42 

1.57 


.94 
1.57 


1.28 
3.15 
















1906 


4.33 


3.72 




























KENTS ITILL. 


1891 


6.28 
4.88 
2.41 


3.41 
1.60 
4.53 
1.32 


5.37 
1.79 
2.95 


1.85 
1.05 

2.85 


2^79 
6.76 


3.05 
5.75 


4.50 
2.48 


4.00 
6.30 


1.50 
4.98 


2.12 
1.25 


1.79 
3.98 


5.57 
1.37 


41.42 
38.22 


18i*2. 


1893 


1894 












































KINEO. 


1895 


2.11 

.37 

2.82 

4.24 


1.35 
2.51 
1.95 
6.90 
3.50 
3.47 
1.80 
3.60 


1.22 
4.49 
2.43 

.82 


2.03 
2.24 
3.27 
2.22 


2.58 
2.46 
3.96 


3.26 
2.47 


4.07 
4.02 
8.37 
.90 
7.37 
5.21 
1.95 
4.03 


4.90 
2.00 
3.11 
3.30 


1.45 
3.27 
2.62 
4.50 


0.87 
3.61 
1.52 


5.47 
1.95 
2.69 


2.99 

.90 

2.25 


32 30 


1896 


30 29 


1897 


37 58 


1898 




1899 


3.20 


3.94 
3.24 
6.55 
6.15 










1900 


5.17 
2.65 
2.15 
2.36 


3.90 
1.45 

4.73 
4.99 


'4*85' 
2.65 

"i.54" 


3.49 

.75 
4.67 
2.79 
2.71 


1.51 
2.55 
3.01 


2.55 

.94 
5.46 










1901 


2.26 
a3.40 


2.70 
.81 


7.40 
2.01 
2.01 


35. 85 


1902 

1903 


42.67 


1904 




















i 

















Mean, 1895-1897 
1901-2 


2.02 


2.24 


2.86 


3.01 


2.88 


4.20 


4.49 


3.11 


2.75 


2.33 


2.72 


3.11 


35.72 


MADISON. 


1894 


3.23 


2.25 

3.88 
3.98 
1.71 
1.61 
2.99 


1.70 
11.04 
6.32 
2.79 
2.13 
4.83 


1.45 
3.62 
1.94 
7.63 
2.59 
4.27 


4.75 
5.49 
.23 
6.63 
3.73 
5.12 


6.00 
7.45 
3.72 
3.36 
4.65 
5.72 


2.12 
2.29 
5.37 
6.10 
5.75 


3.28 
5.93 
2.30 
7.38 
2.23 


4.81 
3.70 
.76 
6.34 
5.61 


5.30 
6.61 
2.40 
2.98 
1.13 








1902 - 

1903 


3.91 
4.34 

2.28 
4.08 
4.04 


1.42 
1.17 
1.23 
4.60 


4.63 
1.43 
1.55 
3.45 


59.97 
33.96 


1904 


49.98 


1905 


41.56 


1906 




















Mean, 1902-1905. 


3. 65 


2.80 


5.57 


3.94 


4.02 


4.80 


4,88 


4. 46 ' 


4.10 


3.28 


2.10 


2.76 


46.36 



a No record; figures supplied from The Forks record. 



PRECIPITATION. 



21 



Monthly and annual precipitation in Kennebec basin — Continued. 
MAYFIELD. 



Year. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Annual. 


1891 








3.75 


2.37 


3.34 
8.36 
2.69 
6.45 
3.03 
3.13 
3.41 
2.94 
2.04 
3.31 
2.94 
7.39 
6.54 
3.17 
3.39 
4.61 


5.11 
2.73 
3.27 
2.65 
4.44 
6.07 
8.04 
1.52 
4.79 
4.48 
5.40 
2.95 
5.27 
4.41 
4.39 


4.78 
9.19 
5.20 
2.05 
3.86 
4.90 
4.07 
4.43 
1. 05 
1.25 
5.25 
6.36 
3.03 
5.32 
1.86 


1.58 
5. 63 
4.21 
5.71 
2.09 
5.31 
3.01 
3.57 
3.3^ 
3.26 
2.63 
4.33 
.85 
5.73 
4.40 


1.56 
1.60 
7.37 
6.41 
2.25 
4.77 
1.43 

L71 
2.99 
3.43 
5.83 
3.12 
2.42 
.90 


2.91 
5.14 
3.49 
2.48 
7.63 
5.11 
5.12 
6.02 
2.19 
7.43 
2.24 
1.65 
1.61 
1.58 
2.87 






1892 












1893 








1.86 
1.17 
6.21 
2.34 
4.56 
2.26 
.99 
1.57 
6.33 
4.16 
1.56 
3.42 
2.17 
2.70 


5.65 
4.83 
3.83 
3.02 
5.04 
1.88 
3.02 
5.84 
2.26 
3.40 
.58 
6.86 
3.29 
3.90 






1894 










1895 








5. 84 
1.24 
3.43 
1.14 
3.05 
1.10 
8. 63 
4.12 
3.06 
1.47 
2.69 




1896 


0.94 








1897 








1898 










1899 


2.50 
6.27 
2.60 
3.21 
5.48 
3.07 
4.25 
2.69 


4.00 
7.39 
1.20 
3.60 
3.27 
1.81 

01.11 

2.01 


4.87 
5.65 
5.55 
9.50 
5.33 
2.76 
1.00 
5.24 


33. 54 


1900 


50.54 


1901.. 


48. 46 


1902 


56. 50 


1903 


39. 70 


1904 


42.02 


1905 

1906 


32.32 


















Mean, 1899-1905. 


3.91 


3.20 


4.95 


2.89 


3.61 


4.11 


4.53 


3.45 


3.50 


2.91 


2.80 


3.45 


43.31 



ROACH RIVER. 



1901 






















2.95 
1.16 


6.„5 
2.70 




1902... 


3.25 
2.05 


. 3.82 
4.90 


3.37 

5.76 


1.21 
2.23 


3.56 


9.29 


4.30 


5.32 




3.21 




1903..- , 

























SOLON. 



1902 








3.20 


4.62 




2.92 


3.43 


5.39 


3.43 


2.30 


3.10 




1903 


3.78 


2.81 


4.90 



























THE FORKS. 



1901 




















3.31 
3.40 
1.60 
2.23 

1.24 


2.60 
2.30 
1.73 
1.34 
2.90 


8.80 
3.10 
2.97 
1.58 
2.40 




1902 


3.50 
2.30 
2.95 
3.39 

2.24 


3.35 
3.63 
1.40 

1.11 
2.05 


5.69 
4.42 
1.95 
1.30 

4.20 


3.20 
1.35 
3.70 
1.68 

2.18 


4.62 
.61 
5.08 
3.58 
3.13 


6.42 
4.36 
4.64 
4.33 
3.07 


2.92 
4.58 
7.53 
3.37 


3.43 
3.24 
2.69 
1.86 


5.39 

.91 

6.82 

3.47 


47.32 


1903... 


31. 70 


1904 . , 


41.91 


1905 


30.63 


1906. 




















Mean, 1902-1905. 


3.04 


2.37 


3.34 


2.48 


3.47 


4.94 


4. 60 


2.81 


4.15 


2.12 


2.07 


2.51 


37.90 



WINSLOW. 



1895 


















1.56 
5.86 
3.02 
2.77 
4.03 
3.26 
3.92 
2.29 
1.01 
5.84 
3.20 


2.04 
2.66 

.68 
5.38 
1.34 
4.86 
3.28 
5.54 
3.31 
2.64 

.62 


6.52 
2.89 
4.96 
3.86 
1.76 
5.00 
1.38 
1.17 
1.34 
1.62 
4.00 






1896 


0.40 
&4.51 
4.67 


3.40 
1.39 
4.91 
2.45 
6.27 

.65 
1.49 
3.01 
1.51 

.93 
1.33 


6.24 
3.06 
1.05 
4.10 
5.21 
5.15 
8.90 
7.15 
3.41 
.83 
3.33 


1.74 
2.44 
2.44 
1.00 
1.95 
4.50 
2.51 
2.21 
5.38 
2.20 
2.78 


2.52 
5.30 
1.51 
2.32 
6.32 
b3. 97 
2.24 
.31 
4.91 
2.53 
1.64 


2.33 
3.34 
3.42 
1.13 
4.09 
2.51 
4.61 
4.47 
1.47 
3.39 
3. 28 


3.46 
5.50 
1.95 
6.81 
4.17 
3.31 
2.62 
4.53 
2.52 
4.26 


3.59 
3.42 
3.09 
.25 
2.55 
4.54 
64.46 
3.37 
4.94 
2.03 


1.29 
2.71 
1.59 
1.90 
61.64 
8.23 
4.25 
2.98 
1.65 
2.82 


36.38 


1897 


40. 33 


1898. 


36.64 


1899 


2.88 
6.35 
2.91 
2.31 

4.14 
2.58 
3.66 
2.78 


29.97 


1900 


51.67 


1901 


44. 35 


1902. 


42.39 


1903 


37.83 


1904 


38.47 


1905. 


30.47 


1906 


















Mean, 1896-1905. 


3.44 


2.60 


4,51 


2.64 


3.19 


3.08 


3.91 


3.22 | 3.54 


3.03 


2.80 


2.91 


38. 87 



a No record; figures supplied from The Forks record. 
&No record; figures supplied from Gardiner record. 

The table of average precipitation and fig. 3 have been prepared 
from the foregoing data, for the purpose of computing the ratio of 
run-off to rainfall at Waterville. They represent fairly well the 
average precipitation on the basin above Waterville after and includ- 
ing 1895. Probably the figures for the years previous to 1895 are 



22 



WATEK KESOUKCES OF KENNEBEC EIVEK BASIN. 



slightly too great, as in those years no stations were maintained in the 
northern part of the basin, where the precipitation is considerably 
less than it is farther south. The values given in the table are based 
on the following records: Fairfield, 1891-1906; Farmington, 1891-1906; 
Kineo, 1895-1898, 1900-1902; Madison, 1894, 1902-1906; Mayfield, 
1891-1906; The Forks, 1903-1906. 

































1 








Hig 


nest= 


■49.0 


































































































































































45 






































































































































































































































































40 




































































































Mea 


n f o 


rl5> 


rs.= 


39.82 


















































































































































































































































35 




































































































































































































^n 


































Lowest - 30.9 
1 I 1 



1890 1895 1900 1905 

Fig. 3.— Mean annual precipitation on Kennebec basin above Wateiville, Me., 1891-1905. 

Average precipitation in Kennebec drainage basin above Watervillc, 1891-1906. 



Year. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec" 


Annual. 


1891 


6.3 
4.4 
2.1 
2.4 
2.8 
.7 
3.6 
4.9 
2.4 
5.6 
2.7 
2.9 
3. 9- 
3.0 
3.9 
.2-8 


2.1 
2.3 
3.3 
1.8 
.9 
3.7 
1.9 
6.8 
3.3 
6.8 
1.5 
3.0 
3.4 
1.5 
1.1 
2.3 


6.5 
2.1 
2.6 
1.6 
1.6 
7.0 
3.2 
1.0 
4.6 
5.0 
3.9 
8.3 
5.6 
2.9 
1.3 
4.6 


2.6 
0.8 
2.1 
1.2 
4.4 
2.0 
3.3 
2.2 
.9 
1.3 
6.0 
3.3 
1.9 
5.4 
2.1 
2.9 


li 

5.3 
4.6 
2.8 
2.7 
4.9 
1.6 
2.2 
4.6 
2.3 
4.3 
.5 
5.8 
3.1 
3.9 


3.1 

6.8 
2.2 
4.6 
2.9 
2.5 
3.6 
3.3 
1.8 
3.9 
3.8 
6.1 
4.8 
2.9 
3.9 
4.4 


4.4 
2.6 
2.4 
2.3 
3.2 
4.4 
7.2 
1.5 
5.4 
4.6 
3.9 
2.7 
4.8 
5.1 
4.2 


4.3 
6.6 
4.0 
2.9 
4.3 
3.6 
3.8 
3.7 
.9 
1.8 
3.9 
4.5 
2.9 
4.9 
2.1 


1.7 
4.3 
3.1 
5.0 
1.6 
4.6 
3.0 
3.3 
3.0 
3.1 
2.2 
3.8 
.9 
5.8 
4.2 


1.5 

1.5 
6.0 
4.8 
1.7 
3.5 
1.0 
4.4 
1.5 
3.4 
2.8 
4.9 
2.7 
2.4 
1.0 


2.6 
4.2 
2.4 
2.5 
6.1 
3.3 
4.4 
4.3 
2.4 
6.5 
2.3 
1.2 
1.4 
1.5 
3.4 


5.1 
1.2 
2.9 
2.3 
4.7 
1.1 
3.2 
1.3 
2.5 
1.9 
7.6 
4.0 
2.9 
1,6 
2.9 


42.4 


1892 


40.0 


1893 


38. 4 


1894 


36.0 


1895 


37 


1890 


39.1 


1897 


43.1 


1898 


38.3 


1899.. . 


30.9 


1900 


48.5 


1901 


42.9 


1902 . . . 


49.0 


1903 


35.7 


1904 


42.8 


1905... 


33.2 


1900 




















Mean, 1891-1905. 


























39.82 


1 1 l 







WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



23 



SNOW STORAGE AND WATER EQUIVALENT. 

The measurement of snowfall by catching it in the ordinary rain 
gage, as rain is caught in the summer season, is liable to considerable 
error, owing to the deflection of air currents by the gage. The snow- 
flakes being light, tend to be carried over or diverted from the mouth 
of the gage, especially when considerable wind is blowing. It is there- 
fore desirable to supplement winter precipitation records, obtained 
by the use of the rain gage with measurements of the actual depth 
of snow upon the ground from time to time, taken at some level 
place where an average depth prevails, and with determinations of 
the water equivalent of the snow, obtained by melting a prism of it. 
Records of this nature have been kept since the winter of 1903-4 at 
several of the precipitation stations in the Kennebec basin, and the 
data thus obtained are presented in the following table: 

Water equivalent of snow in Kennebec basin. 



Station. 


Date. 


Depth of 
snow. 


Water 
equiva- 
lent. 


Ratio: 
Water 

to 
Snow 


Grant farm: 


February 11, 1904 

April 21, 1904 


Inches. 
20 


Inches. 
5.92 
5.88 
1.55 
7.78 
2.4 
8.25 
4.03 
1.20 
1.32 
1.44 
4.3 
4.0 
1.56 
2.75 
4.10 
2.97 
5.96 
1.89 
1.85 
2.5 
2.05 
2.22 
3.58 
11.85 
6.20 
3.2 
5.2 
4.16 
4.33 
6.20 
5.30 
3.54 
5.4 
5.3 
7.0 
5.5 
5.4 
1.5 
3.6 
5 

6.5 
5.6 
4.6Q 
4.83 
5 46 
4.27 
8 
,5 


0.296 


Do 




Do 


December 31, 1904 

March 1, 1905 


15 

33 

11 

40 

27 

12 

14 

16.5 

25 

10 

12 

15 

10.33 

17 

22 

12 

10 

12 

11 

9 

13 

48 

' 28 

23 

23 * 
20 
18 
24 
18 

9 
27 
27 
35 
28 
23 
12 

a 14 
22 
34 
16 
10 
32 
26 
17 
32 
27 


103 


Do 


236 


Do 


December 31, 1905 

January 28, 1906 

February 7, 1904 

March 11, 1904 

.do... 


218 


Do 


.206 




149 


Do 

Do 


.100 
094 


Do 


...do... 


.087 


Do 


February 22, 1905....: 

March 27, 1905 

November 12, 1905.... 

January 1, 1906 

February 1, 1906 

February 16, 1906 

March 15, 1906 

December 16, 1905 

December 30, 1905 

January 17, 1906 

February 17, 1906..... 
March 6, 1906 


.172 


Do 


.400 


Do 


.130 


Do 


. 183 


Do 


.397 


Do 


.175 


Do 


.271 




.158 


Do 


.185 


Do 


.208 


Do 


.186 


Do 


.247 


Do.. 


March 19, 1906 

March 28, 1906 

February 2, 1904 

January — , 1905 

March 22, 1905 

February 4, 1904 

February 29, 1904 

' March 8, 1904 

do . 


.275 


Do 


.247 




.221 


Do 


.139 


Do 


.226 


The Forks 


.208 


Do 


.240 


Do 


.258 


Do... 


.294 


Do 


April 20, 1904 


.395 


Do 


January 17, 1905 

February 1, 1905 

February 15, 1905 

March 2, 1905 


.200 


Do 


.196 


Do 


.200 


Do. 


.196 


Do : 


March 16, 1905 

December 15, 1905 

January 15, 1906 

February 17. 1906 

March 15, 1906. 

April 15. 1906 


. 234 


Do 


.125 


Do 


.257 


Do 


.227 


Do 


.191 


Do 


.350 


Madison 

Do 

Do 

Winslow 

Do 


March 19, 1903 

February 26, 1904 

February 3, 1905 

January 15, 1905 

March i. 1905 


.460 
.151 
.210 
.251 
.250 


Do 


March 15, 1905 


.278 



Heavy; one-half inch ice on ground. 



24 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Fig. 4 shows graphically the water equivalent of snow on the ground 
at The Forks, determined at different times during the last three 
seasons. A comparison of all the stations in the previous table indi- 
cates that The Forks is fairly representative of the whole Kennebec 
basin, as regards depth of snow and its water equivalent, so that this 
diagram may be said to show approximately the snow storage cf 
water in the basin during the last three winters. 



INCHES 




DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR APR. 




DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. 

Fig. 4.— Water equivalent of snow on the ground at The Forks, Me. 

STREAM FLOW. 



SOURCES OF INFORMATION. 

The water flowing in surface streams forms one of the most valuable 
natural assets of any country and is an important factor in the devel- 
opment of its. commercial and agricultural resources. Data in regard 
to the regimen and total flow of streams and of the conditions which 
affect this flow are of primary importance to their economic use. 



MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 25 

Users of surface waters have for a long time recognized the value 
of data in regard to flow, and have collected much information rela- 
tive to the streams in which they are interested. The general demand 
for information on this subject led to the organization cf the hydro- 
graphic work of the United States Geological Survey, and as a result 
records' of discharge for the more important streams in the United 
States are now generally available. 

In the Kennebec basin the water users have been active for many 
years in keeping records of gage height and discharge; in fact, it was 
chiefly owing to the interest shown here and the urgent requests 
from this part of the State for more extended information that hydro- 
graphic work was begun by the United States Geological Survey in 
Maine in 1901. Since that time systematic measurements of flow 
have been carried on by the Survey, not only in the Kennebec basin 
but on most of the important rivers of the State. The combined 
records from these two sources furnish a most valuable collection of 
facts relative to the water resources of this area. The following pages 
contain a compilation of these data, which have been carefully revised 
and adjusted in accordance with the best information available to 
date. 

FIELD METHODS. 

Data collected by private parties have generally been obtained at 
power plants where the discharge is divided, part going over a dam, 
part through the wheels, and part through by-channels. The flow 
over the dam is obtained from the measured head by the use of a 
weir formula, that through the wheels by the use of each wheel as a 
meter, and that through the by-channels by means of weirs or by 
current-meter measurements. The sum of these components is the 
total discharge of the river at the section. The general methods used 
at stations of this character are fully described in Water-Supply 
Paper No. 150 a (Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, by R. E. 
Horton), and the use cf turbines for measurement purposes is explained 
in detail in Water-Supply Paper No. 180 (Turbine water-wheel tests 
and power tables, by R. E. Horton). 

The Geological Survey has generally collected its data at current- 
meter gaging stations located at points at which it is considered that 
the information will be of special value. At these stations observa- 
tions of stage, or gage height, of discharge, and of general conditions 
form the base data for computing the daily and total flow of the 
stream. The methods used in selecting current-meter stations and 
in collecting data are fully described in Water-Supply Papers Nos. 
94 and 95. Thev may be briefly stated as follows: 



a The first edition of the paper has been exhausted. The second edition, including revisions and 
some additional data, has been published as Water-Supply Paper No. 200. 



26 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

The selection of a site for a gaging station depends primarily on 
the facilities for making the measurements of discharge, and these 
stations . have accordingly been classified as bridge, cable, boat, or 
wading stations. PL II, A, shows a typical cable station. The 
length of time a station is maintained depends largely on the needs 
of each locality and the facilities fcr making the measurements. If 
the water is to be used for power, special effort is made to obtain 
information concerning the minimum flow; if water is to be stored, 
the maximum flow also receives special attention. In all sections of 
the country permanent gaging stations are maintained for general 
statistical purposes, to show the conditions existing through long 
periods. They are also used as primary stations, and in connection 
with short series of measurements serve as a basis for estimating the 
flow at other points in the drainage basin. 

The gage heights are observed daily on the vertical staff or some 
other type of gage, by some person living near by. The average of 
the gage readings, if more than one is taken in any day, is used as the 
mean gage height for that day. 

The measurements of discharge, which determine the quantity of 
water flowing past the gaging station at a given stage and time, are 
made by hydrographers of the Survey, who visit the stations at inter- 
vals. This discharge is the product of the area, which is obtained by 
soundings, and the velocity of the current, which is usually measured 
by some type of current meter. 

The current meter is primarily an instrument for measuring the 
velocity of moving water, and consists essentially of a wheel with 
vanes, which may be shaped like those of a windmill or of a screw, or 
with cups like those of an anemometer, the necessary qualification 
being that moving water shall readily cause the wheel of the meter to 
turn. Each meter is rated before use. The rating is done by moving 
the meter through still water at various observed speeds to determine 
the relation between the velocity with which the meter moves through 
the water and the revolutions of the wheel. This relation having 
been determined, the meter is used in running water, the revolutions 
per unit of time noted, and the velocity of the water computed. 

In making the measurements an arbitrary number of points are 
laid off on a line perpendicular to the thread of the stream. At. these 
points the velocity and depth are observed. They are known as 
measuring points, being usually fixed at regular intervals, varying 
from 2 to 20 feet, depending on the size and conditions of the stream. 
Perpendiculars dropped from the measuring points divide the gaging 
section into strips. For each strip or pair of strips the mean velocity, 
area, and discharge are determined independently, so that conditions 
in one part of the stream may not be extended to parts where they do 
not apply. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL. II 




A. CABLE STATION ON MOOSE RIVER AT ROCKWOOD, ME. 




B. EVAPORATION AND RAINFALL STATION ON ANDROSCOGGIN RIVER AT LEWISTON, ME. 



MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 



27 



OFFICE METHODS. 

For obtaining the daily discharge at current-meter gaging stations 
it is necessary that sufficient measurements be taken to cover the 
range of stage as indicated by the gage heights. With these and the 
other information in regard to the station, it is possible to construct a 
rating table which will give the discharge corresponding to any stage 
of the stream. 

The construction of the rating table depends on the following laws 
of flow for open permanent channels: (1) The discharge will remain 
constant so long as the conditions at or near the gaging station remain 
constant; (2) the change of slope due to the rise and fall of the 
stream being neglected, the discharge will be the same whenever the 
stream is at a given stage; (3) the discharge is a function of the 
stage and increases gradually with it. 



























S 














































































/ 








































/£ 




















./ 


















A 


/ 


















f^S 
























/ 
















P 




















?S 


/ 






















:-/ 
















w 




















<?y 
























-/ 
















f 




















</ 


t> 






















C 


f 














f 


to 


















4 


/ 
























••/ 
















'/ 


















9 


/ 








































■V 




















i 






























































i 
























y 
















/ 




















t 


























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i 




















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i 
































































MEA 


N v'E 


LOCI 


, ii 


FE 


:t p 


p -,F 


: ' 
































A 


REA 




QUA 


S ,F F 


"FT 


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J 6 


J 7 


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o 3 


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D 


SCH 


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500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 























2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 

o Year 1901 o Year 1902 n Year 1903 + Year 1904. * Year 1905 
Fig. 5.— Rating, area, and mean velocity curves for Kennebec River at The Forks, Me. 

The plotting of results of the various discharge measurements, gage 
heights being used as ordinates, and discharge, mean velocity, and 
area as abscissas, will define curves which show the discharge, mean 
velocity, and area corresponding to any gage height. Fig. 5 shows a 
typical rating curve, that for the gaging station on Kennebec River 
at The Forks, with its corresponding mean velocity and area curves. 

As the discharge is the product of two factors, the area and the 
mean velocity, any change in either factor will produce a correspond- 
ing change in the discharge. Their curves are therefore constructed 
in order to study each independently of the other. 

The area curve can be definitely determined from accurate sound- 
ings extending to the limits of high water. It is invariably either 
concave toward the horizontal axis or a straight line, unless the banks 
of the stream are overhanging. 
3697— irr 198^-07 3 



28 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' 

The form of the mean velocity curve depends chiefly on the surface 
slope, the roughness of the bed, and the cross section of the stream. 
Of these the slope is the principal factor. In accordance with the 
relative change of these factors the curve may be either a straight line, 
convex or concave toward either axis, or a combination of the three. 
From a careful study of the conditions at any gaging station the form 
which the velocity curve will take can be predicted, and it may be 
extended with reasonable certainty to stages beyond the limits of 
actual measurements. Its principal use is in connection with the area 
curve in locating errors in discharge measurements and in construct- 
ing the rating table. 

The discharge curve is defined primarily by the measurements of 
discharge, which are studied and weighted in accordance with the 
local conditions existing at the time of each measurement. Between 
and beyond the measurements the curve may, however, best be 
located by means of curves of area and mean velocity. This curve 
under normal conditions is concave toward the horizontal axis and is 
generally parabolic in form. 

In the preparation of the rating table the discharge for each tenth 
or half-tenth on the gage is taken from the curve. The differences 
between successive discharges are then taken and adjusted according 
to the law that they shall be either constant or increasing. 

The determination of flow of an ice-covered stream is much more 
difficult and expensive than that for the open season, on account' of 
frequent unstable conditions of ice cover and general lack of informa- 
tion in regard to the laws of flow of water under ice. This subject has 
been taken up in a preliminary way in Water-Supply Paper No. 187 
(Determination of stream flow during the frozen season, by H. K. 
Barrows and R. E. H or ton), which also contains a large amount of 
data regarding the flow of Kennebec River at North Anson during the 
frozen season and a description of methods used. 

DEFINITIONS. 

The volume of water flowing in a stream — the "run-off" or " dis- 
charge" — is expressed in various terms, each of which has become 
associated with a certain class of work. These terms may be divided 
into two groups: (1) Those which represent a rate of flow, as second- 
feet, gallons per minute, miner's inch, and run-off in second-feet per 
square mile, and (2) those which represent the actual quantity of 
water, as run-off in depth in inches and acre-feet. Those used in this 
report may be defined as follows: 

"Second-feet" is an abbreviation for cubic feet per second and is 
the rate of discharge of water flowing in a stream 1 foot wide and 1 
foot deep at a rate of 1 foot per second. It is generally used as a 
fundamental unit from which others are computed. 



MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 29 

" Second-feet per square mile" is the average number of cubic feet 
of water flowing per second from each square mile of area drained, on 
the assumption that the run-off is distributed uniformly, both as 
regards time and area. 

11 Run-off in inches" is the depth to which the drainage area would 
be covered if all the water flowing from it in a given period were con- 
served and uniformly distributed on the surface. It is used for 
comparing run-off with rainfall, which is usually expressed in depth 
in inches. 

EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 

As far as available the following data are given for each regular 
gaging station : 

1. Description of station. 

2. List of discharge measurements. 

3. Gage-height table. 

4. Rating table. 

5. Tables of daily flow for stations located at dams. 

6. Table of monthly and yearly discharges and run-off. 

The descriptions of stations give such general information about 
the locality and equipment as would enable the reader to find and 
use the station; also, as far as possible, a complete history of all the 
changes that have occurred since the establishment of the station 
that would be factors in using the data collected. 

The discharge-measurement table gives the results of the discharge 
measurements made during the year, including the date, the gage 
height, and the discharge in second-feet. 

The table of daily gage heights gives the daily fluctuations of the 
surface of the river as found from the mean of the gage readings 
taken each day. The gage height given in the table represents the 
elevation of the surface of the water above the zero of the gage. At 
most stations the gage is read in the morning and in the evening. 

The rating table gives discharges in second-feet corresponding to 
each stage of the river as given by the gage heights. 

The table of daily flow gives the mean discharge for the day. 

In the table of monthly discharges the column headed " Maximum" 
gives the mean flow for the day when the mean gage height was 
highest. This is the flow as given in the rating table for that mean 
gage height. As the gage height is the mean for the day, there might 
have been short periods when the water was higher and the corre- 
sponding discharge larger than given in this column. Likewise in 
the " Minimum" column the quantity given is the mean flow for the 
day when the mean gage height was lowest. The column headed 
"Mean" is the average flow for each second during the month. On 
this the computations for the remaining columns, which are denned 
above, are based. 



30 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' 

ACCURACY OF DETERMINATIONS. 

After the description of each gaging station a statement is made 
of the probable percentage of error in the figures for mean monthly 
flow. No refinement has been attempted in the determination of 
this percentage, which is only approximate, . and which is based 
principally on the error of the discharge measurements with refer- 
ence to the rating curve and the known conditions of flow in the 
vicinity of the gaging section. It is impossible to determine closely 
all errors caused by temporary or gradual changes in the conditions 
of flow, unreliability or ignorance of the observers, changes in chain 
length, or ice conditions. 

Errors due to changes in conditions of flow are relatively small for 
large streams, except at very low stages. On small streams, how- 
ever, a temporary obstruction at or below the gaging section, causing 
a change in area of cross section or in velocity of the current, may 
produce large errors in the computed daily discharge. As a rule, 
these changes do not occur frequently and are of a temporary char- 
acter. For example, the lodging of logs on the controlling point 
below the gage reduces the velocity and hence the discharge for a 
given gage height. A few days later a sudden rise in the stream may 
clear the channel and restore normal flow. Unless the hydrographer 
has chanced to make a measurement of discharge during the period 
of abnormal conditions an error has been introduced into the com- 
puted daily and monthly flow. Owing to the limited appropriation 
for stream gaging and the large number and wide separation of the 
gaging stations, it is impossible for the hydrographers to make meas- 
urements frequently enough to eliminate all errors arising from these 
abnormal conditions. It has further been fourd impracticable, as a 
rule, so to instruct the observers that they will correctly report 
unusual conditions. 

Gradual changes in the conditions which affect the flow can be esti- 
mated and corrected more readily than - temporary changes. Here, 
again, the hydrographer is often handicapped by inability to make 
sufficient measurements to show properly the varying rate of change 
in channel conditions. In such cases the daily discharges are 
obtained either by an indirect method based on the assumption of a 
constant rate of change from day to day between measurements or 
by a series of rating curves. 

Observers are, as a rule, conscientious in reading the gages, but 
with few exceptions they are wholly unfamiliar with engineering 
work of any description. The observers' records, however, are exam- 
ined and checked by hydrographers and large errors are thus elimi- 
nated. The observers are usually instructed to read the gage to the 
nearest tenth or half tenth twice each day, and at times of floods 
several times a day. In high and medium stages the errors in reading 



MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 31 

the gage are thus negligible, but in low stages, when a difference of 
one or two hundredths in the stage of the river or slight fluctuations 
during the day cause errors of several per cent, it is evident that the 
regular method of observation is inadequate. Hence monthly 
minimums may be considerably in error, but it is believed that in 
general the monthly means for months of low flow are good owing to 
the tendency of positive and negative errors to offset each other. 

All gages maintained by the Survey are checked with a level at least 
once each season, and oftener where conditions are such that the 
gage tends to settle or change position. Gage readings are corrected, 
where necessary, en the basis of these levels, and it is believed that.no 
errors of any consequence in gage heights have occurred from this 
source. 

Beginning with the winter of 1903-4, facts regarding ice cover and 
extent of frozen conditions have been noted at several of the gaging 
stations by the observers. No attempt has been made to give winter 
records of flow, except for Kennebec River at North Anson. These 
are based on numerous current-meter measurements and are for the 
most part probably correct within 10 to 15 per cent. The Hollings- 
worth & Whitney records of flow at Waterville are probably not in 
serious error during the winter season, as at this time most of the 
water is used through the wheels, which are not affected by ice 
conditions. 

The errors described in the foregoing paragraphs are not to be con- 
sidered as applying to ever}^ station. They have been fully treated 
here in order to call to the attention of the reader the possible sources 
of error and the limitations of engineering work of this kind. Although 
the resulting probable error may seem large, it should be remembered 
that stream-gaging data and records of flow are used mainly as a basis 
for predicting the maximum, minimum, and mean discharge of a 
stream to be expected in future years. Since the mean annual flow 
of a stream may be several times larger one year than it is the next, it 
is seen that for records of short duration an estimate which involves 
an error even as great as 50 per cent is not without value. On the 
other hand, it is a waste of money and needless refinement — indeed, 
virtually impossible — to obtain values much closer than 3 per cent in 
ordinary current-meter work. 

Special emphasis is laid on the fact that the value of stream-gaging 
data is determined mainly by the number of years during which the 
record has been maintained, and not so much by the degree of accu- 
racy of the mean discharge for each year; that is, the longer the 
record the more nearly does it give the maximum, minimum, and 
mean flow which may be expected in the future. 

Monthly means which are stated in the descriptions to be within 
5 per cent of the true flow are considered to be very good, and those 



32 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. ■ 

within 10 per cent are considered close enough for all practical pur- 
poses. Errors in monthly means which are greater than 15 per cent 
are due either to an insufficiency in the number of measurements , or 
to poor natural conditions which could not be avoided, or to changes 
at the gaging station which could not be foreseen at the time of its 
establishment. It should further be noticed that the larger errors 
occur in daily discharges at the highest stages, which continue only 
for a few days, and hence the effect on the accuracy of the monthly 
mean is not so great as might at first appear. Also by far the greater 
number of gage heights are for medium stages, where the error of the 
rating curve is rarely as great as 10 per cent and is usually much less 
than 5 per cent. The errors of the daily discharges are often consid- 
able, owing to fluctuation of the river height. The maximum and 
minimum flow for the month may also have an additional error, due 
to the fact that they are based on the extreme low or high part of the 
rating curve, which is usually not so well defined as the intermediate 
portion. In the mean monthly flow, however, for which the esti- 
mates of accuracy are made, the error is reduced to a very small 
amount, owing to the compensation of variable negative and positive 
errors. 

USE OF DATA ON STREAM FLOW. 

In the consideration of the development of enterprises which depend 
largely on the use of water, it is essential to have detailed and accurate 
information in regard to flow. This information should include data 
for the total flow of the year and its distribution by days, months, 
and seasons. 

The total flow is given in the table headed " Maximum, minimum, 
and mean discharge/ 7 which also gives the maximum and mean for 
the months stated, and shows in a general way the conditions that may 
be expected at the station. 

The daily distribution and duration of flow may be found either 
from the tables of daily discharge or by the use of gage height and 
rating tables. For determining the duration, the discharges or gage 
heights should be tabulated according to their size, and under each 
should be entered the number of days on which it occurs during the 
year. By adding these figures for successive years and averaging the 
totals a result may be obtained showing the average number of days 
during the year when the stage and discharge are above or below a 
given amount. These values may also be plotted in a curve. 

When estimates of flow are desired at points on a stream other than 
those where continuous measurements have been made, great care 
must be taken in applying these published data. Very frequently it 
is found that different portions of the same drainage area will differ 
greatly in run-off and the general regimen of flow. Hence serious error 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC KIVER AT THE FORKS. 



33 



may arise in applying these data on flow by simply comparing drain- 
age areas at the two points, and such an application should never be 
made unless it is based also on a knowledge of the conditions affecting 
flow, the relative amount of lake or pond surface, the geologic, topo- 
graphic, and forest conditions, etc. It is always best to make a few 
actual measurements of flow at the desired point and compare these 
with the flow at the same time at the regular station; or, better still, to 
erect a temporary gage and carry observations over several weeks or 
more. In this way the long-time records of the Survey can be used at 
various places along the river and made of general value. 



LOCATION OF STATIONS. 



The location of the various gaging stations for which data regarding 
flow are here given, is indicated on PL I, by letters, and in the following 
table : 

Gaging stations in Kennebec basin. 



Letter 
on PL I. 


River. 


Location. 


Date established. 


Established by— 


A 


Kennebec 


The Forks 


September 28, 1901 . . . 

October 18, 1901 

January 12, 1893 

September 7, 1902 

November 10, 1901 

September 29, 1901.... 

October 19, 1901 

March 23, 1904 .'. 

June 18, 1903 


U. S. Geological Sur- 


B 


. .do 




vey. 
do. 


c 


..do 




Hollingsworth & 

Whitney Co. 
U. S. Geological Sur- 


D 






E 


Roach 




vey, 
do. 


F 


Dead 


The Forks.. 


do. 


G 






do. 


H 






do. 


I 






do. 


J 


Cobbosseecontee 




June 16, 1890 










er Co. 



KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 

This station was established September 28, 1901, by N. C. Grover, 
at the wooden highway bridge across Kennebec River at The Forks, 
about 2,000 feet above the mouth of Dead River. Of the drainage 
area at this station, 1,240 square miles are tributary to Moosehead 
Lake and the remaining 330 square miles drain into the Kennebec by 
small streams with steep slopes and no storage. Practically all land 
surfaces above this point are in forest. 

The channel is straight for 200 feet above and 500 feet below the 
station, is unbroken by piers, and is about 125 feet wide at ordinary 
stages of the river. The current is swift at high and medium at low 
stages. The banks are high and rocky, and the bed is rocky and per- 
manent. 

Discharge measurements are made from the bridge. The initial 
point for soundings is on the left bank, marked by a rod across the 
bridge, just above the abutment and below the bridge floor. 



34 



WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



From about May 1 to July 31 considerable fluctuations in gage 
height, ranging in amount from 2 to over 5 feet, occur daily, owing to 
the regulation of the flow at Indian Pond dam, for the purpose of log 
driving. The morning and evening records obtained by the observer 
represent the maximum and minimum heights of each day during this 
period, as well as can be determined. The mean daily discharge dur- 
ing this period for the years 1903 to 1.905, as given on page 39, is com- 
puted by averaging the discharges as applied to the morning and 
evening gage heights, account being taken also of the relative length 
of the high and low water periods. From April 23 to August 9, 1906, 
four daily gage readings were made and used in computing the daily 
flow. 

There are two gages — one, a vertical rod, is attached to the timber 
retaining wall on the left bank, about 75 feet above the bridge; the 
other is a standard chain gage attached to the bridge floor. The 
length of the chain is 17.08 feet. Gage-height observations are made 
twice each day by William W. Young. The datum of the two gages 
is the same and is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) The top of 
a bolt on the east abutment, on the north side of the bridge; elevation, 
12.85 feet; (2) a marked point on the floor of the bridge near the east 
end of the gage box; elevation, 15.42 feet. Elevations are above gage 
datum, which is 565.44 feet above mean sea level, as determined by 
the Kennebec River survey of 1904 and readjusted in 1906. 

All estimates previously published for years prior to 1905 have been 
revised on the basis of the 1905 rating curve. 

Values for monthly means as given herewith are considered to be 
well within 5 per cent of the true flow. Daily discharges are subject 
to much larger errors, particularly above gage height 6.0 feet and 
during the log-driving season. 

Discharge measurements of Kennebec, River at The Forks. 



Date. 



1901. 

September 28 

October 20 

1902. 

April 25 

June 16 

J une 25 

September 29 

1903. 

August 18 

November 4 

Do 



Gage 
height. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Feet. 
2.60 
..90 


Sec.-ft. 

1,860 

473 


3. 70 

5.60 
4.75 
2.10 


3,500 
8,860 
5. 900 
1,480 


3. 95 
1.26 
1.26 


4,180 

757 
759 



Date. 



1904. 

July 27 

August 29 

1905. 

April 21 

July 18 

September 4 

1906. 
September 5 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
1.70 
3.12 



1.90 
1.53 
2.30 



Dis- 
charge. 



Sec.-ft. 
1,060 
2,720 



1,200 

950 

1,600 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 35 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks. 



Day. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dee. 


Day. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1901.« 

1 




2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.5 


2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.5 
2.3 
2.2 
2.1 
2.2 
1.9 
1.8 
1.7 
1.8 
1.7 
2.0 
2.0 




1901." 
17 




1.4 
1.1 
1.2 
.9 
1.9 
1.7 
2.0 
2.8 
2.9 
2.9 
2.05 
2.0 
2.0 
2.5 
2.5 




2.0 


N 


2 






18 




2.0 7 


:j 






19 




2.0 fin 


4 






20 




2.0 








21 




2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 




6 






22 










2.4 
2.4 
2.5 
2.5 
2.4 




23 






8 




2.5 


24 






9 




25 






10 




3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.4 
4.0 
9.0 
8.0 


26 






11 




27 






12 




2.55 
2.55 

2:65 
2.95 
2.0 


28..'. ..'. . 






13 . 




29 


2.6 
2.5 




14 




30 

31 










16. 


















Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1902.6 
1 




1 


8.6 

8.4 

8.1 

7.95 

7.55 

7.15 

6.4 

6.6 

6.5 

6.45 

6.3 

5.35 

5.5 

5.3 

5.25 

5.6 
5.6 
5.7 
5.9 ■ 
5.85 

6.1 
6.25 
5.8 
5.05 

4.4 

3.75 

4.8 

6.05 

6.1 • 
6.0 


6.85 
8.05 

8.2 
8.2 
6.4 

6.05 
6.25 
6.25 

6.7 
6.35 

6.7 
6.8 
6.7 
7.1 
6.9 

5.5 
5.75 
5.3 
5.5 

4.5 

4.9 
4.9 
4.8 
5.0 
5.6 

6.5 

6.5 

4.5 

4.0 

3.75 

4.6 

3.45 


4.1 

5.75 

6.35 

6.5 

7.55 

7.8 
7.5 
7.6 

7.7 
7.8 

6.7 
6.4 
6.1 
5.8 
7.3 

5.7 

5.55 

5.45 

5.9 

5.9 

4.7 

5.5 

5.15 

5.2 

6.1 

5.3 

5.55 

4.45 

4.3 

4.8 


6.0 
6.15 
6.1 
6.0 

5.8 

5.8 

5.4 

4.8 

4.75 

4.5 

4.55 

4.5 

5.8 

4.95 

f.65 

4.75 
4.65 
4.65 
4.65 
4.65 

4.65 

4.5 

5.2 

3.8 

2.7 

2.9 

3.15 

4.25 

4.15 

4.15 

4.3 


4.5 

4.5 

5.65 

4.05 

4.05 

3.8 
3.5 
3.4 
3.4 
3.4 

3.5 
3.5 
3.3 
3.35 

3.15 

3.0 
3.05 
3.0 
2.95 

2.75 

2.85 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 

2.6 
2.2 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.1 


1.95 

1.95 

1.95 

2.4 

2.35 

2.6 

2.55 

2.65 

2.7 

2.65 

2.6 

2.55 

2.5 

2.45 

2.4 

2.3 
2.1 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.5 

2.8 

2.5 

2.05 

2.45 

2.0 
2.25 
2.15 
2.1 
2.15 



2.05 

1.8 

1.6 

2.0 

2.05 

2.0 

2.05 

2.05 

2.0 

1.8 

1.6 

1.6 

1.95 

2.0 

2.05 

2.2 
2.2 
1.6 
2.0 
2.1 

2.5 

2.35 

2.55 

2.45 

2.6 

2.4 

2.4 

2.55 

2.55 

2.5 

1.8 

2.4 


1.1 






:.:: 


2.55 
2.9 
3.1 
3.0 

2.95 

2.7 

2.85 

2.7 

2.6 


1.1 '< 


3. 




1.1 


4 




1.45 L. 


5 




1.3 


6 






1.45 L. 


7 






1.5 
1.5 
2.0 
2.0 

2.0 




8 









9 








10 








11 






2.6 
2.0 
1.6 
1.6 
1.5 

1.45 

2.0 

2.55 

2.9 
3.8 

4.0 
4.3 
4.4 
4.3 
3.85 

3.5 
3 6 




12 






2.1 


13 






2.05 I 


14 






2. 1 


15 






2.0 


16 








17 








18 






19 

20 









3.0 
3.0 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

3.0 
3.0 


21 








22. . 








23 








24 








25 






26 








27 









28 . 






4 



3R 




29 






4 




30 






6.0 

7.8 

3.y 
3.8 




31... 









]... 






2.55 
2.45 
4.45 
6.15 
6.45 

7.05 

6.8 

6.8 

6.8 

6.9 

6.9 

5.95 

3.2 

3.65 

5.65 


2.5 


1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 

1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 
1.3 

1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 


1.0 


2 




3.5 








2. 55 2. 35 


1.0 


3 




3.0 
3.0 
3.0 


2.75 

3.1 

2.9 

3.3 
3.1 
3. 65 
4.3 
3.55 

3.55 

3.9 

3.85 

4.15 

3.45 








2.65 

2.7 

2.65 

2.75 


2.3 

2.25 

2.2 

2.2 


1.0 


4 












1.0 


5 




3.7 

3 65 

o.6 

3.55 

3.6 

3.65 

39 

2.75 

2.75 

3.0 

3.05 








1.0 


6 




3.0 

3.0 

3.05 

3.3 

3.3 

3.35 

3.45 

3.35 

3.3 

3.25 








1.0 


7 










3. ! 2. 2 


1.0 


8 










2.9 
2.9 
2.75 

2.65 

2.6 

2.6 


2.1 

1.65 

1.5 

1.5 

1.65 

1.6 


1.0 


y 




1.0 


10... 








1.0 


11 










1.05 


12 










1.0 


13 










1.05 


14 










2. 6 1. 6 

2.5 1 1.1 


1.3 


15 




' 






1.25 



a Ice conditions December 90 to 31, 1901. 

b River frozen January 1 to March 1 and December 28 to 31, 1902. 

c River frozen January 1 to February 2, 1903. 



36 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. . 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec., 


1903. 
16 




3.2 
3.2 
3.2 
3.2 
3.2 

3.2 
3.2 
3.2 
3.2 
3.2 

3.25 

4.2 

4.2 


3.05 

3.0 

2.9 

2.75 

3.15 

3.75 

3.85 

4.05 

4.1 

4.45 

4.05 
3.7 
3.35 
3.05 

2.7 
2.75 

c2.4 


6.4 

6.95 

7.05 

6.85 
6.75 

6.55 

6.45 

6.3 

6.05 

5.6 

3.1 

3.0 

3.7 

3.85 

3.5 










2.5 

2.5 

2.4 

2.45 

2.35 

2.25 

2.2 

2.6 

2.6 

2.55 

2.45 

2.4 

2.45 

2.4 

2.4 

3.05 

3.1 

3.6 

4.1 

4.05 

3.85 
3.3 
3.05 
2.9 

2.8 

2.7 

2.6 

2.6 

2.65 

2.95 

2.2 
1.9 
1.8 
1.7 
1.5 

1.5 

1.7 

1.75 

2.0 

2.6 

2.6 

2.55 

2.7 

2.55 

2.7 


1.7 

1.7 

1.9 

1.85 

1.8 

1.7 

1.65 

1.5 

1.5 

1.55 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.3 
1.3 

2.6 

2.35 

2.05 

1.85 

1.95 

1.5 

1.35 

1.3 

1.3 

1.6 

2.3 

2.85 

3.05 

3.1 

3.1 

3.05 

3.0 

2.65 

2.4 

2.3 

2.25 
2.55 
2.3 
2.05 

2.4 

2.25 

2.0 

1.7 

1.8 

1.55 

1.5 


1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 

1.1 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 

1.45 

1.4 

1.4 

1.4 

1.55 

1,7 

2.5 

2.65 

2.15 

2.1 

1.95 

2.0 

2.15 

2.3 

2.2 

2.3 
2.2 
2.2 
2 15 
2.1 

2.15 

2.1 

2.05 

2.05 

2.0 

2 
2.05 
2.0 
2.0 


(a) 


17 












18 














19... . 










1 6 


20 












1 45 


21 












2 4 


22 ' 










1 8 


23 










3.45 
2.9 

2.85 

2.6 
2.6 
- 2.5 
2.6 
2.55 
2.5 


1.6 


24 










1.6 


25 




1.7 


26 










1.6 


27 










1.5 


28 










1 5 


29. 











1 4 


30. 






2.0 


31. 












2.0 


190O 
1. . 


1.9 

dl.9 


2.3 


2.0 


4.85 

4.25 

3.7 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 
3.3 
3.3 
3.2 
3.7 

5.3 

4.8 
4.0 






2. 1 


9 








2.1 


3 






1.5 
.8 
.8 

.9 

1.1 

1.2 

06.8 

2.6 

3.2 

3.7 

2.8 

2.8 

3.1 

3.1 
2.9 
1.8 
2.1 
1.7 

1.7 

1.8 

1.9 

2.65 

3.35 

3.2 

3.25 

3.3 

3.4 
3.95 








2.1 


4 




e2.3 










/2. 5 


5 










/2. 4 


6 ; 














f2. 4 


7 


c2.0 




c2.2 

2.4 

2.5 
c2.5 

c'2.3"' 








12. 6 


8 








(2. 7 


9 


cl.9 











f2. 8 


10. 




. . 




/3. 1 


11. 




e2.6 
ft 2. 6 
h 2. 6 








fS. 2 


12. 


el. 9 
1.9 

2.1 








3.3 


13... 








3.3 


14... 










3. 5 


15 


2. 6' 


c2.1 










3.5 


16 


e2.0 










3.8 


17 










3.8 


18 




• 2.4 



2.4 


"2.3" 

h 2. 4 

2.4 










4.0 


19. . 


e2.0 










4. 1 


20 










4. 1 


2] 


«2.0 
e2.0 










4.2 












4.4 


23. 












1.5 

1.75 

2.0 

2.25 

2 55 

3.1 

3.2 

3.1 

3.1 


4.2 


24. 




2.4 
2.4 

2.4 
2.4 
2.3 
2.3 
2.1 
2.2 








4.4 


25. . 


«2.3 j 


4.6 


26 








4.6 


27 





«2. 4 








4.6 


28 


e2.3 
c2.4 


4.8 


29. 








4.5 


30... 






4.8 


31 








1 


4.7 



a Readings December 16 to 31, 1903. through ice. 

During frozen season 1904 gage readings are to surface of water in hole cut in ice. 
c Ice 2.2 feet thick. 
d Ice 1.4 feet thick. 
« Ice 2 feet thick. 

/Anchor ice caused backwater effect on gage; estimated as follows: December 4, 0.4 foot; December 
5, 6, 0.3 foot; December 7, 0.5 foot; December 8, 10, 0.6 foot; December 9, 11, 0.7 foot. 
9 Ice from Dead River formed a jam a short distance below gage and caused backwater, 
ft Ice 2.1 feet thick. 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 37 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


.Inly. Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1905." 
1 


4.8 
4.7 
4.8 
4.8 
4.9 
4.7 
4.5 
4.2 
4.5 
4.2 

4.2 
4.3 
4.4 
4.4 
4.3 

4.4 
4.5 
4.5 
4.0 
4.5 

4.5 


5.1 
5.1 
5.2 
5.2 
5.2 
5.1 
5.1 
5.1 
5.1 
4. 9 

4.7 

4.8 
4.8 
4.8 
4.7 

4.8 
4.8 


"4.5" 

4.0 
"■6.8" 


2.95 

2.85 

2.6 

2.05 

1.75 

1.6 

1.9 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2. 25 
2.5 

2.75 

2.8 

2.8- 

2.75 

2.55 

2.3 

2.05 

2.15 

1.9 

2.3 
2.4 
2.0 
2.0 

2.15 
2.55 
2.65 
2.65 
2.55 


4. 25 
j 2.55 
2.35 
3.25 
3.3 
2.55 






1 4 


2.7 

2.7 

2.4 

2. 3 

2.3 

2.0 

1.8 

1.85 

1.9 

1.9 

1.9 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.0 
1.9 
1.8 
1.8 
1.8 

1.8 
1.7 
1.7 
1.7 
1.7 

1.6 
1.5 
1.4 
1.5 
1.6 


1.1; 
L.6 

1 6 

1.6 

1.6 

1. 55 

1.45 

1.4 

1.4 

1.5 

1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1. 35 

1.3 

1.25 

1.2 

1.2 

1.2 

1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.45 

1.55 
1.7 

1.7 
1.7 
1.6 
1.6 


1.6 
1.6 
1.5 
1.5 
1.:, 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

1.5 
1.5 
1.4 
1.4 
1.35 

1.3 
1.3 i 
1.15 1 
1.1 
' 1.2 

1.2 

1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.3 


1.3 
1.3 

1.:; 

1.3 
1.3 
1.3 


2 






3.3 

2.9 

2. 65 

2.55 

2.5 

2.55 

2.75 

2.9 

2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.9 
2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.75 

2.65 

2.6 

2.6 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.85 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.7 

2.7 


3 






4 






s 






6 






7 


8. 








1. 15 
1. 1 
l.l 

1.1 
1.2 

1.2 
1.3 
1.3 


9 








10 








11 








12 


13 

14 








15 








16 


















IS 








3.7 


19 








20 


4.9 


3.6 

3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.4 

2. 55 

2.3 

2.35 

2.25 

2.0 

2.3 ; 




21 

22 










23 


4.6 
4.9 
4.9 

4.9 

5.0 

5.0 

5.0 1 

5.0 

5.0 


----y 










24 










25 








3 4 


26. 










27 




28 










29 










30 




31 












a Ice conditions January 1 to March 26 and December 16-31, 1905. January 24, gage reader estimates 
backwater effect of 0.2 foot due to ice; channel open 80 feet wide at the gage. January 29, channel 
open about 10 feet wide at the gage. February 1, river frozen over at the gage. Most of the ice went 
out during the week of March 20-26. December 18, rise in river due to anchor ice; estimated gage height, 
2.1 feet. During frozen period gage heights are to the surface of the water in a hole cut in the ice. The 
following comparative readings were taken: 



Date. 


Water 
surface. 


Top of 

ice. 


Thickness 
of ice. 


February 21 


1905. 


Feet. 
4.9 
4.7 
4.5 
4.0 
3.8 
3.7 
3.4 


Feet. 
4.9 
4.7 
4.1 
4.2 
3.8 
3.7 
3.4 


Feet. 
0.2 


February 24 




.8 







.9 


March 11... 


1.0 


March 18 


1.0 


December 18 


.25 


December 25 


.3 









38 WATER RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. . 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River at Th.e Forks — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1906.« 
1 










3.45 
4.25 
4.45 
4.45 
4.65 

4.75 

4.55 

3.8 

3.85 

5.1 

6.0 

4.0 
4.05 
4.5 
4.4 

4.8 
5.95 
6.9 
6.5 

6.4 

6.4 

■6.7 

5.9 

6.75 

6.4 

5.6 

6.05 

6.2 

5.95 

4.95 

5.35 


4.8 
5.4 
5.2 
3.9 
5.0 

6.05 

6.2 

5.85 

4.9 

4.95 

5.0 
5.1 
4.7 
4.35 

4.7 

4.25 
3.95 
4.35 
4.65 
4.65 

4.65 

4.7 

4.65 

3.8 

1.9 

2.15 

4.95 

4.6 

4.5 

3.75 


4.3 
5.0 

- 4 8 
4.6 
4.9 

4.7 

4.65 

4.7 

4.7 

4.9 

4.75 

4.8 

4.65 

4.15 

4.1 

3.95 
3.65 
3.4 
3.15 

2.85 

2.75 

2.75 

2.7 

2.55 

3.1 

3.8 
3.4 
3.4 
3.7 
3.9 
3.9 


3.9 
3.9 
3.95 
3.25 

3.6 

3.7 

3.3 

3.1 

3.75 

2.9 

2.8 

2.8 

2.75 

2.7 

3.4 

3.15 

3.0 

2.95 

2.8 
2.75 

2.7 

2.7 

2.85 

2.9 

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

3.35 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 


3.3 
3.3 
3.15 
3.0 

2.75 

2.7 
2.7 
2.7 
2.7 
1.8 

2.6 

2.5 

2.65 

2.6 

2.6 

2.55 

2.5 

2.35 

2.3 

1.65 

1.4 

1.35 

1.4 

1.4 

1.4 

1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 


1.6 
1.7 
1.7 
1.7 

1.7 

1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
2.25 

2.9 
3.35 
2.65 
1.75 
.9 

1.1 
.1.2 
1.2 
1.45. 
1.75 

2.0 
2.2 
2.2 
2.3 
2.55 

2.85 

2.25 

2.0 

1.9 

1.5 

1.25 


1.05 
.75 
1.0 
1.45 
1.3 

1.3 
1 25 
1.3 
1.3 
1.6 

1.55 

1.6 

1.6 

1.1 

1.0 

.7 

.6 

.6 

.95 

.75 

1.0 
1.4 
1.45 
1.4 

.85 

.7 
.7 
.7 
.8 
.8 


0.8 
.8 
1.0 
1.45 
1.8 

1.85 


2 










3 




4.7 






4 








5 










6 


2.9 








7 








2.4 


8 










9 






4.3 






10. 




4.7 




11 










12. . 










3.5 


13... 


1.8 








14 






2.2 
2.3 

3.9 

5.15 

5.95 

4.75 

3.35 

3.25 
3.4 
b 3. 45 
3.3 
3.0 

3.0 

2.75 

2.7 

2.7 

3.15 




15 










16 






4.5 




17. 




5.5 




18. 






19. . 










20 


2.7 








21 






3 


22 










23 










24 "... 




4.6 


4.5 




25. 






26 










27 










28 


4.6 








29 






2.8 


30 










31 






2.9 















a Ice conditions January 1 to April 20, 1908, when ice went out. January 28 to February 17, ice jam 
1 mile long extended above and below the station. River also frozen over December 7 to 31, 1906. 
Gage heights affected by backwater December 4 to, 6. During frozen period gage heights are to sur- 
face of water in a hole cut in the ice. The following comparative readings were taken: 



Date. 



Water 


Top of 


surface. 


ice. 


Feet. 


Feet. 


2.9 


2.9 


1.8 


1.6 


2.7 


2.6 


4.6 


4.6 


4.7 


4.7 


4.7 


4.7 


5.5 


5.5 


4.6 


4.6 


4.28 


4.30 


4.3 


4.3 


4.5 


4.4 


2.4 


1.8 


2.2 
3.5 




3.2 


3.0 




2.8 


2.8 



of ice. 



1906. 

January 6 

January 13 

January 20 

January 28 

February 3 

February 10 

February 17 

February 24 

February 28 

March 9 

March 24 

April 7 

April 14 

December 12 

December 21 

December 29 



Feet. 



0.9 
1.2 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.7 
1.5 
1.9 
1.9 
2.1 
2.5 



.4 

.9 

1.0 



i Ice not safe. 
t> Gage heights April 23 to August 9, 1906, are the mean of four observed gage heights 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT THE FORKS. 



39 



Rating table for Kennebec River at The Forks from September 29, 1901, to December 31, 

1906/1 . 



Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


0.60 


340 


1.90 


1,220 


3.20 


2,775 


5.00 


6,525 


0.70 


390 


2.00 


1,305 


3.30 


2,935 


5.20 


7,050 


0.80 


445 


2.10 


1,395 


3.40 


3,100 


5.40 


1, 590 


0.90 


505 


2.20 


1,490 


3.50 


3,270 


5.60 


8,140 


1.00 


565 


2.30 


1,590 


3.60 


3,450 


5.80 


8,720 


1.10 


630 


2.40 


1,700 


3.70 


3, 635 


6.00 


9,315 


1.20 


695 


2.50 


1,815 


3.80 


3,825 


6.50 


10, 870 


1.30 


765 


2.60 


1,935 


3.90 


4,020 


7.00 


12, 520 


1.40 


835 


2.70 


2,060 


4 00 


4,220 


7.50 


14, 250 


1.50 


910 


2.80 


2,190 


4 20 


4,635 


8.00 


16, 070 


1.60 


985 


2.90 


2,325 


4 40 


5,070 


8.50 


17,950 


1.70 


1,060 


3.00 


2,470 


4 00 


5,535 


9.00 


19, 890 


1.80 


1,140 


3.10 


2,620 


4 80 


6,020 







a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 14 discharge measurements 
made during 1901-1906. It is well defined between gage heights 0.9 foot and 5 feet. The extension above 
5 feet is based on the extension of the area and velocity curves, the latter being determined by means 
of tables based on Kutter's formula. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at The Forks. 



Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Day. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


1903. 
1 




5,050 
4,960 
4,630 
4,790 
4,820 
3,810 
4,650 
4,710 
4,780 
4,820 
4,670 
4,960 
1,880 
2,060 
1,600 
1,260 
1,060 
990 
5,150 
1,140 
4,930 
4,930 
4,970 
5,120 
6,000 
5,680 
5,620 
7,070 
6,090 
6,050 

6,120 
5,450 
8,330 
6,460 
7,940 
6, 460 
8,930 
4,840 
5,780 
5,210 
6,340 
7,180 
8,050 
8,240 
6,700 
6,410 


6,090 
5,010 
4,730 
4,310 
4,450 
5,600 
4,230 
5,010 
5,010 
5,010 
5,080 
4,850 
5,190 
5,080 
4,970 
4,640 
4,790 
5,160 
4,850 
4,430 
4,150 
4,120 
4,120 
4,120 
4,120 
4,120 
4,150 
4,060 
3,760 
3,720 
3,470 

5,730 

5,820 

.6,860 

6,560 

-6,340 

5,510 

5, 560 

5,500 

5,540 

5,690 

5,720 

6, 670 

7,340 

i 7, 170 

1 6,500 

j 6,500 


3,470 

3,350 

3,000 

3,070 

2,990 

3,110 

3,140 

2,880 

2,950 

2,950 

3,110 

2,990 

2,840 

2,740 

2,530 ! 

2,570 j 

3,770 1 

2,920 | 

2,920 ; 

2,990 i 

3,470 

3,580 





::.::::: 

1,690 
1,970 
3,810 
3,810 
3,940 
3,810 
3,550 
3,430 
3, 550 
4,210 
3,980 
4,820 
4,530 
5,110 
3,850 
1,460 


1904. 
17 


5,530 
5,890 
8,220 
7,100 
6,110 
2,570 
7,000 
4,630 
8,100 
■5,180 
5,400 
5,140 
6,460 
6,460 
6,460 


7,340 
5,630 
5,630 
8,860 
8,030 
7,200 
5,600 
4,970 
5,010 
5,460 
6,070 
5,920 
5,730 
5,420 

5,310 
5,080 
4,930 
4,930 
4,930 
4,930 
4,930 
4,930 
4,780 
5,250 
5,440 
5,360 
5,320 
5,490 
5,530 
5,320 
5,450 
5,330 
5,330 
5,330 
4,900 
5,580 
5,230 
5,400 
5,150 
8,330 
5,930 
6,580 
5,620 
5,620 


5,570 
6,130 
5,660 
5,620 
5,210 
6,580 
5,310 
5, 650 
5,190 
4,570 
4,290 
4,120 
4,960 
4,020 
3,310 

5,310 
5,310 
5,010 
4,870 
4,870 
4,500 
4,460 
4,460 
3,720 
4,390 
3,810 
4,040 
4,040 
4,040 
4,040 
4,040 
3,810 
3,690 
3,860 
4,060 
4,300 
4,300 
4,420 
3 490 


4,060 


2 




18 

19 

20 

21 

22 


3,290 


3 




3,290 
3,130 


4 




5 




1,670 


6 




1,620 


7 




23 




8 




24 




9 




25 . 




10 




26 .. 




11 




27 




12 




28 




13 




29 




14 




30 




15 




31. 




16 


6,830 
5,310 
5,310 
3,920 
6,290 
3,660 
2,960 
■2,200 
1,750 
2,760 
2,760 
3,440 
4,590 
3,560 
2,330 
2,220 


1905. 

1 




17 




18 




19 


2 






20 


3 






21 :.... 


4 . 






22 


5 






23 


6 






24 


7 


2,990 
2,415 
3,570 
4,520 
4,520 
4,830 
5,930 
4,900 
4,040 
3,170 
3,770 
4,390 
3,590 
6,700 
2,760 
5,620 
5,620 
5,770 
5,770 
5,3x0 
6,0y0 
6,0y0 
5,3,0 
5,3i0 
5,310 




25 


8 




26 


9 




27 


10 




28 


11 




29 


12 




30 


13 




31 


14 






15 




1904. 


16 




1 


17 ' 




2 




18 




3 




19 




4 




20 




5 




21 




6 




22 




7 




23 




8 




24 




9 




25 


3^280 \. .'.'.'.'.'.'. 

3,070 

3,590 

3 590 


10 




26 


11 




27 


12 




28 


13 




29 




14 


3,490 
4,330 
4,010 


30 


3,380 

2 980 


15 


31 


16 













40 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' 



Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at The Forks. 
[Drainage area, 1,570 square miles.] 



Month. 



1901. 

October 

November 

December 8-19 

1902.O 

March 

April 

May 

June b 

Julyb 

August b 

September 

October 

November 1-15 

December 19-27 

1903. c 

February 3-28 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-15 

1904.^ 

April 10-30 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

1905. e 

March 26-31 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-15 

1906./" 

April 20-30 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 



Maximum. 



2,470 

1,935 

19,890 



15,330 

18,330 

16,810 

15, 330 

9,775 

8,287 

2,190 

1,935 

1,395 

2,470 



4,635 

5,185 

12,690 

6,830 

7,070 

6,090 

3,770 

2,470 

1,700 

765 

765 



4,120 
8,220 
8,930 
7,340 
5,110 
4,425 
2,620 
1,997 



1,875 
2.400 
6,700 
8,330 
5,310 
2,935 
2,060 
1,060 
985 
765 



3,185 
12, 180 
9,930 
6,525 
4, 120 
2,935 
3,018 
985 



?e in second-feet. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


505 


1,588 


1,060 


1,401 


1,815 


7,711 


872 


3,277 


3,730 


9,999 


3,730 


9,503 


4,425 


9,598 


2,060 


6,059 


1,305 


2,931 


1,262 


1,634 


985 


1,428 


630 


1,039 


2,470 


2,470 


2,470 


2,910 


2,060 


3,259 


1,757 


8,349 


1,750 


3,545 


990 


4,275 


3,470 


4,5y3 


1,820 


- 2,789 


1,490 


1,895 


630 


1,112 


565 


684 


565 


594 


1,060 


2,291 


2,570 


5,059 


4,840 


6,510 


3,310 


5,652 


910 


2,966 


910 


2,118 


765 


1,564 


835 


1,334 


1,305 


1,591 


985 


1,666 


1,645 


4,330 


4,780 


5,408 


2.980 


4,065 


835 


2,067 


835 


1,248 


695 


864 


630 


838 


630 


717 


2.060 


2,635 


3,185 


7,442 


1,220 


5,721 


1,875 


4.297 


2,060 


2,742 


800 


1,614 


505 


1,269 


340 


633 



Run-off. 



Sec.-ft. per 
sq. mile. 



1.01 
0.892 
4.91 



2.09 

6.37 

6.05 

6.11 

3.86 

1.87 

1.04 

0.910 

0.662 

1.57 



1.85 
2.08 
5.32 
2.26 
2.72 
2.93 
1.78 
1.21 
.708 
.436 
.378 



1.46 
3.22 
4.15 
3.60 
1.89 
1.35 
.996 
.850 



1.01 
1.06 
2.76 
3.44 
2.59 
1.32 
.795 
.550 
.534 
.457 



1.68 
4.74 
3.64 
2.74 
1.75 
1.03 
.808 
.403 



a River frozen January 1 to March 1 and December 28-31, 1902. 

b More or less error is probably caused in the values of June to August, 1902, by great fluctuations of 
river stage. See description of station (p. 34) 

c River frozen January 1 to February 2 and December 16-31, 1903. 
(i River frozen January 1 to April 9, and December 4-31, 1904. 
e Ice conditions January 1 to March 26 and December 16-31, 1905. 
/Ice conditions January 1 to April 19 and December 4-31, 1906. 



MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 41 

KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 

This station was established October 18, 1901, by N. C. Grover. It 
is located 1^ miles east of North Anson and about 1 mile above the 
mouth of Carrabassett River. 

The channel is straight for 500 feet above and 1,000 feet below the 
station and has a width of about 350 feet, broken by one pier. The 
current is swift at high stages and moderately rapid at low stages, 
except near the left bank. The right bank is high and rocky. The 
left bank is comparatively low and subject to overflow at the time of 
highest water. The bed of the stream is rocky, with sand over a por- 
tion of the section, and is permanent. 

Discharge measurements are made from the wooden highway bridge 
across the Kennebec, known locally as Patterson Bridge. The initial 
point for soundings is on the left bank, at the outside of the end post 
of the center truss of the bridge. Low-water measurements are made 
from a boat about 1,000 feet below the station at a section where 
there is a better distribution of current. 

Numerous measurements under ice cover have been made at this 
station at a section about 500 feet below the bridge, and a rating 
curve has been constructed for such conditions. Further details of 
winter measurements at this point and of rating curve used are given 
in Water-Supply Paper No. 187. 

Considerable fluctuations in the gage heights at this station occur 
from about May 1 to July 31, owing to the regulation of the flow at 
Indian Pond dam for log-driving purposes. These fluctuations are, 
however, less marked than those at The Forks. The daily discharge 
during this period for the years 1904 and 1905, as given below, is a 
mean of the discharges corresponding to gage heights of the high and 
low daily periods, each period being considered as lasting twelve 
hours. 

All estimates previously published have been revised. 

Gage readings are made twice each day by Mrs. C. S. Benjamin, the 
toll collector at the bridge. There are three gages — one, for ordinary 
stages, is a vertical rod fastened to the bridge pier; another, for high- 
water observations, is a vertical rod attached to the right abutment; 
the third, for low-water stages, is a standard chain gage attached to 
the wooden truss on the upstream side of the bridge. The length of 
the chain January 9, 1906, was 30.13 feet. The gage datum is 243.83 
feet above mean sea level, as determined by the Kennebec River sur- 
vey of 1904 and readjusted in 1906. The datum of the three gages is 
the same and is referred to bench marks as follows : ( 1) A copper bolt 
in a bowlder on the right bank, about 100 feet above the bridge, ele- 
vation 10.66 feet; (2) a marked point on the bottom chord of the 
bridge near the chain gage, elevation January 9, 1906, 24.81 feet. 



42 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Elevations refer to the datum of the gage. The bridge at bench mark 
2, and hence the bench mark, has settled about 0.3 foot in eighteen 
months. The gage has been corrected several times by level during 
this period, however, and it is believed that no error of consequence in 
the gage readings has resulted. 

The monthly means as given herewith for open-channel conditions 
for discharges greater than 1,600 and less than 10,000 second-feet are 
considered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow. Outside of these 
limits the error may be somewhat greater. Monthly means of flow 
under ice cover are considered to be correct within 10 per cent, except 
where unsatisfactory conditions are noted. Daily discharges are sub- 
ject to much larger errors, particularly above gage height 8.0 feet and 
below 2.0 feet and during the log-driving period. 

Discharge measurements of Kennebec River near North Anson. 





Gage height. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Date. 


Gage height. 




Date. 


To wa- 
ter sur- 
face. 


To bot- 
tom of 
ice. 


To wa- 
ter sur- 
face. 


To bot- 
tom of 
ice. 


Dis- 
charge. 


1901. 


Feet. 
3.20 
3.00 

4.55 

6.50 
3.25 
6.80 
4.90 
4.38 
3.25 
3.78 
2.85 
2.00 

3.40 
3.40 
3.55 

3.65 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 
3,120 
2,460 

6,220 

11,400 
3, 130 

11,100 
6,740 
5,580 


1904. 
June 10 


Feet. 
6.00 
2.94 
3.43 

5.27 
5.32 
4.26 
3.72 
2.30 

3.58 
• o.40 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 
8,56p 
2,400 
3,210 


October 18 




July 26 








August 30 

1905. 




1902. 
July 29 . . 


3.27 
3.32 




2,080 
2,140 


1903. 




March 28 


April 19 


5,000 
3,770 
1,320 


May 27 




July 20 








October 27 








1906. 


2.38 
2.22 
2.38 
2.43 
2.27 
2.67 
2.70 
2.80 
2.80 










July 17 




2,960 
4,000 
2,500 


1,290 


August 15 






1,120 


September 24 




January 10 


3.56 


1,180 


November 6 




1,200 

749 
786 
529 
572 


March 2 


4.26 
4.08 
4.77 
4.80 
4.70 
4.70 
7.06 


1,590 




1.55 
1.55 
1.45 
1.55 


. 1,380 
1,600 


1904. 


March 30 




March 30 


1,660 




April 11 


1,660 


March 2 '.. 


April 11 

May 10.. . 


1,710 




11,700 









Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson. 



Day. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Day. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1901. a 
1 




3.0 

3.0 

2.85 

3.1 

3.0 

2.9 

2.7 

2.5 

2.55 

2.55 

2.35 

2.5 

2.55 

2.85 

2.75 

2.75 


4.9 
5.0 
5.3 


1901. 
17 




2.7 
2.7 
2.7 
2.7 

2.7 




2 




18 






3. 




19 






4... 




20 


2.45 

2.3 

2.25 

2.2 

2.55 

2.85 

2.8 

2.7 

2.7 

2.7 

2.75 

2.9 




5 




21 




6 






22 


2.85 j 


7 






23 .. 


2.75 


8 






24 


2.5 

2.7 

2.7 

2.8 

4.55 

5.15 

5.0 




9 






25 




10 






26 .. . 




11.. 






27 




12 






28 




13 






29 . . . 




14 






30... 




15 






31 




16 












« 









a River frozen November 28 to December 31, 1901. 



FLOW OP KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 43 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1902.a 

1 








12.65 

11.7 

10.75 

9.0 

7.9 

7.0 

7.15 

7.2 

7.45 

7.0 

6.9 

6.85 

6.75 

6.3 

6.5 

6.85 

6.75. 

6.05 

6.8 

6.55 

7.35 

7.15 

7.55 

7.3 

6.3 

6.55 
6.55 
6.85 
7.1 

7.65 

4.85 
4.9 
5.25 
6.2 

8.2 

8.05 

7.8 

7.55 

7.7 

8.35 

8.05 

7.95 

6.25 

6.4 

6.6 

7.75 

7.65 

7.3 

6.95 

7.1 

6.7 
6.7 
7.0 
6.7 
6.15 

5.6 
4.4 
4.3 
5.1 
4.95 


9.25 
10.45 
11.3 

9.4 

7.55 

7.25 
7.55 
8.6 
8.15 
7.9 

6.45 
7.45 
6.95 
6.95 
5.95 

5.8 

5.75 

5.75 

5.35 

5.15 

5.35 
5.55 

5.8 
5.9 
5.8 

6.65 
7.65 
8.25 
9.25 

7.55 
7.3 

5.8 

5.55 

4.8 

4.9 

5.2 

6.35 

5.7 

6.2 

6.3 

5.0 

5.65 

6.0 

5.45 

5.1 

5.25 

4.55 

5.55 

4.95 

4.7 

4.4 

5.0 

4.65 

5.2 

4.35 

4.6 

4.45 

5.25 

4.95 

4.05 

3.7 

4.0 


6.95 
6.7 
6.1 
7.4 

8.75 

8.9 
8.95 
8.6 
9.9 
. 9.25 

8.3 

7.65 

6.7 

6.45 

6.3 

6.1 

6.2 

6.25 

5.65 

5.55 

5.2 

5.65 

5.55 

6.1 

5.65 

6.75 
7.45 
6.6 
5.95 

5.7 

3.9 
3.5 
3.1 
3.6 
3.5 

3.45 

3.25 

2.95 

3.1 

3.95 

4.25 
4.25 
8.55 
8.55 
6.5 

4.65 
4.0 
3.55 
,4.5 
4.9 

4.65 
4.45 
4.3 
3.95 
.4.35 

4.5 

4.25 

4.25 

4.35 

4.15 


6.1 

5.85 

5.85 

5.6 

5.45 

5.35 
5.05 
5.0 

4.8 
4.85 

5.0 
5.0 
5.05 
4.9 

4.9 

5.55 

5.1 

5.2 

5.1 

5.3 

5.55 
5.55 
5.25 
5.25 
5.05 

5.05 

5.0 

4.65 

4.4 

4.45 

4.25 

4.55 
3.4 
4.2 
4.0 

3.85 

3.8 
3.75 
3.4 
3.25 
3.6 

3.65 
3.65 
3.55 
3.45 
3.2 

3.55 

3.5 

3.2 

3.95 

3.35 

3.25 

3.6 

3.95 

4.4 

4.35 

4.3 
4.2 
3.1 
3.4 

3.8 
4.4 


4.1 

4.5 

5.3 

4.85 

4.5 

4.15 

4.2 

4.15 

4.25 

4.2 

4.2 
4.4 
4.15 
3.7 

3.6 

3. 65 

3.2 
3.0 
2.55 
2.7 

3.2 
3.15 
3.8 
4.15 

.4.15 

3.65 

3.25 

3.15 

3.0 

2.85 

2.95 

4.25 

3.9 

3.85 

3.65 

3.75 

3.85 
3.65 
3.5 
- 3.6 
3.6 

3.45 

3.75 

3.7 

3.5 

3.5 

3.0 
3.4 
3.0 
3.2 
3.05 

3.75 

4.15 

4.25 

3.7 

3.25 

3.35 

3.35 

3.3 

3.3 

3.15 

3.2 


3.25 

3.35 

3.15 

3.0 

3.45 

3.35 

3.2 

3.45 

3.35 

3.75 

3.95 
3.65 
3.4 

3.8 
4.1 

3.95 

3.5 

3.1 

3.05 

3.25 

4.0 

4.25 

4.0 

3.9 

3.3 

3.0 

3.0 

3.05 

3.2 

3.15 

3.2 

3.1 

3.05- 

3.05 

3.05 

3.0 

3.35 

3.3 

3.1 

3.1 

3.15 

3.2 

3.1 

2.95 

3.05 

3.15 

3.1 

3.05 

3.0 

2.9 

3.05 

3.15 

3.1 

3.0 

3.25 

3.25 

3.2 

3.2 

2.95 

2.95 


3.15 

3.25 

3.0 

2.95 

2.9 

3.1 

3.25 

3.45 

3.3 

2.9 

2.8 

2.65 

2.9 

3.05 

3.15 

3.4 

3.2 

3.1 

3.05 

3.7 

3.65 

3.95 

3.9 

3.65 

3.5 

3.0 

2.95 

3.65 

5.95 

5.85 

5.8 

2.9 

3.05 

3.05 

2.95 

3.05 

2.95 

3.05 

3.1 

3.1 

2.95 

2.35 

2.4 

2.55 

2.45 

2.25 

1.95 

2.3 

2.35 

2.5 

2.95 

2.95 
2.9 
2.4 
2.15 
' 1.7 

2.15 

2.4 

2.3 

2.2 

1.95 

1.9 


5.1 

3.95 

3.5 

3.25 

3.1 

3.15 

3.1 

3.05 

3.05 

3.2 

3.05 

2.95 

3.2 

3.35 

3.6 

3.85 

4.05 

4.1 

4.0 

3.85 

3.85 
3.85 
3.7 

3.8 
3.65 

3. 45 
3.4 
3.15 
3.15 
3.15 


3.25 


2 








3.4 


3 








3.5 


4 








3.45 










3.35 












7 










8 










9 





















1 










2 










3 




. . 






4 










5 










6 










7 










8. 










9 










!0 




















2 








»3 






11.3 

8.75 

7.75 

6.65 
6.05 
5.75 
7.55 
11.6 
11.35 




54 








>5 








■ .:. 








>7 








58 








9 

















1 








1903. f> 
1 






1.55 

1.9 

1.85 

1.7 

2.0 

2.0 

2.1 

2.25 

2.45 

2.3 

2.25 

2.05 

2.25 

2.1 

2.05 

2.15 

2.0 

1.95 

2.05 

2.05 

2.0 

1.95 

2.05 

1.95 

1.9 

2.7 

2.85 

2.95 

2.95 

2.95 


2.9 


2 










3 










4. 











5 










6 










7. 








8 








1.8 


9 










0. 










1 










L2 










3 










4 










5 


















1.9 


7 






13.0 
12.5 
13.25 
14.5 

14.95 

13.0 

12.5 

12.0 

11.0 

10.0- 
9.05 
7.25 
5.75 
5.1 
4.65 




8 








L9 






1.6 


20.... 









21 








22 








23 








24 








25.... 








26 






2.1 


27 








28 








29 








30 









31 









a River frozen January 1 to March 22, and December 6-31, 1902. 

*> River frozen January 1 to March 16 and December 2-31, 1903. Gage readings during the latter period 
are given to the bottom of the ice. Thickness of ice during December was estimated as follows: 
December 8, 0.5 foot; December 16, 1 foot; December 19, 1.3 feet; December 26, 1.4 feet. 

3697— irr 198—07 4 



44 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.^ 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1904. a 
1 








6 2.8 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 

3.0 
3.2 
3.5 

3.8 
h 6. 85 

8.45 
10.1 

8.6 
•6.8 

5.0 

4.9 

4.4 

4.0 

3.65 

4.25 

4.1 
3.8 
4.15 

4.8 
5.6 

5.9 
6.0 
6.15 
7.05 

8.95 


9.65 
8.65 

. 8.7 
7.75 
7-25 

-7.4 
7.15 
6.05. 
6 7 
9.1 






5.0 
4.5 
4.2 
4.4 

4.7 

4.8 
4.1 
4.5 
3.6 
3.45 

3.25 

3.3 

3.9 

3.5 

3.4 

3.95 

4.9 

4.5 

3.65 

3.85 

4.2 

3.7 
3.8 
3.0 
3.0 

2.85 

2.95 

3.25 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 

2.95 
3.45 
4.15 
3.45 
3.3 

3.2 

3.3 

3.35 

3.4 

3.35 

3.35 

3.3 

3.3 

3.4 

3.45 


3.4 

3.4 

3.65 

4.2 

4.65 

4.25 

4.0 

3.8 

3.6 

3.45 

3.15 

3.2 

3.15 

3.15 

3.45 

3.95 

3.9 

3.4 

3.2 

3.0 

2.9 

3.05 

3.0 

3.05 

3.3 

3.8 
3.8 
3.8 
4.0 
5.1 

3.25 

3.2 

2.95 

2.95 

3.1 

3.05 

2.95 

2.9 

2.75 

2.75 

2.65 

2.55 

2.6 

2.5 

2.55 


5.7 

5.05 

4.55 

3.95 

3.8 

3.4 
3.15 
3.0 
2.95 
* 2.95 

3.15 

3.35 

3.7 

3.8 

3.75 

3.75 

3.9 

3.75 

3.3 

3.25 

3.2 

4.7 

4.8 

4.55 

4.2 

3.75 

4.15 

4.2 

3.5 

3.3 

3.2 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.25 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2.05 

2.0 

2.0 


3.05 
2.95 
2.75 
2.75 

2.75 

2.8 
3.15 
3.45 
3.35 
3. 15 

3.2 

3.2 

3.15 

3.3 

3.15 

3.15 
3.15 
3.15 
3.05 
2.95 

3.0 

3.4 

3.2 

3.25 

3.15 

3.2 

3.2 

3.55 

5.1 

5.75 

2.2 

2.25 

2.15 

2.3 

2.2 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.35 

2.25 

2.2 

2.2 

2.25 

2.2 


c6.0 


2 


1.9 




rfl. 4 






3 








4 .. 






dl.6 








5... 












6... 




.1.8 








/4.6 


7... 








8 












9 


1.7 










10 












11 














12 






i 2. 










13 




gl.A 


" " " 






14 










15 














16 


01.6 










PM 


17 













18 

















19 






fcl.5 










20 




gl.l 










21 












22 
















23... 


6 1.4 














24... 










12. 9 


25 
















1 
26 




w2.2 










27 


m 1.6 

ml. 6 


9 1.9 










28 










29 














30 


6 1.4 














31 












«3.2 


1905. o 
1 






9.45 
8.55 
8.95 
9.4 

8.4 

8.1 
8.9 
9.25 

8.5 
7.0 

5.35 

5.5 

5.5 

4.9 

5.05 








3.6 


2 














3 















4 




P3.3 


*3.1 










5 










6 
















7 


e3.9 














8 


m 3. 4 
3.3 












9 








7 3. 1 


10 












11 






P3.0 










12 












13 














14... 


m 4. 5 












15 














a During frozen season, 1904, gage readings are to the bottom of the ice. 

6 Ice 2 feet thick. 

c River frozen over. 

d Ice 2.5 feet thick. 

clce 1.9 feet thick. 

/ Ice 0.35 foot thick. 

9 Ice 1.85 feet thick. 

h River clear of ice. 

i Ice 2. 4 feet thick. 

j Ice 0.6 foot thick. 

k Ice 2.7 feet thick. 

l Ice 0.9 foot thick. 

m Ice 2.2 feet thick. 

nice 1.8 feet thick 

o River frozen January 1 to about March 27, 1905, when river was probably clear of ice. Also ice condi- 
tions December 1-31; the river being frozen with the exception of channels in each span, which were 
probably open during the whole month. Gage heights December 18, 22, and 28 probably affected by 
back water from anchor ice. During frozen period gage heights are to the bottom of the ice. 

V Ice 2.3 feet thick. 

glee 0.4 foot thick. 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 45 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson- Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1905. 
16 








4.9 

4.65 

4.5 

4.3 

4.3 

4.35 
4.95 
4.65 
4 7 
4 75 

4 4 
4 95 
4 7 
4 9 
4 95 








3.45 

3.35 

3.55 

3.5 

3.4 

3.2 

3.05 

3.05 

2.95 

2.95 

3.15 

2.7 

2.4 

2.7 

3.35 

3.2 

3.75 
3.8 
3.7 
3.8 
3.7 
3.4 
3.35 
3.3 
3.3 
' 4.0 

3.6 

3.55 

3.6 

3.55 

3.8 

3.8 

3.7 

3.65 

3.6 

3.55 

3.55 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.7 

3.5 

3.7 

4.05 

4.3 

4.3 

4.1 


2.65 

2.4 

2.7 

2.75 

2.75 

2.85 

2.8 

2.7 

2.6 

2.5 

2.35 

2.35 

2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

4.05 

3.95 

3.8 

3.85 

3.75 

3.65 

3.65 

3.6 

3.6 

3.6 

3.55 

3.3 

3.5 

3.45 

3.3 

3.2 
3.2 
3.2 
3.2 
3.2 

3.1 

3.0 

2.85 

3.0 

2.95 

2.9 

2.85 

2.85 

2.85 

2.8 


2.1 

2.05 

2.1 

1.95 

1.9 

1.9 

1.9 

2.0 

1.95 

2.0 

2.05 

2.25 

2.2 

2.25 

2.3 

2.2 

2.9 

2.85 

2.75 

2.7 

2.65 

2.7 

2.8 

2.85 

2.85 

4.8 

4.85 

4.6 

3.9 

3.45 

3.05 

3.0 

2.7 

2.85 

2.85 

2.95 

3.45 

3.65 

3.7 

4.0 

4.15 

5.25 

5.1 

4.75 

4.45 

4.1 

3.6 


2.15 

2.4 

2.8 

2.1 

1.95 

2.1 
2.0 
2.0 
2.1 
2.1 

2.15 

2.3 

2.45 

2.7 

2.95 


a 2 8 


17 1 












18 


6 3.0 


c2. 4 


1 




<12. 7 


19... 






20 














21 


c3.6 














22 












''49 


23 












24 
















25 




6 32 


/2.8 










26 












27 






6.8 
6.9 
7.9 
8.45 

8.95 










28 


e3.4 












29 










30 














31 














1906. A 
1... 


2.5 






6.3 

7.1 

7.75 

8.25 

7.4 

8.0 

7.5 

6.8 

6.4 

7.25 

9.2 

7.7 

6.75 

6.8 

7.0 

6.5 

6.8 

7.7 

8.05 

7.35 

7.55 

7.35 

6.35 

6.9 

6.2 

6.5 

6.05 

7.8 

6.95 

7.35 

6.95 


5.9 

5.85 

6.8 

51 

50 

5.25 

6.75 

7.45 

7.1 

6.2 

6.15 
5.75 
5.15 
5.15 
4.75 

5.0 
4.35 

4.45 
4.5 

4.85 

4.35 

4.4 

4.4 

4.75 

3.6 

3.75 
4.95 
4.95 
4.65 
4.65 


4.45 

4.65 

4.85 

4.7 

4.55 

4.3 

4.55 

4.7 

4.75 

4.5 

3.8 

5.05 

5.05 

4.9 

4.6 

4.25 

4.0 

4.25 

4.15 

4.2 

4.15 
' 4.5 
4.65 
4.65 
5.05 

4.6 

4.5 

3.75 

3.65 

3.5 

3.7 


3.5 

3.3 

3.1 

3.35 

3.4 

3.3 

3.1 

3.1 

3.1 

3.25 

3.2 
3.25 
3.35 
3.05 

2.95 

2.75 

2.75 

2.4 

2.55 

2.8 

3.05 

3.2 

3.2 

3.15 

3.0 

2.9 

2.9 

2.75 

2.6 

2.65 


2.7 
4 3 


2 






2.4 
2.3 


"2.T" 


3 

4 




2.3 




5 








4 2 


6 








4.15 


7 








2.7 


4.05 


8 


2.5 
2.4 
2.2 




2.2 


4 


9 


3 8 


io ,:. 


2.2 






11 




2.8 




12 








3.6 


13 






2.2 


"2"8" 




14 


2.5 






15 








16 










3. 1 


17 

18 


2.5 


2.1 


2.3 


"io.'o" 

9.5 
8.05 

6.85 

7.2 

7.85 

7.2 

6.15 

5.85 

4.5 

5.25 

5.35 

5.55 




19 










20. 


1.9 




2.0 




21 




22 










23 









3.3 


24 




2.5 


2.2 




25 







26 










27 

28 


3.9 




2.2 




29 






2.6 
2.7 




30 






3.2 


31 























dice 0.7 foot thick. 
e Ice 2.3 feet thick. 



/Ice 2.5 feet thick. 
g Ice 1 foot thick. 



a Ice 0.6 foot thick. 
b Ice 2.4 feet thick, 
c Ice 2.7 feet thick. 
Note.— An error in gage heights June 17 to December 31, 1906, was discovered after the manuscript 
for this paper was sent to the printer. Gage heights as published above for this period are 0. 35 foot 
too high. The monthly discharge, however, as given on p. <S, has" been corrected and gives the true 
flow of the river. 

h River frozen January 1 to April 17, 1906; clear of ice the evening of April 18; frozen over December 
2-31,1906. Backwater due to anchor ice during December. Gage readings during the frozen season, 
1906, are to the bottom of the ice. The thickness of ice was measured as follows: 



Date. 


Thick- 
ness. 


Date. 


Thick- 
ness. 


1 

Date. 


Thick- 
ness. 


1906. 
January 1 


Feet. 
0.9 
1.0 
1.3 
1.4 
1.1 
1.1 
1.2 
1.3 
1.5 


1906. 


Feet, 
1.9 
1.8 
2.0 
2.1 


1906. 


Feet. 
0.6 


January 8 




December 7 .7 


January 9 


March 2, 4, 8, 13 

March 17, 20 


December 8 .8 


January 10 


December 9 1.0 


January 14 


March 24, 27, 29, 30. . 


2.3 


December 12 j 1.2 


January 17 


April 3, 7 j 2.1 

April 11 1 2.0 

April 14 1.9 


December 16 1.4 






1.4 
1.5 


Jauuary 27. . 




February 3, 10... 











46 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Rating tables for Kennebec River near North Anson. 

OCTOBER 20, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1903.a 



Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


1 

Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


1.40 


680 


3.10 


2,785 


4 80 


6,535 


9.00 


16,200 


1.50 


760 


3.20 


2,960 


4 90 


6,790 


8.20 


16,950 


1.60 


840 


3.30 


3, 140 • 


5.00 


7,050 


1 8.40 


17, 710 


1.70 


930 


3.40 


3,330 


5.20 


7,570 


8.60 


18, 500 


1.80 


1,020 


3.50 


3,520 


5.40 


8,090 


8.80 


19,300 


1.90 


1,110 


3.60 


3,720 


5.60 


8,630 


9.00 


20, 100 


2.00 


1,205 


3.70 


3,925 


5.80 


9,170 


9.50 


22, 100 


2.10 


1,310 


3.80 


4,140 


6.00 


9,730 


10.00 


24,200 


2.20 


1,430 


3.90 


4,360 


6.20 


10, 300 


10.50 


26, 400 


2.30 


1,5C0 


4.00 


4.590 


6.40 


10,880 


11.00 


28, 700 


2.40 


1,700 


4.10 


4,825 


6.60 


11,480 


11.50 


31,000 


2.50 


1,840 


4.20 


5,060 


6.80 


12,090 


12.00 


33,300 


2.60 


1,990 


4.30 


5, 300 


7.00 


12, 720 


12.50 


35,700 


2. /0 


2,140 


4 40 


5,545 


7.20 


13, 370 


13.00 


38, 100 


2.80 


2,290 


4 50 


5, 790 


7.40 


14,050 


14 00 


43,100 


2.90 


2,450 


4 60 


6.035 


7.60 


14, 750 


15.00 


48, 300 


3. 00 


2,615 


4.70 


6,285 


7.80 


15, 470 







JANUARY 1, 1904, TO DECEMBER 31, 1906.6 



1.C0 


990 


3.50 


3,355 


5,10 


7,053 


i 7. 40 


13, 880 


2.00 


1,080 


3.60 


3,551 


5.20 


7,316 


7. CO 


14, 580 


2.10 


1,182 


3.70 


3,752 


5.30 


7,587 . 


7.80 


15, 300 


2.20 


1,294 


3.80 


3,958 


5.40 


7,858 


8.00 


16,030 


2.30 


1,415 


3.90 


4,169 


5.50 


8, 136 


8.20 


16, 780 


2.40 


1,544 


4 00 


4,385 


5.60 


• 8, 415 


8.40 


17, 540 


2.50 


1,680 


410 


4,606 


5.70 


8,700 


8.60 


18, 330 


2.60 


1,822 


4 20 


4,832 


5.80 


8,984 


8.80 


19,130 


2.70 


1,970 


4 30 


5,062 


5.90 


9,274 


9.00 


19,930 


2.80 


2,124 


4 40 


5,297' 


6.00 


9,565 


9.50 


21,930 


2.90 


2,284 


4 50 


5,536 


6.20 


10, 130 


10.00 


24,030 


3.00 


2,450 


4.60 


5,7/9 


6.40 


10, 710 


10.50 


26, 230 


3.10 


2,621 


4.70 


6,.026 


6.60 


11,310 


11.00 


28. 530 


3.20 


2,797 


4.80 


'6,277 


6.80 


11,920 






330 


2,978 


4.90 


6,532 


7.00 


12, 550 






3.40 


3,164 


5.00 


6,790 


7.20 


13,200 







DISCHARGE UNDER ICE COVER FROM 1904 TO 1906. c 



1.40 


510 


2.30 


1,255 


3.20 


2,075 


4.10 


2,970 


1.50 


590 


2.40 


1,340 


3.30 


2,170 


4 20 


3,080 


1.60 


670 


2.50 


1,430 


3.40 


2,265 


4.30 


3,K0 


1.70 


750 


2.60 


1,520 


3.50 


2,360 


4.40 


3, 300 


1.80 


830 


2.70 


1,610 


3.60 


2,460 


4 50 


3,-420 


1.90 


915 


2.80 


1,700 


3.70 


2,560 


4.60 


3,540 


2.00 


1,000 


2.90 


1,790 


3.80 


2,660 






2.10 


1,085 


3.00 


1,885 


3.90 


2,760 






2.20 


1,170 


3.10 


1,980 


4 00 


2,860 


• 





a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 12 discharge measure- 
ments made during 1901-1903. It is well defined between gage heights 2.0 feet and 5.0 feet. 

b This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 6 discharge measurements 
made during 1904-1905 and the form of the 1903 curve. It is well denned between gage heights 2.3 feet 
and 5.0 feet. 

c This table is applicable only for ice cover conditions. It is based on 13 discharge measurements 
made during 1904-1906. It is well defined between gage heights 1.5 feet and 3.4 feet. Gage heights are 
to the bottom of the ice. 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER NEAR NORTH ANSON. 
Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River near North Anson. 



47. 



- 


May. 


June. 


July. 




May. 


June. 


July. 


1904. 
1 




9,560 
9,560 
7,480 
7,480 
8,740 
9,770 
13,920 
12, 470 
10, 640 
11,360 
10, 950 
9,130 
8,440 
7,810 
7,110 
7,090 
6,400 
5,640 
5,700 
5,820 
6,870 
5,980 
6,600 
5,110 
4,790 
5,200 
5,470 
5,610 
5,280 
5,100 


5,330 
5,980 
6,760 
6,460 
5,840 
5,380 
5,240 
4,940 
4,860 
4,540 
4,540 
6,980 
8,480 
7,830 
7,220 
7, 260 
6,430 
6,400 
6,430 
4,200 
4,580 
2,540 
2,540 
3,170 
3,530 
2,890 
3,760 
4,970 
4,360 
4,540 
4,590 


1905. 
1 


9,340 
7,720 
7,590 
9,420 
9,870 
9,270 
10,010 
7,590 
10, 720 
12,020 
9,010 
9,470 
8,870 
8,160 
7,200 
9,370 
8,110 
8,050 
7,050 
6,940 
8,070 
8,470 
8,480 
8,580 
9,280 
9,310 
8,870 
8,740 
8,470 
7,870 
7,420 


6,560 
6,170 
6,210 
5,620 
6,700 
6,780 
6,870 
6,950 
5,230 
5,390 
6.250 
6,310 
7,470 
8,930 
9,240 
8,090 
7,680 
6,920 
7,350 
8,230 
8,440 
9,370 
8,590 
5,910 
5,560 
6,490 
7,800 
7,300 
6,640 
6,250 


6, 540 


2 




2 


6,010 
8,870 
9,080 


3 




a 


4 




4 


5 




5 


8,510 


6 




6 . 


6,390 
7,810 
4,650 
5,300 
7,900 


7 




7 : 


8 




8 


9 




9 


10 




10 


11 


17,960 

27, 190 

17,380 

12,550 

9,870 

23,770 

24,030 

16,610 

13,720 

13, 720 

10,600 

11,930 

10, 720 

9, 270 

8,310 

9,270 

9,130 

8,030 

10, 160 

10, 440 

9,270 


ii : 


7,190 
7,060 
6,200 


12 


12 


13 


13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21... 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 : 

27 

28 .... 


14 


5,860 


15 


5,820 




5,360 


17 


4,270 
4,060 


18. 


19 


4,390 


20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 : 


5,140 
5,140 
5,380 
5,150 
5,020 
3,990 
3,990 


27... 


3,830 
2,940 
3,120 




29 


29 

20.... 

31 '.. 


30 


2,620 


31 


2,380 







Monthly discharge of Kennebec River near North Anson. 
[Drainage area, 2,790 square miles.] 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec. -ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1901 .a 
October 20-31 


2,450 

2,785 

31.460 

36, 420 

30, 080 

23,780 

10,010 

7,830 

5,180 

9,590 

7,310 

3,520 

48.040 

17,520 

10, 740 

18,300 

5,912 

5,180 

3,235 

2,785 

2,532 

1,790 


1 , 430 
1,630 

9,035 
9,870 
7,440 
7,570 
5,180 
1.915 
2.615 
2,065 
2,532 
3,050 

6,160 

5, 300 

3,925 

2,532 

2.785 

2,615 

2.4.50 

930 

800 

670 


1,9J3 
2,190 

19, 040 
14,760 
13.960 
12,800 
7, 439 
4,188 
o, 494 
3,661 
o,623 
3,312 

28,220 
11,800 
7,315 
5,760 
4,040 
3.646 
2,7«Jl 
1,966 
1,450 
1,010 


0.714 

.785 

6.82 
5.2y 
5.00 


0.32 


November 1 -27 


.79 


1902. b 
March 23-31 


2.28 


April 


5.90 


May 


5.76 


June 


4. 59 1 5. 12 


July 


2. 67 3. 08 


August 


1.50 
1.25 
1.31 
1.30 
1.19 

10.11 
4.23 
2.62 
2.06 
1.45 
1.31 
1.00 
.705 
.520 
.362 


1.73 


September 


1.39 


October 


1.51 


November 


1.45 


December 1-5 


.22 


1903. e 
March 17-31 


5.64 


April 


4.72 


May 


3.02 


June 


2.30 


July 


1.67 


\ugust 


1.51 


September 


1.12 


October 

November 


.81 
.58 


December d 


.42 



a River frozen November 28 to December 31, 1901. 
b River frozen January 1 to March 22; ice conditions December 6-31, 
c River frozen January 1 to March 16 and December 2-31, 1903. 
d Rating table for ice cover used. 



1902. 



48 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIK. " 

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River near North Anson — Continued. 



, 


Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec. -ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1904. a 


915 

915 

1.700 

24; 470 

27, 190 

13, 920 

8,480 

6. 790 

7, 053 

8,700 

8,842 

5,500 


510 
510 
510 
1,790 
8,030 
4,790 
2,540 
2, 204 
2,284 
2, 367 
2,047 
1,790 


690 

680 

920 

7,440 

14,220 

7,703 

5,244 

4,094 

3,598 

4,058 

3,030 

2,750 


0,247 
.244 
.330 
2.67 
5.10 
2.76 
1.88 
1.46 
1.29 
1.45 
1.09 
.986 


0.28 




.26 




.38 




2.98 




5.88 




3.08 


July 


2.17 




1.68 




1.44 




1.67 




1.22 




1.14 








27. 190 


510 


4,536 


1.63 


22.18 






1905.6 


3,420 ' 

2,265 

19/730 

21,730 

12,020 

9,370 

9,080 

4,719 

2.887 

l'. 415 

2,367 

3,950 


2,075 
1 , 885 
1,340 
5, 062 
6,940 
5,230 
2,380 
1,544 
1,415 
990 
1,035 
1,430 


2,660 
2,070 
4,110 
10, 420 
8, 688 
7,043 
5, 483 
2.906 
1,991 
1,205 
1,349 
2, 540 


.953 
.742 
1.47 
3.74 
3.12 
2.52 
1.97 
1.04 
.713 
.432 
.484 
.910 


1.10 




.77 




1.69 




4.17 




3.60 




2.81 




2.27 




1.20 




.80 




.50 




.54 




1.05 








21,730 


990 


4,205 


1.51 


20.50 






1906. d 


2,760 

1,430 

. 1,610 

24,030 

20,730 

14, 060 

6,026 

4,277 

3,752 

6,532 

2,709 

2,810 


915 
1,085 
1,000 
1.340, 
9^700 
2,887 
2,709 
2,367 
1,612 
1.415 
1,131 
1,479 


1,680 
"1,240 
1,220 
7,120 
13, 250 
7,100 
4,584 
3,057 
2,455 
2,982 
1,966 
2,032 


.602 
.445 
.437 
2.55 
4.75 
2.54 
1.C4 
1.09 
.880 
1.07 
.704 
.728 


.69 




.46 




.50 




2.84 




5.48 




2.83 


July 


1.80 




1.26 




.98 


October 


1.23 




.78 




.84 








24,030 


915 


4,057 


1.45 


19.80 







a River frozen January 1 to April 9 and December 1-31, 1904; rating table for ice cover used. 

b River frozen January 1 to March 27 and December 1-31, 1905; rating table for ice cover used. 

c Values for the last half of December, 1905, are probably too large, owing to backwater caused by 
anchor ice. 

d River frozen January 1 to April 18 and December 2-31 , 1906; rating table for ice cover used. Values 
given for December. 1906, are probably too high, owing to anchor ice; rating table for ice cover applied 
December 2-31, 1906. 

KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. 

Observations of the flow of Kennebec River at Waterville have 
been made by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company since 1892, 
and furnish the longest set of continuous records of flow of this river. 
This company manufactures manila paper and ground-wood and sul- 
phite pulp. 

The dam is of timber cribwork, the main portion having a vertical 
downstream face with a horizontal crest about 5.75 feet wide and an 
upstream slope of about 40° from the horizontal. The average ele- 
vation of the crest of the dam, as determined by levels during July, 
1906, was 119.37 feet above the Hollingsworth & Whitney datum, or 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. 



49 



71.53 feet above mean sea level, according to the Kennebec datum 
as corrected by levels of 1906. The total length of the dam is 800 
feet, which includes a width of log way of 34 feet. Flashboards are 
kept on the dam the greater part of the time, their average elevation 
in July, 1906, being 123.73 feet above the Hollingsworth & Whitney 
datum, or 75.89 feet above mean sea level. The crest of the dam is 
in fairly good condition. The leakage has never been measured, 
but is assumed arbitrarily as 100 second-feet. The water which flows 
in the canals is used through 46 wheels, most of which have been 
rated at Holyoke under practically the same head, the average head 
at Waterville being about 23 feet. Some water is lost through the 
canal, through small waste gates, and over wasteweirs. A small 
amount, estimated at 100 second-feet, is used for washing and mill 
purposes. 

Methods and diagrams for estimating the flow through the wheels 
and over the dam were developed by the late Sumner Hollingsworth, 
engineer for the company. Observations were made at 12 o'clock 
noon of each day, that hour having been chosen after investigation 
as a time when the flow is least affected by storage of dams upstream 
and as giving most nearly the average for the day. When the flow 
of the river is less than about 3,500 second-feet all of the water is 
used through the wheels. 

The values of flow at this point are probably in error from 10 to 
15 per cent, on account of the manner in which the flow has been 
computed and the uncertainty of the constants used. During the 
four or five years preceding January 1, 1906, computations are in 
error from 10 to 15 per cent where the flow has been computed with 
flashboards, owing to the assumption that the top of the boards was 
at elevation 124.0 feet above the Hollingsworth & Whitney datum, 
the results as published being too small. 

These records are now being furnished by the Hollingsworth & 
Whitney Company through the courtesy of their engineer, James L. 
Dean. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Waterville. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1892.a 
1 






3,530 

4,730 

10,260 

19, 100 


"7,'920' 
6,3i6 


11,840 
'ii,"840' 


17, 355 
20, 030 










9 




i 






3 




i 






4 




29,985 










5 




25, 250 

22, 980 
28, 150 
24, 830 












G .. .. 




8,950 


11,515 












7 














8 .. 


i 




8,200 












9 


i 


22 810 Q fififi 












10 


...'... 






7,925 












a November figures are for 1891. The closing of gates at Moosehead Lake is said to have caused the 
small discharge here recorded. 



50 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. ' 

Daily discharge, in secondrfeet, of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. ' 


1892. 
11 







18.090 


5,900 
















12 




1 
















13 




! 


11, 195 


7,650 


7, 375 














14 . 




i 










o545 
a 395 

a 670 
a 639 
a 568 
a 961 
a\, 449 

ol, 488 
al,112 




15.. 









8,660 





.7, 100 













10 












17 




. .. 






6,940 
6,580 


8,490 












18 









6,940 












19 














20 








6,465 


5,310 


10,260 








' 




21 


















22 






2,470 


7,530 
9 . 835 


"'"7,"2i5' 


17, 355 












23 


• 















24 






2,430 
2,250 

2,220 
2,000 
2,325 
2, 390 
2,730 
3,080 

2,500 
2,500 
2,450 
2,400 
2,400 

2,400 
2,350 
2,350 
2,325 
2,300 

2,300 
2,300 
5,400 
8,000 
11,300 

7,400 
6,300 
6,100 
5,700 
5, 600 

4,600 
3,900 
3,600 
3,600 
4,000 

4,400 
4,400 
4,300 
4,200 
4,100 
4,000 

1,740 
1,740 
l; 740 


19,640 
21, 615 










a 958 
ol, 399 

a2, 296 




25 








13, 750 












26 
















27 






13, 160 


10, 750 


19, 250 
19, 640 
29,990 
20,030 












28 

















29... 






8,780 


12,160 










- 1 


30 












l 


31 



















1893. 
1 




2,350 
2,250 
2,200 
2,100 
2,100 

2,200 
2,300 
2,250 
2,100 
3,000 

2,400 
2,550 
2,600 
2.550 
2,500 

2,400 
2,300 
2,200 
2,100 
2,200 

2.350 
2, 450 
2,350 
2,200 
2,400 

2,400 
2.450 
2,500 

1,910 
1,910 
1,740 


4,100 
4,250 
4,500 
4,400 
3,700 

3,700 
3,600 
3,600 
■ 6,400 
9,200 

12, 400 
15, 000 
16, 500 
. 16, 500 
18,200 

16, 500 
14,100 
14,000 
14, 100 
16, 300 

14, 500 
12, 300 
13,800 
15, 800 
14, 500 

14,600 
14,200 
14, 600 
14, 800 
19,800 

"4," 496' 
4,496 
4,370 
4,370 

5, 473 
4,720 

"5," 278' 
5, 655 

5,950 

6, 980 
7,170 
6,980 


21,700 
21,200 
27, 600 
24; 700 
60, 500 

46, 500 
36, 700 
30, 200 
26, 300 
25, 200 

27,000 
31, 700 
31,300 
54, 500 
43,100 

34, 100 
30, 700 
83, 500 
46, 100 
34, 500 

'24," 366" 
22, 800 
21, 200 
19, 800 

17,000 
16, 300 
15,200 
14, 550 
13. 600 
13, 900 

15. 650 
14,510 
14,090 
13, 220 
13, 220 

"i2,'286" 
10,100 
8,550 
7,226 

7,050 
6,110 

"5,'840' 
6, 820 


13,200 
16,250 
15, 200 

"i3,"866" 

15, 250 
16,250 
18, 200 
23, 500 
15, 900 

±6, 250 
23, 200 
20, 500 
18, 200 

15, 200 
13,200 
13, 200 
11,200 
11,000 

12,000 
14,480 
13, 640 
11,840 

14,270 
14,000 
15, 100 
14, 600 
13, 500 

11,190 
12,930 

"i2,'930" 
10, 400 

9,070 
9,070 
8, 520 
6,910 

5,900 

"6,'280' 
5,900 
6,010 


10,840 

" "9,996" 
11,230 

8,840 

9,740 
8,410 
8,410 

"8,"260" 

8,710 
6, 510 
6,410 
6,040 
5,540 

"4"846" 
4, 490 
3,660 
3,270 

3,590 
3,490 

"3,'i76" 
2,830 

2,440 

2,380 
2,360 
2,240 

"¥, 440* 

"7,'630' 
6, 860 

"16,626" 

8,570 
7,665 

""7," 055' 
6,336 

6,674 
6,674 
6, 674 
6,336 


1,940 
2,330 
2,380 
2,360 
2,290 

2,240 
2,210 
2, 360 
2,360 

2,290 
2,290 

"2, : 240" 
2,290 

2,430 
2, 210 
2,150 
2,290 

2,240 
2, 205 
2,180 
2,153 
2, 295 

2,390 

'2,'340' 
2,310 
2,230 
2,430 

3,305 
3,240 
3,143 
3,218 

3,087 
3,019 
3,019 
3,285 
3,045 

3,050 

'3,'250" 
3, 125 
3,005 


2,490 
2,140 

"i,'890" 
1,890 

1,890 
2,260 
2,360 
2,680 

2,160 
2, 380 
2,190 
2,410 
2,340 

2, 175 

'i,"7io 

1,710 
2,200 

1,710 
1.710 
1,710 

"i,'7i6" 

1,710 
1,980 
1,980 
1,710 
1,980 

2,253 
1,125 
2,312 
1,871 
2,207 

1,824 
2,209 
2,185 
1,140 
2,293 

2,034 

2,818 
2,280 
2,309 

2,311 


1,980 
1,980 
1,710 
1,980 

1,980 
1,980 

'i,"980' 
1,980 

1,710 
1,440 
1,780 
1,980 
4,000 

3,050 

2, 550 
2,550 
1,980 
2,250 

1,980 

"i,"980" 
1.980 

:-;,380 

2,450 

1,980 
3,630 
3,530 
3,280 
2,280 

2,181 
1,923 
1,915 
1,930 
1,896 

1,655 

"i,"897" 
1,913 
1,913 

5,553 

6, 738 
5,017 
8,387 
9,036 


1,9*80 
1,980 
1.980 
1,980 

1,980 
2,250 
1,980 
1,980 
1,980 

1,980 

"i,"980" 
1,980 
1,980 

1,980 
1,980 
2,250 

"2,'250" 

2,520 
2,250 
2,550 
2,480 
1,980 

"i,'980" 
2,080 
3,980 
3,630 


2,780 


2 




2,580 


3.. 






4.... 






5 




1,440 


G 




1,440 


7 




1,440 


8 




1,440 


9. 




1,440 


10.. 






11 




1,440 


12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30... 


2,000 

2,100 
2, 3C0 
2,500 

2,600 
4, SCO 
5,000 
4,2C0 
3,200 

2,100 
1,900 
2,100 
2,200 
2,300 

2,200 
2,200 
2,300 
2,300 
2,350 
2,400 

1,470 
1,640 
1,640 
1,640 
1,640 

1,640 


1,440 
1.440 
1,440 
1,440 

1,440 

"i,'7io 

1.710 
i;440 

1,440 
1,440 
1,440 

1,440 

1,590 
1,440 
1,590 
1,590 


31 




1894. 

1 

2 

3 


3,896 
7,295 
5,619 
10,512 
9,486 

7,381 
5,606 
4,651 
3,937 
3,739 

3,040 
3,636 
3,476 

2,782 
2, 500 


1,570 
'2,"i87 


4 


2,194 




1,910 

1,910 
1,740 
1,740 
1,740 
1,740 


2,010 

1,740 
1,910 
2, 370 
3,040 
4,643 


2,213 


6 

7 


1,869 
2,193 


8 

9 . 


1,640 
1,470 
1,640 

1,640 
1,470 
1,640 


2,128 
1,245 


10 


1,937 


11.. 


1,211 


12 


1,740 
1,740 
1,740 
1.740 


5, 390 
5,390 
6,220 
5, 580 


1,694 


13.. 


1,819 


14 


2,386 


15... 


1 , 470 


2,600 



« November figures are for 1891 , 
small discharge here recorded. 



The closing of gates at Moosehead Lake is said to have caused the 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC 1 RIVER AT WATERVTT/LE. 51 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec Nicer <il Waterville — Continued. 



Jan. 



1,640 
1,640 
1,470 
1,640 
1,640 



1,640 
1,640 
1,640 
1,910 

1,910 
1,910 



1,640 
1,640 
1,640 



1,135 
1,599 
1,655 
1,664 
1,608 

1,780 
1,678 
1, 947 
1,894 
1,896 

1,889 
1,864 
1,273 
2,403 
2,441 

2,481 
2,490 
2,509 
2.439 
1,817 

2,439 
2,304 
2.332 
2,290 
2,333 

2,319 

1,706 
2,433 
2.198 
2,439 
2,127 I 



3,281 
21,881 
17, 367 
11,482 

6,708 

4,153 
3,803 
4,329 
2,970 
2,971 

3,006 
2,755 
2,970 
2,689 
2,595 

2,990 
2,513 
2,736 
1,568 
2,782 



Feb. 



1,740 
1,740 



1,740 
1,740 

1,760 
1,760 
1,810 
1,810 



1,760 
1,740 
1,740 



2,214 
2,208 
1,733 
2,174 
2, 444. 

2,077 
1,854 
1,718 
1,622 
1,397 

1,983 
1,946 
1,943 
1,967 
1,648 

1,950 
579 
2,112 
1,708 
1,689 

1,361 

1.656 
1,606 



1,629 

1,676 
1.714 
1,927 



2,643 
1,292 
2,717 
2.522 
2,243 

2.236 
2,857 
4.634 
3,962 
3,452 

3,140 
3,002 
2,816 
2,967 
2.879 

2,193 
2.829 
2,824 
2,758 
2,763 



Mar. 



4,460 
4,855 



4,140 
5,405 

3,802 
6,660 
6,395 
5, 215 



4,855 
4,184 
4,180 
3,895 
3,620 
3,510 



1,685 
1,687 
1,252 
1,720 
2,229 

2,145 
1,956 
1,951 
1,949 
1,368 

1,683 
1,920 
1,932 
1,946 
2,236 

2,224 
1,566 
2,224 
2,194 
1,937 

1,965 
1,946 
1,977 
1,627 
2,241 

2,314 

2,769 
2,600 
2,418 
2,459 
1.898 



6.257 
111,246 
52, 691 
24,810 
13, 866 

13, 170 
11,862 
10,323 
8,950 



5.469 
5,226 
6,109 
3, 651 



3,888 
10. 129 
3,159 
4,087 



Apr. Maj T . 



June. 



12,150 
13, 310 
20,640 
21,760 
22,910 



35, 280 
33. 680 
29, 130 

25, 210 
21, 980 
20, 680 



17, 450 



2,176 
2,205 
2,406 
2,638 
6,164 

7,691 
9, 286 
9,325 
24,407 
54, 192 

27,999 
20, 858 
19, 304 
24,061 

86, 201 

70, 381 
43, 408 
34, 708 
31,068 
31, 562 

31, 363 
29, 572 
28,511 
23,707 
20, 348 

18,931 
15, 489 
15, 929 
10.853 
13,216 



5,527 
5,861 
6,647 
6,442 
5,782 

5,709 
5,373 
4,998 
•5,040 
5,199 

6,757 
8,356 
16,221 
11, 472 
15,989 

46, 946 
64, 700 
61,270 
57,188 
52, 131 



7,410 
9,935 
9,935 
10,915 



13,540 
8. 250 
6,100 
6,360 
6,580 

10,560 



7,480 
7,960 
10,000 



13, 227 
11,967 
11,461 
12, 172 
11,934 

12, 584 
12, 764 
10,917 
12,074 

7,848 

9,630 

7,920 

11, 352 

'16, 175 

12, 878 

12, 121 
9,842 
7,895 
8,668 
7,807 

5,863 
5,449 
5, 515 
8,261 
8,037 

6,919 
7,533 
8,119 
6,109 
4,868 



29, 468 
26,601 
25, 207 
18,064 
26, 583 

30, 879 
29,499 
25, 090 
22. 228 
19,997 

20, 249 
21,463 
19.072 
18,994 
18,066 

16, 696 
17.981 
14, 846 
15.227 
13, 163 



5, 900 



5,520 
9,565 

10,055 
5, 490 
6,265 



3,930 

3,781 
3,710 
10, 480 
8,985 
8,070 



9,818 
9,314 
8,408 
7,979 
7,364 

7,370 

7,425 
7,623 
6,166 
6,418 

5,852 
6,454 
4,854 
5,887 
6,925 

6,592 
6,156 
6,121 
5,616 
5,905 

5,641 

4,497 
5,075 
5,046 
5,670 

6,216 
6,290 
5,708 
5,690 
4,955 



7,491 
11.004 
6,846 
5.891 
5,318 

4,961 
4,343 
4.391 
4,374 
5,953 

3,855 
6, 252 
5.235 
5,142 
4,679 

4,944 
4,549 
4,536 
4,219 
4,710 



July. 



6,674 
6,046 
5,765 
5,100 
5, 550 



3,6S0 
3,565 
3,670 

3,830 
3,830 
3,830 



3,415 
3,345 



5,042 
4,315 
4,278 
3,784 
4,062 

3,844 
4,429 
4,499 
4,039 
4,072 

3,993 
3,934 
3,731 
3,658 
3,767 

3,631 
3,508 
3,546 
3,512 
3,232 

3,257 
2,617 
3,151 
2,875 
2,863 

2,590 
2,552 
2,096 
2,671 
2,930 
2,678 



4,811 
4,374 
4,236 
5,578 
5.249 

11,678 

11,214 

9.685 

8,690 

7,149 

6,047 
4, 637 
4,844 
4, 437 
4,289 

4,449 
5,121 
5,125 
4,495 
4,596 



Aug. Sept 



Oct. 



3,010 
3,110 
3,060 



3,230 

3,050 
2,915 
2,825 
3,070 
2,555 



2,855 
2,494 
2,615 
2,294 
2,400 



3,153 
3,062 
3,063 
1,576 
3,015 

2,738 
2; 610 
2,816 
2.580 
2,382 

1,529 
2,690 
2,435 
2,405 
2,160 

2,433 
2,118 
857 
2,681 
2,072 

2,357 
2,240 
2,199 
2,722 
1,658 

4,284 
5,089 
4,890 
3,450 
3,080 
3,102 



3,730 
2,696 
3,595 
3,597 
3,037 

3", 044 
3,313 
3,468 



4,113 

4,737 
4,276 
3,906 
3,695 
3,414 

2,566 

3, 197 
3,137 
3,178 
3.079 



2, 183 
2,136 
1,883 
1,885 

12, 102 
6,659 
4,673 
4,143 
2,646 

2,571 

2,509 

2,378 

1,918 

467 



1,792 
2,867 
2, 560 
2,226 
2, 212 

2,200 
2,155 
1,438 
2,250 
2,502 

2,256 
2,209 
1,996 
1,970 
1,150 

1,736 
1,710 
1,987 
1,721 
1,741 

1,707 
1,050 
1,139 
1, 387 
1,167 

1,155 
1.104 
1,145 



1,115 



2,643 
2,611 
1,772 
2,577 
2,371 

2,129 
6, 903 
7,978 
6,094 
4,624 

4,003 
3.668 
1,857 
2,952 
3,002 

2,789 
2,336 
2.932 
3,590 
1,733 



3, 829 
7,527 
6,418 
5,088 
4,253 

3,231 

3,730 
3, 576 
3,315 
2,549 

2,605 
2,854 



2, 859 
2,458 
2,452 



1,106 
1,149 
1,130 
1,110 
1,152 



1,128 
1,104 
1,126 
1,356 

1,109 
1,121 



1,185 
1,141 

1,134 
1,250 
1,546 
1,587 



1,353 
1,422 
1,428 
1,432 
1,372 

1,399 



1,115 
1,355 
1,385 
1,081 



2,870 
2,975 
3,734 
2, 275 
5,249 

4.567 
3,954 
3,277 
3.210 
3,166 

2,394 
2.626 
2,617 
2,363 
2,388 

2,311 
2,384 
2.016 
2.319 
2,326 



Nov. 



2,661 
2,489 
2,152 
2,631 
1,984 

2,446 
2,502 
2,495 
2.487 
2,786 

2,484 
2,461 
2,515 
1,444 
1,645 



1,081 
1,347 
1,870 
1,421 
2,201 

1,946 
1,708 
1,657 
1,426 
5, 125 

9,595 
8.351 
6,279 

3,882 

4,972 
6,455 
5,695 
4.591 
4,169 

10, 949 
11,179 
6,694 
5,124 
5,632 

4,804 
9,383 
15,900 
11,623 
9,372 



3,238 
4,259 
4.023 
3.757 
3,435 

29,865 
23.836 
17,040 
13, 322 
12, 152 

10.028 
11,389 
11,777 
10.962 
9,319 



7,947 
7,952 
8.130 
7,547 



Dec. 



2,275 
2,513 
2,466 
2,331 
2,326 

2,205 
2,208 
1,229 
1,912 



1,831 
1,770 
1,657 
904 
1,227 



5,904 
4,682 
8,378 
5,842 
3,519 

2,723 
3, 273 
2,301 
3,393 
3,089 

3,105 
2,598 
2,278 
2,524 
1, 747 

2,545 
2,069 
2,621 
1,928 
2,180 

2,536 
3, 321 
11,026 
9; 147 
6,136 

5,162 
5,792 
26, 673 
16,148 
14, 590 
19, 713 



8,049 
6,844 
5,730 
2.200 
2,603 

2,545 
3, 312 
2,851 
2,870 
2,852 

2.851 
2,938 
2,385 
2,981 
2,874 

2,307 

2. 272 
1,489 
2,303 
1,870 



52 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. 



Day. 



189G. 



1897. 



1898. 



Jan. 



3,000 
2,767 
2,793 
2,542 
2,394 

1,881 
2,499 
2,765 
2,531 
2, 473 
2,220 



2,073 
2,085 
1,650 
2,318 
3,732 

18,504 
10,210 
5,860 
5,028 
3,793 

3,293 
3,601 
3,084 
2,542 
2,881 

2,715 
2,187 
2,942 
1,918 
2,211 

2,283 
2,222 
2,951 
2,300 
1,953 

1.847 
2', 727 
2,252 
2,477 
4,024 
3,534 



2,475 
2,284 
2,222 
2,715 
2,771 

3,431 
1,807 
4,826 
5,434 
4,492 

3,025 

3,286 
3,240 
3,287 
4,909 

3,717 
3,891 
3,453 
3,460 
3,505 

3,893 
4,614 
2,542 
2,321 

2,866 



Feb. 



2,781 
2,771 
2,162 
3,854 
2,812 

2,790 

2,772 
2,558 
2,794 



3,587 
3,485 
3,775 
3,598 
3,348 

3,223 

4,185 
4,305 
5,634 
6,225 

5,933 
5,007 
4,629 
3,897 
4,070 

4,028 
3,848 
3,163 
2,467 
2,480 

3,543 
2,636 
2,427 
2,302 
2,544 

2,877 
2,825 
3,705 



2,539 
2,955 
2,687 
3,090 
2,775 

3,068 
3,475 
2,994 
3,744 
3,154 

3,829 
3,317 
3,680 
3,912 
4,026 

4,042 
3,764 
3,221 
3,267 
2,885 

3,172 
3,764 
2,133 
3,437 
4,352 



Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


12, 922 


74, 469 


14, 782 


5,352 


4,391 


2,858 


4,313 


2,352 


3,239 


60,021 


13,215 


6,073 


4,419 


2,747 


4,207 


4,208 


10,025 


41,711 


3,976 


6,655 


4,374 


2,759 


4,147 


8, 956 


7,820 


46, 693 


23,517 


6,275 


4,258 


2,943 


3,754 


7,804 


6,608 


40,793 


14, 220 


6,334 


4,386 


2,990 


2,924 


7,986 


6,637 


36, 126 


4,482 


5,817 


3,794 


2,851 


2,969 


6,227 


7,253 


32, 729 


5,729 


5, 459 


4,215 


2,571 


2,474 


5,388 


10, 886 


30, 217 


5, 117 


5,309 


3,781 


2,410 


3,149 


2,644 


5,945 


30,517 


4,867 


4, 200 


3,728 


2,416 


3,148 


3,214 


6,901 


30, 977 


3,192 


5,307 


3,335 


1,625 


2,777 


2,888 


5,006 




6,092 




3,831 


2,531 




2,891 


2,007 


6,334 


39,001 


18,204 


8,719 - 


12,975 


4,771 


2,314 


2,950 


7,648 


34,299 


16,780 


9,885 


13.656 


4,357 


2,048 


2,423 


9,075 


32,654 


17,526 


9,531 


11,263 


4,340 


967 


2,629 


9,635 


34,210 


17,542 


8,512 


9,206 


3,701 


2,532 


2,586 


11,536 


40,730 


17,549 


7,147 


7,796 


3,090 


2,490 


2,522 


12,889 


36,362 


15,756 


8,189 


7,226 


3,865 


2,375 


4,026 


18, 329 


26,923 


16,023 


7,410 


5,889 


3,571 


2,158 


2,703 


21,149 


26,610 


15,785 


7,922 


5,761 


4,008 


1,533 


2,285 


18,268 


24,400 


13,801 


7,967 


4,000 


3.973 


2,097 


2,291 


15,458 


23,995 


12,961 


7,270 


5,243 


3,997 


2,100 


4,554 


16,671 


41,196 


16,003 


6,290 


5,849 


4,808 


2,109 


4,230 


14,377 


41,223 


14,962 


.5,761 


7,562 


9,689 


1,508 


5,238 


13,999 


23,965 


13,819 


7,256 


9,771 


5,463 


1,788 


5,045 


14,796 


41,284 


15,304 


45,507 


7,112 


4,915 


6,070 


5,387 


16,881 


38,988 


16,003 


55,634 


6,601 


4,864 


6,323 


4,925 


24,426 


32,431 


14,617 


33,770 


5,368 


4,325 


5,528 


2,533 


34,813 


27,453 


14,638 


28,160 


7,776 


4,333 


3,837 


2,025 


28,642 


23,788 


13,344 


21,286 


11,566 


3,239 


3,262 


2,304 


31,734 


21,013 


11,200 


17,067 


8,562 


3,632 


3,287 


2,339 


32,799 


18,843 


11,390 


12,542 


6,755 


3,488 


2,322 


3,167 


26,949 


17,562 


10,649 


7,747 


7,129 


5,043 


2,331 


2", 083 


24,087 


15,105 


7,399 


5,218 


7,907 


8,422 


2,326 


2,621 


24,008 


15,448 


9,991 


8,408 


6,616 


7,438 


2,051 


5,547 


29,875 


14,809 


9,095 


8,980 


5,718 


5,838 


1,510 


5,832 


33,605 


10,818 


8,353 


8,925 


5,816 


4,481 


2,140 


6-, 345 


42,860 


16,539 


8,751 


10,826 


6,280 


3,841 


2,348 


5,992 


51,255 


21,779 


7,590 


9,842 


6,220 


4,555 


2,415 


5,311 


66,907 


24,568 


7,691 


7,950 


5,706 


4,084 


2,973 


4,994 


58,745 


26,000 


8,023 


6,734 


5,382 


2,915 


2,008 


5,071 


43,797 


22,697 


8,345 


6,405 


5,154 


2,801 


2,344 


5,513 




20,526 




11,707 


4,364 




2,600 


4,170 


20,385 


36,048 


14,341 


4,385 


3,790 


2,477 


2,691 


4,188 


16,556 


39,372 


13,776 


4,343 


2,707 


2,489 


2,862 


5,648 


13,871 


38,301 


10,900 


3,440 


2,887 


2,453 


2,180 


5,163 


12,143 


37,358 


8,791 


3,490 


2,833 


1,437 


1,831 


2,997 


10,830 


37,730 


9,846 


4,343 


2,809 


2,510 


1,865 


4,094 


10,150 


37,569 


10,301 


4,272 


3,712 


2,392 


2,119 


5,070 


7,080 


31,580 


9,189 


4,477 


3,252 


3,093 


1,570 


5,033 


6,563 


29,880 


9,098 


4,203 


4,374 


3,073 


1,269 


4,767 


7,472 


28,753 


12,541 


5,464 


4,218 


3,018 


1,150 


4,623 


10,457 


25,636 


14,318 


1,745 


4,017 


3,042 


961 


5,329 


15,299 


22,059 


12,086 


4,111 


3,048 


3,050 


1,585 


6,752 


19,848 


21,899 


11,322 


4,484 


3,413 


3,057 


1,731 


8,397 


44,854 


24,042 


11,003 


4,267 


2,927 


2,505 


1,585 


9,880 


47,141 


34,332 


10,777 


3,776 


1,130 


1,913 


1,288 


11,534 


50,381 


32,988 


12,514 


4,327 


3,443 


1,480 


1,299 


12,816 


49,415 


27,500 


11,295 


3,994 


2,499 


1,560 


3,665 


12,215 


47,112 


24,756 


10,584 


3,611 


2,560 


1,530 


6,031 


11,918 


47,321 


23,440 


9,478 


3,896 


2,491 


1,570 


5,055 


12,484 


44,700 


23,153 


9,196 


3,938 


2,622 


1,607 


4,454 


13,218 


39,327 


20,592 


11, 129 


3,747 


2,526 


1,876 


3,264 


14,580 


36 671 


19,088 


10,855 


3,835 


913 


2,223 


2,872 


17,177 


33,789 


18,570 


9,950 


5,038 


3,425 


1,851 


2,690 


16,615 


30,792 


17,073 


8,334 


3,871 


2,866 


1,888 


6,036 


15,987 


34,352 


15,277 


9,483 


3,418 


3,425 


1,916 


6,318 


17,812 


52,119 


15,993 


8,864 


3,747 


2,849 


3,689 


4,924 1 



Nov. 



6,572 
5,222 
3, 749 
4,606 
6,185 

6,322 

5,683 
6,169 

8,424 
8,432 



2,911 
2,637 
6,687 
9,442 
8,628 

7,729 
6,457 
6,443 
5,195 
7,927 

8,133 
7,313 
6.350 
2,789 
4,902 

4,420 
5,913 
7,191 
6,428 
4,391 

4,161 
3,009 
2,703 
2,181 
2,687 

1,889 
6,097 
13,399 
6,883 
6,171 



5,182 
4,691 
4,115 
3,467 

3,231 
3,880 
3,675 
4,133 
3,351 

5,332 
5,856 
4,896 
3,332 
3,465 

3,264 
3,490 

3,698 
5,018 
8,798 

8,935 
8,046 
7,184 
6,007 
7,811 



Flow of kennebec rtver at waterville. 53 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. 



Day. 



Jan. Feb. 



2,032 
3,130 
2,005 
2,727 
1,738 
2,607 



2,529 
2,202 
2,274 
2,159 
2,452 

2,451 
2,449 
1,739 
2,757 
2,513 



11 2,400 

12 ! 2,386 

13 ' 2,404 

14 2,436 

15...., 1,678 



1900. 



29... 
30.. 
31.. 



2,731 
2,439 
2,631 
2,434 
2,629 

2,440 
2,094 
2,709 
2,154 
2,435 

2,450 
2,454 
2,434 
1,245 
2,513 
2,453 



1,463 
1,565 
1,604 
1,653 
1,193 

1.452 
1)304 
2,324 
2,060 
1,998 

1,751 
1,711 
1,009 
696 
1,712 

1,996 
1,755 
1,748 
2,064 
1,792' 

656 
2,060 
4,045 
3,748 
3,697 



3,933 
3,653 
4,387 



2, 458 
2,198 
2,187 
2, 163 
1,580 

2,505 
2,173 
2,071 
2,057 
2,152 

2,141 
2,244 
2,348 
1,964 
1,844 

2,392 

2,434 
2,727 
2,198 
2,915 

2,734 
2,744 
2,451 
2,745 
2,929 

1,420 
3,039 
3,362 



7,117 
3,696 

3,628 



3,166 

•3,159 
3,188 
3,303 
2,925 
3.114 

1,615 
2,933 
12,148 
15,696 
21,761 

19,766 
15,073 
11,998 
5,871 
7,090 

6,978 
6,123 
5,308 
4,117 
18,833 



3,684 13,387 
3,609 '23 971 
3,007 118,375 

6,851 I 

4,311 j 

5,399 I 



Mar. 



17,029 
16,560 
18,928 
19,762 
17,711 
27,432 



3,382 
3,047 
3,333 
3,324 
1,960 

3,331 
3,563 
3,516 
3,502 
3,428 

3,357 

2,302 
3,353 
3,423 
3,624 

3,773 
3,501 
3,253 
1,960 
3,320 

3,080 
2,778 
2,711 
2,837 
2,770 

2,030 

2,786 
2,740 
2,998 
3,962 
6,820 



15,468 
13,353 

9,656 
11,445 

6,544 

6,240 
9,323 
4,913 
4,947 
4,927 

4,373 

4,950 
4,932 
4,799 
5,051 

10,516 
7,479 
12,670 
20,538 
12,562 

12,448 
12,412 
11,301 
10,742 
9,792 

9,460 
8,925 
8,004 
8,391 
8,410 
8,498 



Apr. 



45,520 
38,083 
37,354 
33,652 
31,767 



6,411 
6,214 
6,100 
6,017 
6,207 

6,227 
6,433 
7,007 
7,541 
9,001 

9,650 
9,405 
11,181 
19,700 
23,106 

38,826 
30,532 
30,312 
37,096 
41,565 

34,540 
30,286 
39,550 
45,724 
41,739 

43,139 
45,795 
39,943 
41,584 
39,300 



8,792 
8,381 
9,338 
14,047 
15,927 

15,544 
19,353 
27,072 
24.219 
19,765 

17,053 
20,560 
25,463 
27,373 
26,429 

£1,224 
32,034 
35,155 
42,557 
60,541 

62,291 
55,863 
51,180 
44,066 
39,913 

33,353 

27,800 
23,905 
21,793 
14,688 



May. June. 



July. 



Aug. 



15,5S9 
15,639 
14,611 
16,632 
16,962 
16,298 



41,756 
39,665 
36,589 
36,942 
30,922 

30,531 
30,125 
29,447 
26,888 
24,803 

22,132 

20,229 
18,697 
19,643 
14,886 

15,099 
17,307 
15,073 
15,071 
15,684 

16,262 
18,287 
17,271 
15,900 
15,925 

11,480 
12,567 
12,303 
13,064 
13,035 
12,823 



22,830 
27,905 

28,823 
52,268 
48,843 

39,585 
34,551 
28,889 
23,501 
28,628 

25,277 
22,411 
20,804 
18,378 
22,307 

29,793 
29,945 
31,845 
40,265 
48,460 

44,102 
35,000 
25,403 
23,333 
21,682 

18, 907 
17,467 
15,469 
19,171 
16,301 
14,113 



5,267 
4,326 
5,689 
6,715 



13,044 
12,790 
10,647 
11,673 
12,264 

11 , 123 

10,563 
12,748 
12,517 
12,506 

10,738 
10,278 
6,039 
7,030 
6,739 

7,557 
5,913 
6,807 
7,290 
6,483 

7,101 
7,317 
7,319 
7,516 

5,673 

7,301 
7,315 
6,880 
7,038 
6,445 



12,115 
12,782 
15,730 
25,091 
19,591 

16,103 
14,088 
12,792 
10,930 
10,495 

10,083 
10,148 
9,661 
10,168 

7,707 

9,141 
7,256 
7,808 
7,308 
5,866 

6,402 
6,651 
6,613 
5,015 

5,066 
5,803 
7,679 
7,189 
9,043 



3,879 
3,3S5 
4,189 
3,444 
3,204 
2,832 



6,115 
5,024 
5,363 
3,178 
5,258 

5,120 

5,076 
5,367 
3,936 
5,142 

5,123 
4,866 
5,100 
5,950 
5,078 

4,043 

4,866 
5,232 
4,948 
4,880 

5,499 

6,367 
5,688 
6,509 
5,837 

5,916 
5,502 
5,649 
4,170 
2,500 
4,087 



4,849 
8,232 
7,520 
2,763 
6,715 

6,255 
6,271 
4,799 
6,465 
6,501 

5,767 
4,984 
12,281 
9,601 
6,262 

7,018 
5,112 
6,017 
5,652 
6,057 

5,678 
4,386 
5,253 
4,923 
4,737 

5,403 
4,857 
4.872 
2,344 
4,231 
3,725 



4,432 
4,218 
3,940 
3,396 
3,555 
2,857 



4,809 
3,594 
4,442 
4,199 
4,498 

4,415 
5,064 
5,195 
4,388 
4,128 

4,101 
3,954 
2,699 
3,964 
3,538 

3,213 
3,007 
3,321 
2,643 
1,242 

2,748 
3,377 
2,956 
2,534 
2,180 

2,158 
1,089 
2,288 
2,203 
2,065 
2,354 



4,910 
5,149 
5,525 
5,601 
4,431 

5,357 
4,708 
4,597 
4,573 
4,758 

4,462 
2,627 
4,651 
4,716 
4,450 

4,750 
4,834 
4,624 
3,075 
4,547 

4,072 
3,203 
4,029 

3,049 



1,016 
3,169 
3,501 
3,029 
3,147 
3,454 



Sept. 



5,443 
4,788 
3,581 
3,778 
3,247 



Oct. 



1,623 
2,010 
567 
1,612 
2,070 

2,082 
2,070 



2,352 
246 

2,635 
2,067 
2,340 
2,370 
2,257 

1,261 
1,298 
1,416 
2,005 
2,362 

2,006 
2,351 
2,348 
1,073 
2,031 

1,761 
1,466 
2,046 
1,951 
2,091 



4,238 
1,635 
3.191 
3,180 
2,905 

2,913 
2,865 
2,908 
2,276 
2,330 

2,871 
2,865 
2,560 
2,851 
2,826 

2,426 
3,130 
3,147 
2,776 
2,602 

3,044 
2,770 



3,137 

2,887 

2,563 
2,575 
2,568 
3,169 
2,197 



4,288 
6,514 
15,319 
11,127 
9,229 
7,672 



1,443 
1,665 
1,415 
1,969 

1.449 

1)476 



1,215 
940 

774 
1,784 
1,968 
1,391 

492 

1,378 
1,667 
1,366 
1,096 
1,377 

1,120 



1,408 
1,334 
1,104 

995 
1,149 
1,121 

406 
1,104 
1,086 



2,859 
3,337 
3,134 
2,876 
2,565 

2,168 
859 
3,457 
3,715 
3,715 

4,051 

4,106 
4,003 



2,590 

3,993 
3,993 
4,190 
3,989 
3,720 

2,392 
3,164 
3,185 
2,621 
2,902 

2,624 
2,373 
1,520 
2,902 
2,623 
2,338 



Nov. 



7,923 
10,037 
3,672 
2,758 
3,723 



1,390 
2,819 
4,093 
4,109 
2,995 

3,327 
3,106 
2,637 
2,338 
2,119 

1,698 



1,488 
1,970 
2,017 

2,053 
1,823 
1,739 



1,718 



2,317 
1,748 
2,085 
2,035 
2,028 

i'/m 

1,743 
1,744 



2,307 
2,357 
2,293 
1,502 
1,660 

2,260 
1,604 
1,630 
3,819 
17,580 

11,521 
13,301 
10,314 
8,564 
5,839 

4,877 
3,706 
6,533 
5,079 
5,215 

8,107 
6,360 
12,471 
8,620 
7,886 

7,000 
7, 320 
9,693 
5,214 
6,660 



54 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN'. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. 



Day. 



Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


3,740 


2,990 


2,050 


11,600 


29,600 


3,530 


2,920 


2,270 


15,260 


30,570 


3,240 


2,180 


1,620 


19,580 


29,620 


2,990 


2,690 


2,840 


25,040 


28,080 


2,420 


2,680 


4,080 


54,490 


2d, 350 


1,880 


2,670 


4,290 


57,960 


21,380 


3,100 


2,700 


4,350 


42,370 


13,300 


3,280 


3,000 


4,220 


76,410 


11,800 


3,220 


2,420 


4,130 


76.590 


13,290 


3,040 


2,000 


2,870 


60,700 


12,340 


3,240 


2,680 


4,090 


53,410 


16,330 


3,240 


2,690 


4,010 


39,290 


22,880 


2,780 


2,690 


3,970 


35,610 


23,110 


3,230 


2,660 


4,060 


33.250 


21,770 


2,940, 


2,340 


3,390 


31,460 


18,120 


3,430 


2,350 


3,410 


30,220 


14,230 


3,530 


2,000 


3,080 


29,300 


14,210 


3,960 


2,900 


3,700 


28,820 


12,110 


4,040 


2,640 


3,440 


29,150 


10,450 


2,840 


2,650 


3,110 


27,600 


14,560 


3,250 


2,670 


3,640 


28,540 


11,930 


3,490 


2,380 


4,180 


45.590 


7,560 


3,500 


2,390 


5,050 


65,770 


9,860 


3,520 


1,430 


700 


65,970 


7,600 


3,230 


2,140 


8,510 


49,700 


7,590 


3,260 


2,320 


8,500 


44,710 


6,620 


2,380 


2,530 


12,890 


42,510 


9,090 


2,990 


1,990 


10,530 


39,950 


8,260 


3,260 




13,340 


38,280 


• 9,060 


2,950 




8,440 


34,780 


5,140 


2,970 




4,120 




6,420 


4,610 


4,020 


11,790 


47.870 


34,410 


4,280 


2,670 


23,180 


37,920 


28,840 


3,960 


4,100 


35,110 


36,530 


28,890 


3,150 


3,840 


54,340 


29,290 


26,340 


900 


3,850 


38,650 


25,220 


19,740 


3,460 


3,980 


30,250 


19,460 


17,210 


3,730 


4,010 


25,920 


21,340 


17,860 


3,490 


4,010 


22,280 


21,260 


24,290 


2,960 


2,850 


20,240 


20,020 


20,720 


3,260 


3,990 


17,740 


24,790 


17,520 


3,760 


3,970 


20,940 


23,370 


15,730 


2,240 


3,910 


13,160 


23,470 


13,030 


3,840 


3,910 


14,230 


21,340 


13,490 


3,410 


3,940 


17,590 


21,290 


13,600 


2,890 


3,950 


18,940 


16,970 


10,480 


3,210 


2,100 


18,860 


18,730 


10,530 


3,180 


3,950 


27,940 


17,540 


9,720 


3,160 


3,370 


40,630 


16,940 


8,410 


1,790 


3,930 


22,400 


17.500 


5,560 


3,550 


3,660 


27,320 


17,880 


8,420 


2,870 


3,440 


46,570 


18,740 


'9,640 


2,860 


3,660 


45,320 


21,250 


8,950 


7,810 


3,150 


46,670 


24,030 


12,320 


10,510 


4,080 


36,990 


21,290 


8,990 


6,360 


4.100 


27,490 


17,640 


13,030 


4,620 


4,840 


22,900 


13,910 


13,560 


4,070 


4,420 


18.720 


13,430 


21,690 


3,870 


4,700 


13,920 


18,620 


23,800 


3,880- 




20,670 


19,500 


29,210 


3,910 




57,970 


18,600 


19,250 


3,940 




47,070 




17,820 



June. 



July. 



Aug. 



Sept. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



1901. 



1902. 



5,140 
6,540 
8,700 
12,930 
11,380 

9,990 
9,110 
9,930 
15,250 
13,900 

10,000 
10,120 
7,830 
7,830 
7,470 

5,660 
7,840 
6,640 
7,170 
6,630 

6,290 
6,420 
5,620 
6,960 
6,020 

6,880 
6,970 
7,050 
6,980 
7,800 



15,370 
15,350 
13,050 
12,500 

17,860 

19,750 
19,140 
16,830 
26,140 
24,550 

20,390 
16J510 
14,760 
13,040 
11,700 



11.210 | 

11,340 

11,590 

10,670 

10,550 

9,710 
8,400 
13,100 
10,620 
10,160 

10,200 
33,940 
21,870 
15,370 
12,130 



9,080 
8,350 
8,330 
4,020 
7,940 

7,330 
5,110 
5,130 
6,020 
5,770 

5,750 
5,450 
5,440 
3,310 
4,S60 

4,600 
4,450 
4,400 
4,450 
4,840 

4,010 
4,220 
3,940 
3,480 
3,400 

3,720 

3,810 
2,810 
4,510 
4,520 
5,740 



12,200 
12,670 
13,200 
10,310 
10,990 

9,890 
10,470 
9,850 
8,880 
8,910 

9,510 
9,410 
7,260 
5,440 
6,940 

7,340 

7,200 
6,920 
6,940 
5,740 

6,780 
7,010 
6,940 
6,460 
6,230 

4,870 
4,500 
5,100 
5,170 
4,950 
4,950 



5,270 
4,810 
2,410 
3,890 

3,170 
3,290 
5,820 
6,180 
5,640 

3,240 
5,640 
5,920 
5,410 
5,010 

3,840 
5,640 
4,630 
4,700 
4,060 

3,900 
3,650 
3,120 
3,800 
3,530 

4,100 

3,900 
2,880 
1,890 
1,840 
1,850 



4,990 
5,370 
4,630 
9,010 
7,480 

6,490 
5,320 
5,130 
5,240 
4,420 

5,090 
5,730 
5,850 
5,180 
3,860 

3,980 
1,890 
3,740 
3,440 
2,640 

2,300 
3.320 
5,950 
12,670 
8,250 

6,590 
4,030 
4,130 
4,150 
4,040 
1,860 



1,470 
4,760 
4,270 
3,910 
3,640 

3,630 
3,040 
1,140 
2,870 
3,120 

2,790 
3,070 
3,650 
3,700 
1,700 

3,370 

3,090 
2,830 
1,910 
2,800 

2,560 
750 
3,160 
3,190 
2,800 

2,810 
2,420 
2,380 
790 
3,010 



3,190 
4,120 
4,060 
3,280 
3,740 

4,090 
1,580 
3,500 
4,040 
4,000 

7,540 
5,850 
5,390 
3,430 
7,570 

5,860 
5,180 
4,140 
4,100 
4,100 

2,410 
4,730 
4,530 
4,180 
3,990 

3,820 
4,020 
2,000 
3,950 
4,100 



2,770 
2,160 
1,590 
2,140 
2,730 

960 
3,090 
2,460 
2,740 
2,390 

2,470 
2,380 
670 
3,050 
6,430 

6,680 
5,060 
4,360 
4,230 
1,870 

2,810 
2,830 
2,340 
2,920 
2,960 

3,720 

1,280 
3,100 
2,840 
2,790 
2,850 



4,090 
4,120 
4,110 
4,080 
2,020 

3,510 
4,170 
5,550 
4,160 
4,160 

3,770 

1,750 
3,510 
3,780 
3,730 

4,060 
4,120 
4,080 
2,060 
4,200 

4,980 
4,510 
4,560 
4,200 
4,130 

2,730 
3,950 
7,830 
24,980 
15,170 
10,830 



3,710 
3,080 
480 
3,020 
3,630 

3,090 
3,370 
2,810 
2,530 
560 

2,620 
2,210 
2,220 
2,930 
1,640 

2,270 
1,260 
2,830 
2,530 
2,570 

2,590 
2,330 
2,270 
1,470 
2,810 

2,200 
2,330 
2,090 
2,260 
2,430 



8,020 
5,980 
5,670 
4,830 
3,760 

4,130 
4,220 
4,080 
3,040 
4,120 

4,090 
4,100 
4,020 
4,180 
4,380 

4,550 
5,450 
5,420 
5,040 
4,920 

4,680 
4,380 
4,470 
4,600 
4,160 

4,300 
3,450 
4,200 
4,140 
3,130 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. 55 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. 



Day. 



1903. 

6,577 
4.811 
4,046 

4 1 2,551 

5 4,347 



Jan. 



4,361 
4,012 
3,988 
3,992 
3,907 



11 1 2,061 

12 3,684 

13 4,020 

14 3,443 

15 3,627 

16 3,764 

17 4,032 

18 i 3,336 

19 4,070 

20 i 3,739 



. 3 717 
. 3,998 
.1 4,413 
. "4,756 
. 4,245 

J 4,210 

• I 4,121 

4,199 

4,014 



30 4,028 



31. 



4,268 



i 
1904. 

1 1,313 

2 975 



Feb. 



1,381 
714 



956 

1,545 

100 

830 
1,218 

916 
1,909 
1,163 

1,543 
100 
912 

1,577 
905 

1,764 
900 
910 
303 

1,012 

995 
1,642 
638 
634 
629 
348 



4,129 
4,486 
4,038 
4,231 
4,003 

4,050 
3,971 
3,925 
4,004 
3,741 

3,985 
4,088 
4,408 
4,356 
3,841 

2,003 
4,042 
4,025 
4,028 
4,013 

3,952 
2,370 
3,754 
3,696 
3,957 

3,936 
3,639 
3,980 



953 
918 
917 
944 
1,248 



543 
940 
629 
654 



615 
713 
100 
645 

1,389 
538 

1,432 
578 

1,393 

100 
1,031 

908 
1,629 

987 

1,295 

1,420 

100 

651 



Mar. 



6,706 
8,468 
8,320 
7,646 
7,107 

6,480 
6,069 
6,640 
8,115 
13,273 

18,755 
31,283 

27,438 
24,487 
24,518 

21,560 
18,188 
17,496 
17,645 
35,732 

33,641 
31,793 
31,650 
34,315 
34,353 



25,326 
21,480 
19,344 
11,029 
12,314 



1,018 
1,047 
1,044 
1,132 
1,370 

100 

659 

2,063 

2,616 

2,982 

3,552 
3,291 
3,033 
3,254 
3,232 

2,799 
2,736 
2,513 
2,097 
1,413 

2,426 
2,497 
3,078 
3,372 
4,064 

10,470 
11,080 
11.380 
10,400 
8,449 



Apr. 



15,606 
16,465 
13,543 
16,153 
23,548 

21,937 
21,610 
21,752 
23,374 
22,595 

23,662 
21,245 
18,734 
15,036 
16,390 

17,298 
19,328 
17,921 
16,768 
16,175 

15,219 

15,577 
15,689 
15,111 
13,498 

11,783 
5,919 
5,531 
8,221 
8,274 



8,733 
7,980 
6,770 
7,211 
6,777 



8,349 
9,541 
15,620 
23,240 
33,340 

33,530 
27,600 
2b, 080 
14,620 
12,310 

10,590 
8,813 
8,343 
7,947 
8,414 

10.530 
10,460 
11,110 
11,740 
15,180 

16; 320 
17,810 
15,930 
20,910 
36,110 



May, 



9,173 
12,725 
7,250 
8,308 
6,610 

6,946 
7,895 
7,546 
9,507 
8,024 

8,685 
8,546 
8,733 
7,355 
8,306 

8,313 

5,705 
8,129 
7,940 
7,962 

7,253 

7,870 
5,362 
4,765 
5,614 

7,866 
5,952 
5,928 
5,162 
3,363 
2,098 



34,770 
33,910 
23,890 
22,060 
20,730 

21,970 
18,370 
13,390 
12,810 
25,760 

30,910 
37,840 
26,850 
19,610 
15,510 

28,760 
37,560 
27,440 
20,680 
24.520 

20,910 
17,880 
15,150 
14,530 
13,970 

13,010 
11,120 
11,200 
8,277 
9,031 
9,774 



June. 



4,593 
4,282 
4,761 
4,758 
4,351 

4.312 

2,397 
4,345 
4,354 
4,547 

4,918 
4,337 
6,466 
30,050 
17,999 

10,219 
5,286 
5,373 
5,172 
5,079 

5,438 
7,930 
7,194 
6,698 
6,900 

5,490 
6,416 
5,654 
5,864 
5.556 



7,532 
10,490 
10,220 

8,675 
10,310 

10,610 
12,740 
14,460 
11,250 
13,250 

12,000 
11,190 
7,402 
6,051 
5,919 

5,801 
5,552 
6,388 
4,670 
6,458 

6,401 
6,324 
5,979 
5,834 
5,579 

5,110 

7,848 
7,251 
11,860 
5,423 



July. 



5,636 
5,813 
5,215 
4,640 
2,773 

5,338 
5,088 
5,134 
4,678 
4,923 

4,831 

2,547 
5,358 
5,123 
4,809 

4,758 
5,587 
4,849 
2,445 
4,978 

4,721 
4,939 
5,385 
9,018 
7,483 

6,405 
6,554 
5,001 
5,056 
4,895 
8,052 



6,131 
5,980 
4,872 
4,140 
7,370 

6,174 

5,585 
5,428 
5.628 
3,423 

5,442 

o,590 
7,049 
8,263 
6,969 



3.694 
5,512 
5,774 
4,346 

4,969 
4,692 
2,941 
3,987 
4,998 

4,805 
4,699 
4,933 
5,619 
5,523 
4,550 



Aug. Sept. 



5,608 
3,777 
5,065 
4,888 
4,530 

4,337 

4,066 
3,999 
1,120 
4,358 

4,044 
3,755 

4,268 
4,887 
4,529 

712 
4,885 
3,947 
3,444 
3,446 

3,874 
5,624 
3,701 
4,010 
4,384 

3,915 

3,606 
3,857 
3,340 
672 
3,482 



5,080 
5,168 
4,086 
4,983 
4,923 

4,508 
3,843 
4,817 
4,378 
3,943 

4,556 

4,970 
6,273 
5,247 
5,687 

5,326 
5,087 
5,419 
4,918 
4,261 

4,380 
6,720 
5,280 
4,537 
3,913 

4,112 
3,535 
2 950 
4,256 
4,152 
4,534 



3,349 
3,299 
3,002 
3,124 
1,995 

527 
2.920 
3; 174 
3,476 
3,106 

3,086 
2,814 
712 
3,420 
2,901 

2,915 
3,245 
3,697 
3,176 
353 

1,531 

3,190 
2,612 
1,700 
2,545 

1,975 
115 

2,881 
2,285 
1,964 



3,514 
3,692 
3,415 
3,602 
5,534 

5,921 

5,458 
5,170 
3,597 
4,050 

2,610 
3.779 
3,779 
3,176 
3,777 

6,978 
5,822 
4,531 
4,030 
4,055 

2,961 
3,767 
4,004 
3,722 
2,691 

4,082 
4,042 
4.381 
4,251 
8,111 



Oct. 



2,573 
2,271 
2,278 
1,002 
1,996 

2,110 

2,524 
2,309 
2,590 
2,158 

100 
2,029 
2,021 
2,018 

143 

1,464 
1,141 
100 
1,522 
3,126 

3,984 
2,555 
2,542 
2,604 
118 

2,747 
1,913 
2,022 
1,524 
2,567 
1,534 



10,460 
7,968 
6,806 
5,960 
4,183 

4,064 
4,305 
3,875 
3,959 
4,045 

3,828 
4,116 
4,027 
4,284 
4,159 

3,144 

4,350 
4,464 
4,121 
4,062 

3,322 

5,179 
6,866 
5,722 
4,214 

4,146 
4,816 
4,516 
3,964 
2,768 
4,139 



Nov. 



Dec. 



158 1,269 

1,272 1,270 

2,141 1,253 

1,480 i 1,849 

1,773 I 1,203 

1,527 100 

1,460 1,260 

119 ! 335 

1,467 1,351 

2,293 1,237 



1,957 
1,965 
1,547 
1,552 
960 

1,483 
1,957 
2.283 

2,845 
2,774 

1,419 
118 
1,979 
1,972 
1,432 



1,330 
680 
115 

1,127 



4,148 
3,908 
3,649 
3,521 
3,516 

2,689 
3,494 
3,486 
3,573 
3,793 

3,223 
3,764 
2,659 
4,096 
3,512 

4,071 
4,365 
2,875 
2,898 
2,678 

3,755 
4,078 
4,053 
658 
4,105 

4,015 
2,407 
3,465 
2,962 
2,353 



1,238 

1,238 

100 

915 

1,226 

925 
200 
893 
207 
100 

1,289 
2,678 
3,825 
3,206 
2,727 

2,480 
2,510 
1,292 
1.755 
1,335 
1,808 



2,903 
2,891 
3,462 
1,545 
3,150 

2,894 
2,783 
2,764 
2,859 
2,895 

100 
3.183 
2,302 
2,459 
2,587 

2,323 
2 596 
i;249 
3,163 
3,178 

2,771 
3,423 
2,775 
2,899 
1,966 

2,074 
3,127 
2,833 
2,474 
3,048 
2,764 



56 WATEK RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC EIVER BASIN. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River at Water ville — Continued. 



Day. 



Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


3,366 


2,645 


32,125 


10,038 


6,501 


5,275 


5,114 


3,077 


2,390 


3,125 


2,532 


22,278 


13,593 


7,755 


5,040 


4,108 


2,466 


2,205 


3,422 


2,366 


16,278 


8,680 


6,597 


5,450 


4,401 


100 


2,433 


2,868 


2,521 


14,471 


7,113 


6,102 


8,591 


4,018 


3,363 


2,086 


2,123 


714 


10,854 


12,907 


8,371 


7,554 


3,496 


3,912 


1,852 


3,225 


2,815 


11,303 


18,324 


7,113 


6,363 


2,030 


4,603 


1,598 


2,956 


2,202 


25,578 


11,542 


7,480 


5,962 


3,962 


4,350 


2,143 


2,569 


2,431 


19,498 


10,545 


5,123 


5,422 


2,940 


4,015 


100 


2,556 


2,257 


15,715 


10,425 


6,815 


3,434 


3,133 


3,904 


1,813 


2,484 


2,555 


12,342 


10,923 


6,026 


4,937 


3,397 


2,348 


2,089 


2,553 


2,541 


12,394 


11,251 


6,119 


4,836 


2,810 


3,596 


2,229 


1,859 


2,278 


15,260 


9,696 


6,780 


5,024 


3,048 


3,071 


1,879 


3,158 


2,855 


15,780 


8.440 


7,333 


5,015 


100 


3,055 


1,875 


2,475 


2,5^.0 


29,954 


9,109 


9,251 


4,948 


3,909 


2,813 


1,681 


2,5d8 


2,273 


11,928 


9,559 


8,493 


4,864 


3,036 


2,990 


141 


2,548 


2,208 


14,340 


8,699 


7,386 


3,803 


3,310 


2,998 


2,478 


2,570 


2,245 


11,456 


10,196 


6,071 


5,025 


3,345 


1,828 


2,428 


2,546 


2,247 


12,690 


11,441 


5,548 


4,298 


3,832 


2,466 


2,432 


1.842 


1,553 


7,065 


14,315 


5,881 


4,676 


2,819 


3,616 


2,351 


3,033 


2,561 


6,291 


14,279 


6,678 


5,002 


2,642 


4,286 


1,817 


2,547 


2,615 


7,486 


9,711 


6,108 


5,301 


3,653 


2,936 


1,836 


2,541 


2,849 


10,164 


8,788 


7,433 


3,969 


3,344 


3,663 


100 


2,545 


3,3S4 


12,934 


10,174 


6,678 


2,814 


3,372 


3,937 


1,118 


2,529 


3,447 


11,205 


11,269 


6,325 


3,997 


2,998 


1,370 


1,555 


2,811 


3,701 


7,878 


8,403 


5,109 


3,648 


2,922 


3,636 


2,397 


1,200 


3 ; 349 


8,294 


11,298 


6,017 


3,372 


2,955 


3,169 


1,903 


3,119 


13,250 


7,081 


10,583 


6,633 


3,828 


1,528 


2,802 


1,687 


2,520 


15,245 


8,881 


10,120 


6,739 


3,308 


3,635 


2,503 


1,936 




20,950 


8,901 


8,241 


6,672 


3.473 


3,087 


2 206 


100 




21,365 


6,603 


8; 153 


5,845 


1,491 


3,054 


142 


1,645 




26,230 




8,202 




3,986 


3,161 




2,484 


3,792 


2.310 


4,223 


20,350 


16,920 


7,574 


5,240 


' 3,035 


1,184 


3,591 


2,553 


4,470 


24,520 


14,430 


7,288 


4,753 


3,041 


1,794 


3,187 


2,530 


4,055 


25,210 


15,800 


7,829 


4,552 


4,089 


2,105 


1,528 


1,244 


3,965 


26,380 


16,380 


6,500 


4,286 


3,667 


1,842 


2,668 


2,368 


4,340 


25,630 


14,770 


7,557 


3,457 


3,699 


1,790 


2,624 


2,595 


6,743 


24,980 


14,920 


7,768 


4,630 


3,719 


1,810 


2,016 


2,039 


7,897 


23,770 


21,450 


7,626 


4,219 


2,654 


873 


2,006 


2,776 


6,924 


23,100 


20,350 


7,133 


3,657 


3,419 


1,836 


1,778 


2,018 


7,259 


20,390 


21,030 


7,384 


3,884 


1,812 


1,869 


1,663 


1,623 


7,296 


22,770 


18,150 


6,939 


3,884 


3,481 


2,154 


1,228 


1,214 


6,021 


34,370 


18,510 


7,605 


4,186 


3,306 


9,178 


1,747 


2,550 


5,835 


27,760 


15,520 


7,412 


2,159 


2,999 


7,152 


2,051 


2,849 


6,311 


20,590 


19,130 


8,801 


3,377 


1,850 


5,317 


2,,->28 


2,006 


6,977 


22,380 


14,710 


8,122 


3,326 


3,848 


o,645 


2,068 


2,244 


17,180 


22,020 


12,920 


7,218 


2,993 


2,939 


3,873 


2,024 


1,795 


39,390 


18,650 


11,260 


6,267 


3,036 


1,195 


2,710 


2,029 


1,714 


37,080 


19,060 


10,810 


5,285 


3,350 


2,688 


2,402 


609 


906 


33,120 


21,240 


5,326 


6,080 


3,069 


2,299 


1,988 


2,589 


2,565 


33,010 


24,480 


6,479 


5,928 


2,386 


2,114. 


1,863 


2,656 


2,296 


32,910 


23,670 


8,127 


5,355 


3,761 


2,393 


2,257 


2,352 


1,975 


28,860 


20,980 


7.337 


5,303 


3,081 


2,421 


1,815 


2,569 


2,288 


31,370 


19,980 


7,378 


4,357 


2,783 


2,131 


3,959 


2,368 


1,988 


32,930 


18,410 


8,803 


5,515 


3,010 


901 


3,672 


2,236 


1,952 


28,910 


17,090 


12,630 


5,533 


3,o47 


2,088 


3,609 


1,505 


9c<8 


22,690 


14,430 


11,280 


5,805 


3,280 


1,788 


3,916 


2,887 


2,056 


21,210 


16,890 


8,161 


5,286 


2,291 


2,081 


8,360 


2,851 


1,923 


18,240 


20,720 


5,374 


4,851 


3,401 


1,812 


8,608 


2.865 


2,465 


17,160 


25,210 


9,272 


4,666 


3,445 


2,071 


8,068 




3,714 


19,200 


25,890 


8,504 


3,668 


5,220 


1,758 


7,321 




4,208 


20,340 


20,980 


7,967 


3,815 


4,909 


588 


5,678 




5,016 




19,080 




5,113 


4,648 




5,049 



1905. 



1906. 



2,116 
2,256 
3,421 
2,847 
2,737 

2,545 
2,872 
2.094 
3,699 
3,912 

3,659 
4,182 
3,915 
3,623 
2,317 

3,642 
3,108 
3,425 
3,103 
3,099 

3,324 

2,296 
3,654 
2,766 
2,825 

2,849 
3,145 
3,430 
1.831 
3,700 
3,150 



2,450 
2,339 
2,694 
1,992 
1,981 

1,809 
633 
2,908 
2,297 
1,346 

1,571 
2,112 
1,932 
902 
1,612 

2,214 
1,643 
3,073 
2,55.1 
2,779 

1,487 
2,805 
2,804 
8.171 



7,833 
6,94:; 

5,899 
5,917 
5,091 
3,560 



2,113 
2,252 
1,965 
1,952 
100 

1,960 

2,807 
2,830 
3,067 
3,113 

2,843 
1,825 
3,059 
2,514 
2,810 

1,957 
2,011 
2,840 
1,838 
2,840 

2,243 
2,390 
1,913 
1,983 
1,450 

1,216 
3,452 
2,843 
2,547 
2,378 



3,863 
3.541 
2, 702 
2,711 

3,858 

3,278 
2.673 
2,662 
2,989 
3,032 

2,118 
3,804 
3,613 
3,809 
3,272 

3,587 
3,261 
2,091 
3,278 
4,066 

4,490 
4,490 
4,734 
4,482 
3,055 

3,800 
3,837 
3,827 
2,375 
3.543 



FLOW OF KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. 

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at IVaterville. 
[Drainage area 4.270 square miles.] 



57 



Month. 



January 12-31. 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 
December 



1893. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



The year. 



January. . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December . 



1894. 



The year. 



January — 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December . 



1895. 



The year . 



January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October.. . 
November. 
December. 



1890. 



The vear . 



January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. 



1897 



The year. 



Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec.-ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


5,000 


1,900 


2,650 


0.621 


0.46 


3,000 


2,100 


2,350 


.550 


.57 


11,300 


2,300 


4,180 


.980 


1.13 


19, 800 


3,600 


11,660 


2.73 


3.05 


83,500 


13,600 


30, 520 


7.14 


8.23 


23,500 


11,000 


15,290 


3.58 


3.99 


11.230 


2,240 


5,770 


1.35 


1.56 


2,430 


1,940 


2,270 


.531 


.61 


2,680 


1,710 


2,040 


.478 


.53 


4,000 


1,440 


2,330 


.545 


.63 


3,980 


1,980 


2,230 


.522 


.58 


2,780 


1,440 


1,580 


.370 


.43 


83,500 


1,440 


6,906 


1.62 


21.78 


1,910 


1,470 


1,640 


.384 


.44 


1,910 


1,740 


1,780 


.417 


.43 


6,660 


1,740 


4,020 


.940 


1.08 


35, 280 


4,370 


14, 680 


3.43 


3.83 


15, 650 


5,840 


9,570 


2.24 


2.58 


12,930 


3,710 


7,790 


1.82 


2.03 


10,020 


3,345 


5,720 


1.34 


1.54 


3,305 


2,294 


2,970 


.696 


.80 


12, 100 


467 


•2,740 


.641 


.72 


9,040 


1,655 


3,750 


.878 


1.01 


10,510 


1,440 


3,760 


.881 


.98 


.2,600 


904 


1,930 


.452 


.52 


35,280 


467 


5,030 


1.18 


15.97 


2,510 


1,135 


2,040 


.477 


.55 


2,440 


579 


1,800 


.421 


.44 


2,770 


1,252 


2,000 


.467 


.54 


86, 200 


2,176 


23,930 


5.60 


6.25 


16, 170 


4,868 


9,580 


2.24 


2.58 


9,820 


4,497 


6, 430 


1.50 


1.67 


5,040 


2,096 


3,520 


.824 


.95 


5,090 


857 


2,690 


..630 


.73 


2,870 


1,104 


1,780 


.417 


.47 


1,590 


1,081 


1,250 


.292 


.34 


15, 900 


1,081 


5,610 


1.31 


1.46 


26, 670 


1,105 


6,030 


1.41 


1.62 


86, 200 


579 


5,555 


1.30 


17.53 


21,880 


1,568 


4,300 


1.01 


1.16 


4,630 


1,292 


2,830 


.663 


.72 


111,250 


3,239 


13,140 


3.07 


3.54 


74,470 


4,998 


27,400 


6.42 


7.16 


30,880 


3,192 


17,050 


3.99 


4.60 


11,000 


3,855 


5,520 


1.29 


1.44 


11,680 


3,335 


5,330 


1.25 


1.44 


4,740 


1,625 


3,150 


.738 


.85 


7,980 


1,733 


3,410 


.799 


.89 


8,960 


2,016 


3,060 


.857 


.99 


29,860 


3,238 


9,060 


2.12 


2.36 


8,050 


1,489 


2,750 


.643 


.74 


111,250 


1,292 


8,130 


1.90 


25. 89 


18,504 


1,650 


3,587 


.839 


.97 


6,225 


2,302 


3,705 


.868 


.90 


6,345 


2,007 


3,970 


.929 


1.07 


66,907 


6,334 


25,385 


5.94 


6.63 


41,284 


10,818 


26,942 


6.30 


7.26 


18,204 


7,399 


12,970 


3.04 


3.39 


55,634 


5,218 


13,115 


3.07 


3.54 


13,656 


4,000 


7,298 


1.71 


1.97 


9,689 


2,801 


4,595 


1.07 


1.19 


6,323 


967 


2,635 


.617 


.71 


13,399 


1,889 


5,702 


1.33 


1.48 


14,005 


2,541 


5,331 


1.25 


1.44 


66,907 


967 


9,588 


2.25 


30. 55 



Run-off. 



58 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. 



Month. 



January . . . 
Februa ry . . 

March 

April...... 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December . 



The year . 



1899. 



January . . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 
October... 
November . 
December. 



The year. 



1900. 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June.. 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November . 
December . . 



The year. 



1901. 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year. 



1902. 



January. . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

Jun3 

July 

August 

September . 
October. . . 
November. 
December. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. 



The year. 



5,434 

4,387 

27,432 

52,119 

39,372 

14,341 

5,464 

4,432 

5,443 

15,319 

10,037 

3,752 



52,119 



2,757 

3,362 

6,820 

45,795 

41,756 

.13,044 

6,509 

5,195 

2,635 

1,969 

4,109 

5,223 



45,724 



8,851 

23,971 

20,538 

62,291 

52,268 

25,091 

12,281 

5,601 

4,238 

4,190 

17,580 

6,540 



(•2,291 



4,040 

3,000 

13,340 

76,590 

30,570 

15,250 

9,080 

6,480 

4,760 

6,680 

3,710 

151,000 



151,000 



10,510 
4.840 
57; 970 
47,870 
34,410 
33, 940 
13,200 
12,670 
7,570 
24,980 
8,020 
6,930 



57,970 



1,738 
2,133 
4,094 
6,563 
14,611 
4,326 
1,745 

913 
1,437 

961 
2,758 
1,723 



913 



1,245 

1,420 

1,960 

6,017 

11,480 

5,673 

2,500 

1,089 

246 

406 

1.390 

747 



246 



656 
1,615 
4,373 
8,381 
14,113 
5,015 
2,344 
1,016 
1,635 

859 
1,502 
1,895 



<i.->0 



1,880 

1,430 

700 

11,600 

5,140 

5,140 

2,810 

1,840 

750 

670 

480 

170 



170 



900 
2,100 
11,790 
13,430 
5,560 
8,400 
4,500 
1,860 
1,580 
1,750 
3,040 
1,020 



900 



Mean. 



3,213 
3,402 
11,287 
29,833 
25,120 
9,983 
3,908 
3,133 
2,618 
4,047 
5,178 
2,620 



8,695 



2,357 
2,363 
3,218 
24,006 
21,303 
8,821 
5,077 
3,302 
1,854 
1,274 
2,252 
2,741 



6,547 



2,384 
9,050 
9,153 
28,473 
28,272 
10,033 
5,791 
4,173 
2,807 
3,065 
6,376 
4,096 

9,473 



3,176 
2,489 
4,805 
41,130 
15,169 
8,235 
5,122 
4,178 
2,821 
2,925 
2,405 
11,910 



8,697 



3,856 
3,800 
28,768 
22,191 
16,873 
15,260 
7,840 
5,057 
4,218 
5,255 
4,517 
4,«346 



10,105 



Run-off. 



Sec. -ft. per 
sq. mile. 



0. 752 
.797 
2.64 
6.98 
5.88 
2.34 
.917 
.733 
.613 
.947 
1.21 
.613 



2.03 



.552 
.553 
.754 
5.62 
4.98 
2.06 
1.19 
.773 
.434 
.298 
.527 
.641 



1.53 



.557 

2.12 

2.14 

6.66 

6.62 

2.35 

1.35 

.977 

.657 

.718 

1.49 

.959 



2.22 



.743 
.583 
1. 13 
9.63 
3.55 
1.93 
1.20 
.979 
.660 
.685 
.563 
2.79 



Depth in 
inches. 



2.04 



.903 
.889 
6.73 
5.19 
3.95 
3.57 
1.83 
1.18 
.988 
1.23 
1.06 
1.02 



2.38 



32.40 



FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD. 59 

Monthly discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville — Continued. 



Month. 



1903. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1904. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July •- 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1905. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1906. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The vear 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Run-off. 



Maximum. Minimum 



6,o77 

4.486 

35, 732 

23,662 

12,725 

30,050 

9,018 

5,624 

3,697 

3,984 

2,845 

3,825 



35.732 



1,909 

1,891 

11,380 

36,110 

37,840 

14,460 

8,263 

6,720 

8,111 

10,460 

4,365 

3,462 



5,110 



4,182 
3,422 
26,230 
32,120 
18,320 
9,251 
8,591 
5,114 
4,603 
2,478 
3,452 
3,932 



32,120 



3,792 

5,016 

39,390 

34,370 

21,450 

8,801 

5,240 

4,089 

9,178 

4,734 

4,105 



,390 



2,061 

2,003 

6,069 

5,531 

2,098 

2,397 

2,445 

672 

115 

100 

115 

100 



100 



100 
100 
100 

6,770 
8,277 
4,670 
2,941 
2,950 
2,610 
2,768 
658 
100 



100 



1,831 

1,200 

714 

6,291 

7,113 

5,109 

1,491 

100 

100 

100 

100 

914 



100 



633 

609 

906 

3,965 

14,430 

5,326 

3,668 

2,159 

588 

873 

2,091 

1,075 



588 



Mean. 



4,011 
3,980 
19,395 
16,465 
7,255 
6,691 
5,227 
3,875 
2,503 
1,922 
1,468 
1,389 



6,182 



975 
921 
3,786 
14,960 
20,716 
8,286 
5,360 
4,705 
4,283 
4,704 
3,371 
2,756 



6,235 



3,082 
2,630 
5,249 
13,500 
10,520 
6,699 
4,668 
3,198 
2,974 
1,767 
2,306 
2,063 



4,J 



3,212 
2,279 
2,290 
17, 200 
22,290 
12,790 
6,309 
3,665 
2,530 
3,797 
3,428 
2,550 



6,862 



Sec.-ft. per Depth in 
sq. mile. inches. 



0.938 
.932 
4.54 
3.85 
1.70 
1.57 
1.22 
.907 
.586 
.450 
.344 
.325 



1.45 



.228 
.216 
.886 
3.50 
4.85 
1.94 
1.25 
1.10 
1.00 
1.10 
.789 
.645 



1.46 



.721 
.615 
1.23 
3.16 
2.46 
1.57 
1.09 
.748 
.696 
.413 
.540 
.483 



.752 
.534 
.536 
4.03 
5.22 
3.00 
1.48 
.858 



.803 



1.61 



MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD. 



This station was established September 7, 1902, by N. C. Grover. 
It is located 4 miles west of Kineo, near the village of Rockwood and 
2 miles from the mouth of the river. It is reached by steamer or row- 
boat from Kineo. Water is stored by dams at the outlets of several 
of the lakes and ponds in the basin above, but all of such stored water 
is used for log driving. The stage of tfre river changes very slowly 
3697— irr 198—07 5 



60 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



after the end of the log-driving season. Practically all of the land 
areas in this basin are in forest. 

The channel is straight above and below the station and is about 
220 feet wide at ordinary stages. The banks are high and rocky; 
the bed of the stream is rocky and permanent; the current is swift 
at high and medium at low stages. 

Discharge measurements are made from a car suspended from a 
steel cable or by wading at low stages a short distance downstream. 
The initial point for soundings is on the right bank 1 foot from a 
birch tree, to which the cable and tag line are fastened. 

Gage readings are made twice each day by Peter Callaghan. A 
standard chain gage is attached to trees on the bank, and at different 
times temporary staff gages have been placed in the vicinity of the 
chain gage for use during low water and in winter. All gages are 
referred to the following bench mark: A copper bolt in a bowlder 8 
feet from the corner of the house of Peter Callaghan; elevation, 14.58 
feet above the datum of the gages. 

Values of monthly means, as given below, for this station are con- 
sidered to be within 5 per cent of the true flow. Daily discharges are 
liable to somewhat larger errors, particularly below gage height 1.7 feet. 

A view of this station and gage is shown in PI. II, A (p. 26). 

Discharge measurements of Moose River near Rockwood. 



Date. 



September 7 . 
November 23. 



1902. 



June 7 

September 15. 
November 21. 



1903. 



Gage Dis- 
height. ! charge. 



Feet. 
2.40 
3.90 



2.73 
1.85 
1.69 



Sec.-ft. 

• 385 

1, 168 



198 

176 



Gage 
height. 



1905. 



Feet. 

May 21 6.41 

July 10 3.58 

August 14a 2.02 

November 2 6 1 . 56 

November 10 b 1.72 



November 13. 



1906. 



3.25 



Dis- 
charge. 



Sec.-ft. 
3,460 
950 
280 
111 
161 



765 



Day. 



a By wading 200 feet below cable. b By wading 150 feet below cable. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River near Rockwood. 
Sept. Oct. 



1902.". 



2.5 



2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2.5 

2.5 

2.6 

2.6 

2.75 

2.85 

2.9 



3.6 

3,6 

3.5 

3.45 

3.4 

3.4 

3.4 

3.5 

3.5 

3.45 

3.4 

3.4 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 



Nov. Dec. 



4.6 

4.6 

4.5 

4.4 

4.35 

4.3 

4.2 

4.2 

4.05 

4.0 

3.9 

3.85 

3.8 

3.8 

3.8 

3.8 



3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 

3.4 

3.35 

3.25 

3.15 

3.1 

3.0 

2.95 

2.9 

2.9 

2.8 

2.8 





Day. 


Sept. 


17.. 


1902. 


2.95 

2.9 

2.9 

3.1 

3.4 

3.7 

3.8 

3.8 

3.8 

3.75 

3.7 

3.7 

3.65 

3.6 


18 


19 


20 .. 


21 


22 


23 


24. .. 


25 


26 


27 


28 


29... 


30 . 


31 



Oct. Nov 



3.3 

3.25 

3.2 

3.3 

3.4 

3.45 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.45 

3.4 

3.5 

4.05 

4.45 

4.6 



3.9 

3.9 

3.9 

3.9 

3.9 

3.9 

3.9 

3.9 

3.85 

3.8 

3.75 

3.7 

3.65 

3.6 



Dec 



2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 

2.85 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 

2.9 



a A number of 1902 gage heights, as previously published, were slightly in error and have been corrected 
in the above table to agree with observer's original record. 



FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER NEAR ROCKWOOD. 61 

Daily gage height, infect, of Moose River near Rockwaod — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1903.O 


62.8 
2.7 
2.8 
2.7 

2.8 

2.7 
2.8 
2.7 
2.8 
2.6 






6.95 
6.65 
6.55 

6.4 
6.55 

6.5 
6.55 
6.25 
6.3 


5.65 

5.7 

5.55 






2.95 

2.9 

3.0 

2.9 

2.9 

2.8 

2.85 

2.7 

2.7 

2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.5 
2.55 

2.4 
2.5 
2.4 
2.55 

2.65 

2.85 

2.75 

2.75 

2.6 

2.6 

2.4 

2.45 

2.25 

2.3 

2.1 

2.2 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.3 

2.2 
2.2 
2.1 
2.1 
2.05 

2.1 
2.2 
2.2 
2.3 
2.4 

2.4 
2.4 
2.3 
2.3 
2.35 

2.4 

2.55 

2.6 

2.6 

2.6 

2.6 

2.5 

2.4 

2.4 

2.35 

2.3 


2.2 

2.05 

2.1 

2.0 

2.1 

2.0 

2.05 

1.9 

2.0 

1.85 

1.9 

1.8 
1.9 
1.8 
1.9 

1.7 
1.8 
1.7 
1.8 
1.65 

1.7 
1.6 

1.7 
1.6 
1.6 

1.5 
1.6 
1.5 
1.6 
1.45 

2.2 

2.25 

2.3 

2.45 

2.75 

2.95 

3.0 

3.0 

2.95 

2.9 

2.9 

2.85 

2.8 

2.8 

2.85 

3.1 

3.35 

3.4 

3.6 

3.6 

3.65 

3.7 

3.7 

3.7 

3.85 

3.95 

4.1 

4.2 

4.2 

4.4 


1.5 
1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.5 

1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.5 

1.4 

1.5 
1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.5 

1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.5 
1.4 

1.5 
1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.5 

1.5 

1.6 

1.5 

1.55 

1.4 

1.5 

4.6 
4 95 
5.0 
5.0 
4.95 

4 9 

4.8 

4.7 

4.55 

4.5 

4.4 
4.3 
4.3 

4. 25 
4.15 

4 05 

3.95 

3.9 

3.8 

3.7 

3.7 
3.8 
3.9 
4.0 
3.9 

3.9 
3.9 
3.8 
3.8 
3.7 
3.7 


1.5 
1.4 
1.5 
1.4 
1.5 

1.5 
1.6 
1.5 
1.6 
1.5 

1.65 

1.6 

1.7 

1.6 

1.7 

1.6 
1.7 

1.7 
1.8 
1.7 

1.8 
1.6 
1.7 
1.6 
1.7 

1.6 
1.6 
1.5 
1.6 
1.5 


1.6 


•> 


;. 




1.5 


3 








1.6 


4 






1.5 














1.6 


6 












1.5 












2.7- 

2.6 
2.7 
2.6 

2.7 

2.6 

2.6 
2.5 
2.6 

2.5 
2.7 
2.6 
2.7 

2.6 

2.7 

2.55 

2.65 

2.6 

2.65 

2.5 

2.55 

2.4 

2.5 

2.45 

2.7 

3.9 
3.85 
4 
4.1 
4.0 

3.9 

3.75 

3.65 

3.5 

3.4 

3.35 
3.25 
3.3 
3.25 
3.2 

3.1 
3.05 

2.9 

2.8 
2.6 

2.5 

2.4 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 

2.3 

2.35 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 

2.4 


1.6 


g 










1.5 


9 










1.6 


10 




6.1 

6.25 
6.15 
6.25 
6.1 

6.2 

6.15 

6.2 

5.85 

5.85 

5.7 

5.7 
5.45 
5.5 
5.4 

5.6 

5.4 

5.5 

5.45 

5.5 

5.5 






1.55 


11 








1.7 


12 










1.6 


13 












1.7 


14 












1.6 


15 












1.55 














1.3 


17 


i .. . 










18 


1 








19 


I 








20 














21 • 














22 






5.65 








23 






6.1 

6.4 
6.9 

7.15 

7.45 

7.4 

7.4 

7.15 

7.15 








24 












25 












26 












27 












28 












29 













30 












31 












1904.<* 
1 








6.45 
6.8 
7.05 
7.0 

7.2 

7.45 
7.3 

7.2 

7.15 

7.25 

7.9 

8.95 

9.0 

8.6 

8.0 

7.8 

7.8 

7.55 

7.15 

6.95 

6.75 

6.5 

6.4 

6.2 

5.9 

5.55 
5.35 
5.2 
4.95 
4 95 
4 85 


4.55 
4.5 
4 45 
4.15 
4 15 

4.45 

4.6 

4.85 

4.95 

4.9 

4.95 
5.15 
4.95 

4.7 
455 

4.35 
4.15 
4.0 
4.0 

"4 55" 
4.55 

4.6 

4.5 

4.45 

4.45 

4.5 

4.1 


3.65 

3.6 

3.5 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 
3.3 
3.3 
3.2 
3.1 

3.05 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0 
2.9 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2. 7 

•> - 
2 7 
2.7 
2.6 
2.6 


2.6 


2 










2.5 


3 










2.4 


4 










2.4 


5 










2 4 












2.4 


7 










2.4 


8 










2.3 


9 










2.25 


10 






1.7 

3.05 

3.35 

3.6 

3.75 

3.9 


2 2 


11 










12 










13 










14 










15 








16 


I 




4.0 

4 05 
4.1 
4.1 
4.1 

4 2 
4.2 




17 








18 








19 








20 








21 


1 






22 








23 


1 




4.2 
4.4 
4 65 

4.95 
5.2 
5.45 
'5.75 




24 


.............. 






25 








26 










27 










28 










29 










30 








6.1 




31 











«1903 and 1904 gage heights corrected in the above table on account of an error in gago datum found 
May 20, 1905. Hence the above gage heights do not agree with those previously published. 
*> River frozen January 11 to March 20 and December 17-31, 1903. 



62 WATER RESOURCES 0¥ KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. " 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Moose River near Rockwood — Continued. 



Day. 



Jan. 



1905.a 



Feb. 



Mar. 



1906. <= 
1 


1.8 


2 


1.8 


3 


1.8 


4 


1.9 




1.9 


6 


1.9 


7 


1.9 


8 


1 9 


9 


1.9 


10 


1.8 


11 


1.7 


12 


1.7 


13 


1.7 


14 


1.7 


15 


1 7 


16 


1.7 


17 


1.7 


18 


1.7 


19. 


1.7 


20 


1.7 


21. ... 


1.7 


22 


1.7 


23 




24 




25 




26 


1.9 


27 


2.0 


28.... 


2.0 


29 


2.1 


30 


2.2 


31 


2.2 



2.3 
2.4 
2.4 
2.5 



2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 



2.4 
2.4 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.2 
2.2 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 

2.1 
2.1 



2.1 
2.0 
1.9 
1.9 

1.9 

1.9 
1.8 
1.8 
1.8 
1.9 

1.9 
1.8 
1.8 
1.8 
1.7 

1.7 
1.6 
1.6 
1.6 

1.6 

1.6 
1.6 
1.6 
1.5 
1.5 

1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 
1.4 



Apr. ; May. 



42 

4.45 

4.7 

4.95 

5.0 

5.15 

5.25 



5.3 

5.4 
5.5 
5.65 
5.8 

5.85 

5.8 

5.45 

5.2 

5.15 

5.15 

5.25 

5.3 

5.35 

5.35 

5.35 

5.45 

5.6 

5.8 

5.9 



1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

1.6 
1.6 
1.7 
1.7 
1.8 

2.0 

2.25 

2.45 

2.65 

3.05 

3.9 
4.8 
5.3 
5. 5 
5. 75 

5.85 

6.0 

6.35 

6.55 

6.6 



5.95 

5.95 

6.05 

6.2 

6.3 

6.45 

6.6 
6.7. 
6.85 
6.85 

6.9 

6.85 

6.7 

6.6 

6.35 

6.1 
5.8 
5.7 
6.0 
6.5 

6.5 

6.35 

6.15 

5.9 

5.75 

5.45 
5.55 
5.45 
5.3 
5.4 
5.05 



6.7 

6.65 

6.85 

7.2 

7.55 

7.85 
8.0 
8.0 
8.0 

8.2 

8.55 
8.6 
8.5 
8.4 

8.3 

8.2 
8.2 
8.3 
8.2 

8.2 

8.2 

8.1 

7.6 

7.15 

6.85 

6.6 

6.5 

6.4 

6.45 

6.25 

■6. 05 



June, i July. 



4.6 

4.4 
4.55 
4.55 
4.75 

4.6 

4.5 

4.65 

4.9 

5.15 

5.0 
5.2 
5.1 
5.1 



4.7 

4.65 

4.7 

4.6 

4.6 

4.6 

4.6 

4.55 

4.45 

4.4 

4.3 

4.3 

4.3 

4.25 

4.2 



5.85 

5.5 

5.2 

5.25 

5.35 

5.5 

5.4 

5.3 

5.35 

5.5 

5.65 

5.6 

5.55 

5.35 

5.2 

5.35 

5.25 
5.05 
4.75 
4.5 

4.4 

4.45 

4.5 

4.5 

4.45 

4.25 

4.2 

4.05 

3.9 

3.8 



4.05 
4 05 
4.1 
4.1 
4.1 

4.0 



3.85 

3.7 

3.6 

3.5 

3.4 

3.35 

3.25 

3.2 

3.1 

3.05 

3.0 

3.0 

2.95 

2.85 
2.8 

2.8 
2.7 

2.7 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 



3.75 

3.6 

3.5 

3.5 

3.4 

3.3 

3.25 

3.2 

3.1 

3.1 

3.2 

3.35 

3.45 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 

3.3 

3.3 

3.25 

3.2 

3.2 
3.1 
3.1 
3. 05 
3.0 

2.95 

2.9 

2.85 

2.75 

2.7 

2.7 



Aug. 



2.55 

2.5 

2.4 

2.4 

2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 

2.2 

2.15 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2.05 

2.0 

2.0 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.0 
2.1 
2.1 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 



2.6 
2.6 
2.5 
2.5 
2.4 



Sept. 



2.3 
2.2 

2.2 

2.15 

2.1 

2.0 

2.0 

1.95 

1.9 

1.9 

1.85 

1.8 

1.8 

1.8 
1.8 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 

1.8 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 



2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.05 

2.1 

2.1 

2.1 

2.05 

2.0 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

1.9 
1.9 

1.8 

1.8 

1.85 

1.9 

1.9 

1.9 

1.9 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 

1.9 
1.9 
1.8 
1.8 
1.8 



1.9 

1.8 
1.85 
1.95 
2.0 

1.9 

1.95 

2.0 

2.05 

2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 - 



Oct. 


Nov. 


1.8 


1.5 


1.8 


1.6 


1.8 


1.5 


1.8 


1.55 


1.8 


1.6 


1.8 


1.6 


1.7 


1..65 


1.7 


1.7 




1.7 




1.7 


1.7 


1.7 


1.6 


1.7 


1.7 


1.7 


1.7 


w 


1.7 





1.7 




2.0 


1.6 


1.8 


2.0 


1.6 


1.8 


2.0 


1.6 


1.8 


1.9 


1.6 


1.8 


1.9 


1.7 


1.8 


1.9 


1.7 


1.7 


1.9 


1.65 


1.7 


1.9 


1.6 


1.8 


1.9 


1.6 


1.8 


1.9 


1.6 


1.8 




1.6 


1.8 


1.9 


1.6 


1.8 


1.9 


1.6 


1.8 


1.9 


1.5 


1.8 


1.9 


1.5 




1.9 


2.1 


3.9 


3.0 


2.1 


3.9 


3.0 


2.1 


3.9 


3.0 


2.1 


3.9 


3.0 


2.1 


3.8 


3.0 


2.1 


3.7 


2.9 


2.1 


3.7 


2.9 


2.1 


3.6 


2.9 


2.1 


3.55 


2.9 


2.1 


3.4 


3.0 


2,45 


3.4 


3.0 


2.6 


3.4 


2.9 


2.6 


3.3 


2.9 


2.9 


3.3 


2.9 


3.0 


3.3 


2.9 


3'.0 


3.2 


2.8 


3.0 


3.2 


2.8 


3.0 


3.2 


2.8 


3.0 


3.1 


2.8 


3.0 


3.1 


2.7 


3.0 


3.0 


2.6 


3.0 


3.0 


2.6 


3.0 


3.2 


2.6 


3.1 


3.2 


2.6 


3.2 


2. 5 


2.6 


3.45 


2.2 


2.7 


3. 65 


3.3 


■ 2.7 


3.8 


3.35 




4.0 


3.3 




4.0 


3.25 




4.0 













a River frozen January 1 to April 2, 1905. 

b November 14-16, 1905, gage heights omitted, owing to backwater, due to ice. 

c Gage reader reported no ice near the gage during the winter season 1905-6, with the exception of some 
along the banks of the river, 5 or 6 feet from the gage. Discharge affected by anchor ice December, 
1906. River frozen over at the gage December 7; ice 0. 4 foot thick December 9, 1906. 



FLOW OF MOOSE RIVER KEAR ROCKWOOD. 



G3 



Rating table for Moose River near Rockwood from September 4, 1902, to December 31, 190G. a 



Gage 
height. 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 
height. 


Dis- 


Gage 
height. 


Dis- 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


charge. 


charge. 


Feet. 


Sec. -ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 
1,166 ! 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


1.30 


70 


2.60 


454 


3.90 


5.40 


2,432 


1.40 


88 


2.70 


496 


4.00 


1,236 | 


5.60 


2,629 


1.50 


108 


2.80 


539 


4.10 


1,308 


5.80 


2,830 


1.60 


130 


2.90 


584 


4.20 


1,382 


6.00 


3,035 


1.70 


154 


3.00 


631 


4.30 


1,459 


6.20 


3,245 


1.80 


180 


3.10 


681 


4.40 


1,538 


6.40 


3, 455 


1.90 


208 


3.20 


733 


4.50 


1,620 


6.60 


3,670 


2.00 


238 


3.30 


788 


4.60 


1,703 


6.80 


3, 890 


2.10 


270 


3.40 


846 


4.70 


1,788 


7.00 


4,110 


2.20 


303 


3.50 


906 


4.80 


1.875 


7.50 


4,685 


2.30 


338 


3.60 


968 


4.90 


1,964 


8.00 


5, 275 


2.40 


375 


3.70 


1,032 


5.00 


2,055 


8.50 


5,875 


2. 50 


414 


3.80 


1,098 


5.20 


2,240 


9.00 


6,500 



a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 11 discharge measurements 
made during 1902-1906. It. is well defined between gage heights 1.5 feet and 6.5 feet. 

Monthly discharge of Moose River near Rockwood. 
[Drainage area, 680 square miles.] 



Discharge in second-fee c. 



Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec.-ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1,098 


375 


682 


1.00 


1.00 


1,703 


733 


919 


1.35 


1.56 


1,703 


968 


1,237 


1.82 


2.03 


906 


539 


652 


.959 


1.11 


539 


454 


513 


.754 


.28 


4,628 


2,679 


3,874 


5.70 


2.33 


4,055 


2,432 


3,061 


4.50 


5.02 


496 


375 


454 


.668 


.62 


631- 


270 


462 


.679 


.78 


303 


98 


184 


.271 


.30 


130 


88 


101 


.149 


.17 


180 


88 


131 


.193 


.22 


154 


88 


124 


.182 


.11 


3,140 


154 


1,492 


2.19 


1.71 


6,500 


1,920 


4,026 


5.92 


6.82 


2,194 


1,236 


1,646 


2.42 


2.43 


1,308 


338 


704 


1.04 


1.20 


454 


254 


358 


.526 


.61 


1,538 


303 


801 


1.18 


1.32 


2,055 


1,032 


1,420 


2.09 


2.41 


1,000 


454 


649 


.954 


1.06 


454 


303 


370 


.544 


.20 


2,932 


1,382 


2,353 


3.46 


3.60 


4,000 


2,102 


3,189 


4.69 


5.41 


2,240 


1,382 


1,742 


2.56 


2.86 


1,308 


454 


795 


1.17 


1.35 


434 


238 


287 


.422 


.49 


270 


180 


220 


.324 


.36 


180 


108 


147 


.216 


.25 


180 


108 


158 


.232 


.23 


238 


180 


214 


.315 


.36 



■ 1902. 

September 4-30 

October 

November 

December 

1903.1 

January 1-10 

March 21-31 

April 

July 7-31 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-16 

1904.6 

April 10-30 

May 

June (27 days) 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-10 

1905. c 

April 3-30 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 1-13, 17-30 

December 



a River frozen January 11 to March 20 and December 17-31, 1903. 
b River frozen January 1 to April 9 and December 11-31, 1904. 

c River frozen January 1 to April 2, 1905. Discharge interpolated on days when gage heights were 
not read, except November 14-16. 



Run-off. 



64 WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Monthly discharge of Moose River near Rockwood — Continued. 



Month. 



January a . . 
February & . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December c 



1906. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean. 



The year . 



454 

270 

3,670 

6,000 

2,881 

1,065 

454 

270 

1,236 

1,166 

631 



6,000 



154 
270 



108 



496 
180 
180 
270 
303 
454 



SS 



191 

370 

155 

1,040 

4,786 

2,052 

744 

264 

255 

592 

826 

548 



'.IK.-, 



Run-off. 



Sec.-ft. per Depth in 
sq. mile. inches. 



0.281 
.544 
.228 
1.53 
7.04 
3.02 
1.09 
.388 
.375 
.871 
1.21 
.806 



1.45 



0.32 

.57 

.26 

1.71 

8.12 

3.37 

1.26 

.45 

.42 

1.00 

1.35 

.93 



19.76 



a Discharge interpolated January 23-25, 1906. 
b Discharge interpolated February 12-15, 1906. 

c Discharge extrapolated December 28-31, 1906. Discharge values for December, 1900, slightly in 
excess of their true value owing to ice conditions. 

MISCELLANEOUS DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS IN MOOSE RIVER 

BASIN. 

The following miscellaneous discharge measurements were made in 
Moose River basin in 1905: 

Miscellaneous discharge measurements made in Moose River drainage basin in 1905. 











4 

T3 


o ri 




a> . 




Date. 


Hydrographer. 


. Stream. 


Locality. 


So 


<3 'o 
«3 


WW 












* 


■5^ 

"S 03 


2£ 


0-3 


fl-S 














Ft. per 














Ft. 


Sq.ft. 


sec. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Aug. 11 


II. K. Barrows. 


Miseree Stream . . . 


\ mile above Bras- 
sua Lake. 


15 


4.64 


0.92 


a 2. 12 


4.25 


Aug. 12 


do 


Brassua Stream. . 


1J miles above 
Brassua Lake. 


6 


4.06 


1. 23 


a 2. 12 


5.02 


Aug. 12 


do 


Moose. River 


Just above Little 
Brassua Lake 
and about 4 
mile s above 
Brassua Lake. 


90 


126 


1.91 


"2.12 


241 


Oct. 30 


F. E. Pressey.. 


do 


At outlet of Wood 
Pond. 


82 


57 


1.12 


61,157.24 


64 


Oct. 31 


do 


Gander Brook 


Near entrance to 
Wood Pond. 


2 


.26 


.35 


61,157.24 


.09 


Oct. 31 


do 


Little Wood Pond 
Stream. 


do 


11 


3.1 


1.23 


61, 157. 24 


3.8 


Nov. 1 


do 


Moose River 


Just above Attean 


55 


49 


1.51 


61,157.28 


74 








Pond, c 













a Probable gage height at Rockwood gage. 
b Altitude above sea level. 

c Measurement made in rapids; bed very rough, and measurement considered not good; 0.42 inch 
rain fell at Jackman during night of Ocober 31. 



ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 

Roach River, which has a total drainage area of 120 square miles, 
enters Moosehead Lake from the east. Its basin is completely for- 
ested. Dams at the outlets of several ponds control the flow of the 
river. The gage is located about 100 feet downstream from the 
lowest of these dams, at which point the river is so completely under 



FLOW OF ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 



65 



control that the stage does not vary perceptibly for weeks at a time. 
Impounded water is used for log driving. 

This station was established November 10, 1901, by N. C. Grover. 
It is located near the village of Roach River, and is reached from 
Greenville Junction by stage or steamer, or from Kineo by steamer. 

The channel is straight and about 60 feet wide. Both banks are 
high and rocky. The bed of the stream is rocky and permanent. 
The current is moderate. 

Discharge measurements are made by wading or from a canoe at a 
section 140 feet downstream from the gage. 

The gage, which is read twice each day by C. H. Sawyer, is a ver- 
tical rod spiked to the timber retaining wall on the right bank of the 
stream. It is referred to bench marks as follows: (1) A cross cut in 
the highest timber of the crib to which the gage is spiked; elevation, 
8.84 feet. (2) A circular chisel draft marked "B. M." on the highest 
point of a bowlder near a cottage on the left bank about opposite the 
dam; elevation, 12.57 feet. Elevations refer to the datum of the 
gage. 

Estimates 1901 to 1903 have been revised, the computations being 
based on the 1904-5 rating table; 1904 and 1905 estimates remain as 
previously published. 

Values for monthly means as given below are considered to be 
within 5 per cent of the true flow, except for November, 1905, which 
may be more than 20 per cent in error. Daily discharges may be in 
error considerably more than 5 per cent, particularly below gage 
height 2.5 feet, since the gage heights were read to tenths only and 
the discharge is very small. 

Discharge measurements of Roach River at Roach River. 



Date. 



1902 
September 2 

Do 

Do 

September 3 

Do 



Gage 


Dis- 


height. 


charge. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


2.50 


112 


2.70 


200 


2.90 


286 


2.30 


72 


2.11 


32 



Date. 



May 22«... 

Do 

May 23 o... 
November 

Do.... 



19(K. 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
4.07 
4.45 
3.59 
1.95 
1.90 



Dis- 
charge. 



Sec.-ft. 

718 

1,000 

524 

5.4 

3.4 



a From canoe about 100 feet below gage. 
b By wading about 200 feet below gage. 



66 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Roach River at Roach River. 



Day 



1901. 



Nov. 



Dec. ! 



10 


2.2 


11 


2.2 


12 


2.2 


13. 


2.2 


14. :. 


2.35 


15 


2.3 


10 


2.3 



2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.65 



3.1 



Daw 



17 


1901. 


2.3 


18 


2.3 


19 


2.2 


20. 


2.2 


21. . . 


2.2 


22. •. . 


2.2 


23 


2.2 


24 


2.2 


25 


2.2 


26 


2.2 


27 


2.2 


28. 


2.2 


29. 


2.3 


30... 


2.3 


31 





Nov. 



Dec. 



3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3.25 

3.0 

3.35 

3.65 

3.4 

2.95 

2.8 

2.8 

2.8 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1902. 

i::::::-::::::::: 

3 


2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 

2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 

2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 

2.9 
2.9 
3.1 
3.0 
2.9 

2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 


2.9 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 


2.6 

2.6 

2.85 

3.0 

3.15 

3.2 

3.2 

3.15 

3.0 

3.0 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 

3.0 
3.1 
3.4 
3.5 

4.5 

5.35 

4.0 

4.9 

3.95 

4.2 

3.9 

2.7 

2.2 

2.25 

2.3 

2.3 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.6 
3.0 
3.0 

3.0 
3.0 
3.2 
3.9 
3.9 


2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
3. 75 

5.15 
5.1 
2.3 
5.1 
■ 3.75 

5.2 
3.75 
3. 75 
5.2 
3.75 

3.75 

5.2 

5.2 

2.3 

3.75 

3.75 

4.9 

4.9 

5.3 

5.25 

5.1 
2.3 
2.3 
4.6 
4.9 

5.2 
5.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
3.8 
3.8 
3.8 

3.8 
3.8 
4.0 
5.8 
5. 6 


5.6 
3.8 
5.4 
3.8 
5.4 

3.8 
3.8 
2.2 
5.6 
. 3.85 

2.2 

5.5 

3.85 

3.85 

2.2 

5.5 

3.85 

2.2 

2.2 

2.2 

3.85 

3.85 

2.2 

5.5 

5.5 

5.5 

5.5 

3.5 

3.05 

2.6 

2.6 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
5.4 
5.4 
5.4 

5.4 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 


2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
• 2.5 
2.5 
3.0 
3.0 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

5.0 
5.0 
5.0 
5.0 
5.0 

5.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 


2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.5 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 


2.25 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2,2 
2.2 


2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.4 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 

2.4 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 


2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 


2.3 
2.4 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 


2.5 
2.5 
2 5 


4 

5 

6 


2.5 
2.5 

2.5 




2.5 


8 


2.5 


9 . .. 


2.5 


10 


2.5 


11 . .. 


2.5 


12 . 


2.5 


13. . 


2.5 


14 


2.5 


15 


2.5 


16 


2.5 


17 


2.5 


18 


2.5 


19. 


2.5 


20... 


2.5 


21 


2.5 


22 


2.5 


23. 


2.5 


24.. 


2.5 


25... 


2.2 


26 


2.2 


27 


2.2 


28.. 


2.2 


29... 


2.2 


30 


2.2 


31. 


2.2 


1903. a 
1 


2.1 


2 


2.1 


3 


2.1 


4... 


2.1 




2.1 


6 


2.1 


7 


2.1 


8 


2.1 


9.. 


2.1 


10... 


2.1 


11 


2.1 


12 


2.1 


13 


2.1 


14 


2.1 


15 


2.1 



a River frozen February 8-27, 1903. 



FLOW OF ROACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 67 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Roach River at Roach River — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. ; Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


Juno. 


July. 


Aug. 


1903. 
16 


2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 


"2.2" 


3.9 
3.9 
3.9 
3.9 
3.9 

3.9 
3.9 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

4.6 
4.2 
4.2 
4.2 
5.2 
5.2 


5.4 
2.2 
3.8 
3.8 
3.8 

2.° 
3.8 
2.15 

2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
3.3 

4.2 

2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 


2.1 

5.1 

5.15 

5.0 

5.0 

5.0 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

4.8 
5.3 
5.55 
5.4 

5.4 

5.4 
5.4 
5.4 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
5.4 
5.4 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
5.5 
5.5 
2.3 
2.3 

5.5 
5.5 
2.3 
3.9 
3.9 

5.5 
2.3 
5.5 
2.3 
5.5 
5.5 

3.0 
4.2 
2.2 

4.8 
2.2 

2.2 
5.6 
3.9 
3.9 
5.6 

3.9 
2.2 
5.6 
2.2 
3.9 


2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
5.0 

5.0 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.3 
5.5 
5.5 
5.5 
5.5 

5.5 
5.5 
5.5 
3.3 
3.3 

3.3 
3.3 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
3.8 

3.5 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
3.0 
3.4 


2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 

2.6 
3.0 
2.6 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 

3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.4 
3.4 


2.2 


17 


2.2 


is 


2.2 


19 


2.2 


20 

21 


2.2 
2.2 


22 


2.3 


23 


2.2 


24 


2.2 


2,"> 


2.2 


26 


2 2 


27 


2.2 


28 


2.2 


29 


2.2 


30 

31 

1904. a 
1 


2.2 
2.2 

9 2 


2 








2.2 


3 








2.2 


4 








2.2 


5.. 








2.2 










4.0 


7 








3.8 


8 








3.0 


9 








3.0 


10 








3.0 


11...: 








2.6 


12 








2.6 


13 








3.4 










3.4 


15 








3.4 


16 








2.85 










2.3 


18 








2 3 




.... 






2.3 


20 








2.3 


21 








2.3 


22 








2.3 


23 








2.7 


21 








2.7 


2.5 








2 2 


26 






2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 


99 


27 






2.2 


28 






2.6 


29. . . . 






2.2 


30 






2.2 


31 






2.2 


1905. b 
1 






2.9 


2 








2.9 


3.... 








2.9 


4 








2.8 


5 








9 7 


6 








2.65 


7 








2.2 


8 








2.2 


9... 








2. 2 


10 








2.2 


11 








2.2 










2.2 


13 








2.2 


14.... 









2.2 


15 




! 


2.2 



2.4 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.1 
2.1 



2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.6 

2.25 



2.3 

2.55 

2.8 
2.8 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 



2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 



2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.0 



1.8 
1.8 
1.8 
1.8 
1.8 



Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 


2.1 




2.1 


2.3 


2.3 


2.1 


2.3 


2.2 


2.1 


2.3 


2.1 


2.1 


2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.55 


2.1 




2.3 


2.1 




2.65 


2.1 




3.0 


2.1 




3.0 


2.1 




3.0 


2.1 




3.4 


2.1 




3.4 


2.1 




3.4 


2.1 




3.0 


2.1 




3.0 







2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 




2.2 


1.8 





o River frozen January 1 to March 25 and December 4-31, 1904. 

b River frozen January 1 to March 20 and November 19 to December 31, 1905. 



68 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN". 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Roach River at Roach River — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1905. 
16 ■ 






2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
3.0 

3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 
3.0 


5.6 
5.6 
2.2 
5.6 
5.6 

5.0 

5.05 

3.6 

2.6 

2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.5 
2.5 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

3.6 
3.6 
4.2 
4.7 
5.6 

5.2 

5.4 

5.4 

4.15 

2.9 

2.9 
6.3 
4.2 
2.9 
2.9 

2.9 
6.2 
2.9 
6.2 
2.9 

2.9 

3.25 

3.25 

3.25 

2.9 

2.9 


3.0 
2.6 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.4 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
'2.4 

2.9 

4.55 

6.3 

5.8 

3.65 

2.9 
2.9 
. 2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 


3.4 
3.4 
3.3 
3.3 
3.3 

3.3 
3.3 
3.3 
3.2 
3.2 

3.2 
3.1 
3.1 
3.1 
3.0 
3.0 

2.5 
3.6 
3.6 
3.6 
3.6 

3.6 
3.6 
3.6 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
3.3 

3.3 
3.3 
3.3 
3.3 

2.85 

2.4 
2.4 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 


2.2 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.3 
2.3 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.8 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2. 2 
2. 2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.-2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 


2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.1 

2.1 
2.1 
2.1 
2.2 
■ 2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2 2 
2 2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 




2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 

2.4 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 

2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.6 
2.5 


1.8 
1.8 
1.8 




17 






18. 


1 




19. J . ...1 i 




20. i . J --- 






. J . ... 


2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 

2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 


a 1.7 




22. ... ; 




23. 






24. . 










25. . 










26 










27. 










28. . 










29 -.. 










30 










31 










1906. b 
1 






2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 
2.5 

2.5 
2.5 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 

2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 


2.3 


2 . 










2.3 


3. . 










2.3 


4. . 











2.3 


5... 










2.3 


6 










2.3 


7 '. 






---""-- 


2.3 


8 








2.3 


9 






i 


2.3 


10 






.......|. ...... 


2.3 


11 










2.3 


12 










2.3 


13 










2.3 


14 










2.3 










2.2 

2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.3 
2.3 

2.35 
2.35 
2.35 
2.35 

2.35 


2.3 


16 








2.3 


17. 








2.3 


18. 








2.3 


19 








2.3 


20 








2.3 


21 








2.3 


22 








2.3 


23 








2.3 


24. 








2.3 


25 








2.3 


26 








2.3 


27 








2.3 


28 








2.3 


29 








2.3 


30. 








2.3 


31 . 




2.3 


1 1 









a November 21, 1905; gage height to top of ice, 1.8 feet; thickness of ice, 0. 1 foot. 

b River frozen January 1 to April 15, 1906, except a small portion of the chamiel which was open oppo- 
site the gage for the greater part of the winter season. The thickness of the ice varied from 0.2 to 0.7 
foot. Flow probably somewhat affected by ice conditions December, 1906. 



PLOW OP EOACH RIVER AT ROACH RIVER. 



69 



Rating table for Roach River at Roach River, from November 10, 1901, to December SI, 1906.<* 



Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 
Feet. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


1.80 


2.70 


186 


3.80 


640 


4.90 


1, 170 


1.85 


1.5 


2.80 


221 


3.90 


685 


5.00 


1,225 


1.90 


3.4 


2.90 


258 


4.00 


730 


5.20 


1,335 


1.95 


6.5 


3.00 


298 


4.10 


775 


5. 40 


1,445 


2.00 


12 


3.10 


338 


4.20 


820 


5. 60 


1,555 


2.10 


27 


3.20 


379 


4.30 


865 


5.80 


1,070 


2.20 


46 


3.30 


421 


4.40 


915 


6.00 


1,790 


2.30 


68 


3.40 


463 


4.50 


965 


6.20 


1,910 


2.40 


94 


3.50 


506 


4.60 


1,015 






2.50 


122 


3.60 


550 


4.70 


1,065 






2.00 


153 


3.70 


595 


4.80 


I, IB 







a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 10 discharge measurements 
made during 1902-1905. It is fairly well defined. 



Monthly discharge of Roach River at Roach River. 
[Drainage area, 85 square miles.] 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec.-ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1901. 

November 10-30. .. 


81 
572 


46 

68 


54.0 
246 


0.635 
2.89 


50 




3 33 






1902. 


338 

258 

1,418 

1,390 

1,555 

298 

221 

122 

122 

68 

122 

122 


153 
153 

46 
68 
46 
122 
46 
57 
68 
68 
68 
46 


248 

188 

417 

775 

740 

194 

207 

120 
90.3 
68.0 

119 

105 


2.92 
2.21 
4.91 
9.12 
8.71 
2.28 
2.44 
1.41 
1.06 
.80 
1.40 
1.24 


3.37 


February 


2.30 




5 66 




10. 18 




10. 04 


June 


2.54 


July 


2.81 


August 


1. 63 


September 


1. 18 


October 


.92 




1. 56 




1. 43 






The year 


1,555 


46 


273 


3.21 


43.62 






1903.a 


46 

46 

1,335 

1,670 

1,445 

1,225 

46 

46 

94 

27 

27 

27 

68 

820 

1,528 

1,500 

298 

730 

221 

463 

68 


46 
46 
46 

27 
12 
12 
46 
46 
27 
27 
27 
27 

68 
46 
68 
68 
46 
46 
46 
68 
27 


46.0 
46.0 

468 
• 479 

408 

340 
46.0 
46.0 
56.3 
27.0 
27.0 
27.0 

68.0 

96.0 
912 
456 

83.4 
182 

80.8 
149 

29.0 


.541 
.541 
5.51 
5.64 
4.80 
4.00 
.541 
.541 
.662 
.318 
.318 
.318 

.800 
1.13 
10.73 
5.36 

.981 
2.14 

.952 
1.75 

.341 


.62 


February (8 days) 


. 16 


March 


6. 35 


April 

May 


6.29 


June 


4 46 


July : :.. 


.62 


August 


.62 




.74 




.37 


November 


.35 


December 


.37 


1904.& 
March 26-31 


.18 


April 


1.26 


May _• 


12.37 


June 


5.98 


July. .. :.... 


1.13 




2.47 




1.06 


October , 


2.02 
.38 







a River frozen February 8-27, 1903. 

b River frozen January 1 to March 25 and December 4-31, 1904. 



70 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- 

Monthly discharge of Roach River at Roach River — Continued. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Month. 



March 21-31.... 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 1-18. 



April 15-30 . 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November . 
December c 



1906.6 



Maximum. Minimum, i Mean. 



94 

298 

,555 

640 

506 

258 

46 

46 



81 

1,970 

1,970 

550 

221 

46 

153 

122 



46 
122 
122 
46 
46 
46 
46 
68 
68 



Run-off. 



Sec.-ft.per Depth in 
sq. mile. inches. 



96.4 

668 

182 

376 
71.5 
31.4 
27.4 



59. 
596 
293 
232 



101 



.952 

1.13 

7,86 

2.14 

4.42 
.841 
.369 
.322 
.0094 



.702 
7.01 
3.45 
2.73 

.946 
.541 
1.19 
.948 



1.26 
9.06 



39 
10 

97 
41 
37 

0069 



.42 
8.08 
3.85 
3.15 
1.09 

.60 
1.37 
1.06 

.92 



a River frozen January 1 to March 20 and November 19 to December 31, 1905. 

b River frozen January 1 to April 15, 1906. 

c Flow probably affected by ice conditions during December, 1906. 

MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 

A record of gage heights of Moosehead Lake level at Moosehead 
Lake East Outlet (see description of Moosehead Lake, p. 132) has been 
kept since April, 1895, by the Hollingsworth & Whitney Company. 
This record, supplemented by gage readings at Greenville for a por- 
tion of the time, has been furnished for publication by the company. 

The gages are cast-iron staff gages set to the same datum, and that 
at Moosehead Lake East Outlet is referred to the following bench 
mark: A copper bolt set in a large rock near the left end of the dam; 
elevation 18.428 feet above gage datum, zero of which is approxi- 
mately 10 feet below the gate sills and 1,011.30 feet above mean sea 
level. The gage readings in the following table are referred to a 
datum 10 feet higher — that is, with zero at the sill of the gates. 

Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake. 



Date. 



1895 

April 1 

April 6 

April 12 

April 19 

April 22 

April 26 

May 3 

May 6 

May 10 

May 13 

May 17 

May 22 

May 24 

May 31 

June 7 

June 14 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
1.6 
1.62 
1.8 
2.75 
3.35 
4.15 
5.15 
5. 55 
5.9 
6.12 
6.7 
6.92 
6.5 
6.0 
5. 5 
5.05 



Date. 



1895 

June 21 

June 28 

July 5 

July9 

July 13 

July 19 

July 26 

August 3 

August 9 

August 17 . . . 
August 20... 
August 23 . . . 
August 27 . . . 
August 30... 
September 6. 
September 13 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
4.2 
3.55 
3.55 
3.45 
3.3 
3.08 
2.75 
2.65 
2.45 
2.25 
1.9 
1.8 
1.85 
1.8 
1 . 55 
1.3 



Date. 



September 21 
September 28 
October 11. . 
October 15 . . 
October 22 . . 
October 24.. 
November 1 . 
November 8 . 
November 15 
November 22 
November 29 
December 6 . . 
December 13 . 
December 20 . 
December 27 . 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
1.2 
.1 
.9 
.85 
.72 
.7 
.65 
.65 
.95 
1.7 
2.45 
• 3.05 
3.5 
3.65 
4.04 



GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 



71 



Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake— Continued. 



Date. 



January 3 . . . 
January 10 . . 
January 17. . 
January 24 . . 
January 31 . . 
February 7 . . 
February 14 . 
February 21 . 
February 28. 

March 6 

March 13 

March 20 

March 27 

April 3 

April 10 

April 17 

April 22 

April 24 

April 26 

May! 

Mav 5 

May 8 

May 10 

Mav 12 

May 15 

May 22 

May 29 

June 5 

June 13 

June 20 

June 26 

July 3 

Julvll 

July 17 

July 24 

July 31 

August 7 

August 14 . . . 
August 21 . . . 
August 28 . . . 
September 4. 
September 11 
September 18 
September 25 
October 2 . . . 
October 9.. . 
October 16.. 
October 23 . . 
October 30.. 
November 6 . 
November 13 
November 20 
November 27 
December 5 . . 
December 11 . 
December 18 . 
December 25 . 
December 30 . 

1897 
January 1 . . . 
January 6 . . . 
January 8 . . . 
January 11. . 
January 15. . 
January 23 . . 
January 27 . . 
January 29 . . 
February 5.. 
February 12. 
February 19 . 
February 23. 
February 26. 

March 5 

March 9 

March 12 

March 15 

March 19 

March 26 

April 2 

April 9 



Feet. 
4.7 
5.5 
5.2 
5.3 
5.2 
5.2 
5.1 
4.9 
4.75 
5.0 
5.05 
5.3 
5.25 
5.45 
5.4 
5.6 
6.75 
6.8 
6.9 
7.35 
7.3 
7.35 
7.4 
7.45 
7.4 
6.85 
6.25 
6.02 
5.8 
5.45 
5.15 
4.64 
4.5 
4.2 
3.9 
3.5 
3.15 
2.8 
2.5 
2.1 
1.8 
2.0 
1.8 
1.7 
1.75 
1.75 
1.8 
1.95 
2.25 
2.7 
3.3 
3.7 
4.8 
4.45 
4.5 
4.65 
4.65 
4.6 



4.55 

4.65 

4.65 

4.65 

4.65 

4.65 

4.6 

4.6 

4.45 

4.3 

4.1 

4.1 

4.1 

3.9 

3.75 

3.8 

3.8 

3.75 

3.8 

3.85 

3.9 



1897. 

April 16 

April 23 

April 30 

May 7 

May 14 

May 21 

May 28 

June 4 

June 11 

June 18 

June 25 

July 2 

July 9 

July 16 

July 23 

July 30 

August 6 

August 13 

August 20 

August 27 

September 3.. 
September 10. 
September 17. 
September 24. 
October 1 . . . . 

October 8 

October 15 . . . 
October 22... 
October 29 . . . 
November 5. . 
November 12 . 
November 20 . 
November 26 . 
December 3 . . 
December 10. 
December 17 . 
December 24 . 
December 31 . 



January 2 

January 7 

January 14 

January 21 

January 28 

February 4 

February 11 

February 18 

February 25 

February 28 

March 2 

March 4 ! 

March 8 ! 

March 10 

March 11 

March 18 ....'' 

March 20 

March 25 

April 1 j 

April 4 

April 6 

April 8 i 

April 15 

April 22 

April 29 

May 6 

May 13 

May 20 

May 27 

June 10 

June 17 

June 24...: 

July 1 

July 8 

July 16 

July 22 

July 29 

August 5 

August 12 

August 19 

August 26 



Feet. 
4.0 
4.7 
6.8 
7.55 
7.6 
7.55 
7.6 
7.6 
7.45 
7.15 
6.6 ; 
6.15 
5.75 | 
6.02 | 
5.95 I 
5.8 
5.7 
5.35 1 
5.15 
4.75 
4.35 
3.8 I 
3.25 
3.2 
3.05 
2.95 ! 
2.97 i 
2.95 ! 
2.85 j 
2.95 i 
3.2 
3.25 
3.25 
3.55 
3.85 
4.25 
4.6 
4.75 



4.7 

4.75 

4.65 

4.65 

4.7 

4.C5 

4.45 

4.35 

4.5 

4.35 

4.35 

4.3 

4.0 

3.85 

3.75 

3.45 

3.35 

3.2 

3.3 

3.4 

3.1 

3.75 

4.4 

5.7 

6.9 

7.2 

7.6 

7.55 

7.2 

6.6 

6.3 

5.75 

5.25 

4.75 

4.05 

3.75 

3.35 

3.2 

2.9 

2.5 

2.2 



Gage 
height. 



1898. 
September 2.. 
September 9 . . 
September 16. 
September 23. 
September 30 . 

October 6 

October 7 

October 10... 
October 14. . . 
October 17. . . 
October 21... 
October 24... 
October 28... 
November 4. . 
November 11. 
November 18. 
November 25 . 
December 2. . 
December 9. . 
December 16. . 
December 23.. 
December 30. . 
December 31. . 



1899. 

January 6 

January 13 

January 20 

January 27 

January 28 

February 3 

February 5 

February 10. .. 
February 12... 
February 19. .. 
February 24... 
February 25. .. 

March 3 

March 10 

March 15 

March 17 

March 24 

March 31 

April 4 

April 7 

April 9 

April 14 

April 21 

April 27 

April 28 

May 5 

May 12 

May 19 

Mav 26 

June 2 

J une 9 

June 16 

June 23 

June o0 

July 7 

July 14 

July 21 

July 28 

August 4 

August 11 

August 18 

August 25 

September 1... 
September 8... 
September 15 . . 
September 22.. 
September 29.. 

October 6 

October 13 

October 20 

October 27 

November 3... 
November 10.. 
November 17. . 
November 24. . 
December 1 



Feet. 
1.85 
1.95 
1.75 
1.6 
1.7 
1.75 
1.75 
1.65 
1.35 
1.7 
1.85 
1.95 
2.15 
2.5 
2.6 
2.9 
3.2 
3.55 
3.8 
3.85 
3.9 
3.95 
3.95 



3.85 

3.8 

3.8 

3. 75 

3. 75 

3.7 

3.6 

3.5 

3.45 

3.4 

3.2 

3.2 

3.0 

2.85 

2.75 

2.7 

2.9 

2.95 

2.8 

2.9 

2.9 

2.95 

3.5 

5.0 

5.05 

7.4 

7.45 

7.15 

6.65 

6.5 

6.25 

5.8 

5.35 

4.75 

4.45 

4.4 

4.5 

1.45 

4.2 

3.9 

3. 75 

3. 5 

3. 2 

2.8 

2. 25 

l.ys 

1.9 

1.75 

1.65 

1.4 

1.4 

1.5 

1.2 

1.5 

1.4 



72 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake- — Continued. 



Date. 



Gage 
height. 



1899. 
December 4 . . . 
December8... 
December 12. . 
December 15.. 
December 22. . 
December 29 . . 



1900. 

January 2 

January 5 

January 12... 
January 19. .. 
January 26 . . . 
February 2... 
February 9. .. 
February 16 . . 
February 23 . . 

March 2 

March 9 

March 16 

March 23 

March CO 

April 6 

April 13 

April 20 

April 27 

May 4 

May 11 

May 20 

June 1 

June 22 

June 29 

July 6 

July 13 

July 20 

July 27 

August 3 

August 10 

August 17 

August 24 

August 31 

September 7. . . 
September 14.. 
September 21.. 
September 28.. 

October 5 

October 12 

October 19 

October 26 

November 2. . . 
November 9.. . 
November 16.. 
November 23 . . 
November 30. . 
December 7. . . 



Feet. 
1.5 
1.6 

1.35 

1.55 

1.7 

1.8 



Date. 



1900. 
December 14. 
December 21 . 
December 28. 



1901. 

January 4 

January 11... 
January 18... 
January 25.. . 
February 1 . . . 
February 8 . . . 
February 15.. 
February 22.. 

March 1 

March 8 

March 15 

March 22 

March 29 

April 5 

April 12 

April 19 

April 26 

May3 

May 10 

Mavl7 

May 24 

May 31 

June 7 

June 14 

June 21 

June 30 

July 14 

Julvl9 

July 26 

August 2 

August 9 

August 16 

August 23 

August 30 

September 6 . . 
September 13 . 
September 20. 
September 27 . 

October 4 

October 11 

October 18.... 
October 25.... 
November 1 . . 
November 8. . 
November 15 . 
November 22. 
November 29. . 
December 6 . . . 
December 13 . . 
December 20. . 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
3.9 
3.85 
3.8 



3.6 
3.5 

3.4 

3.25 

3.25 

3.2 

3.0 

2.8 

2.6. 

2.0 

1.4 

1.5 

1.75 

2.5 

3.5 

6.1 

7.6 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.45 

7.1 

6.6 

6.4 

6.05 

5.7 

5.25 

4.85 

4.4 

4.0 

4.0 

4.4 

4.4 

4.25 

4.1 

3.75 

3.4 

3.2 



3.0 


2.5 


2.3 


2.4 


2.1 


1.85 


1.85 


1.7 


1.55 


1.45 


1.25 


i. | 



Date. 



1901. 
December 27 . 
December 30 . 



1902. 

January 3 

January 10... 
January 17.. . 
January 24 . . . 
January 31... 
February 3... 
February 7. .. 
February 14 . . 
February 21 . . 
February 28. . 

March 7 

May 4 

May 9 ... 

Mav 16 

May 23 

May 27 

May 29 

May 30 

June 6 

June 13 

June 15 

June 20 

June 27 

July 4 

Julvll 

July 19 

July 25 

August 1 

August 8 

August 15 

August 22 

August 29 

September 6 . . 
September 12 . 
September 19. 
September 26 . 

October 4 

October 10 

October 17 

October 24 

October 30 

November 14.. 
November 17.. 
November 21 . . 
November 28.. 
December 5... 
December 12. . 
December 19. . 
December 26.. 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
3.4 
3.7 



3.9 

4.05 

4.15 

4.25 

4.3 

4.5 

4.3 

4.1 

3.95 

3.8 

4.0 

7.9 

8.0 

7.9 

7.55 

7.8 

7.95 

8.0 

7.8 

7.8 

7.65 

7.5 

7.65 

7.7 

7.3 

6.75 

6.3 

5.85 

5.65 

5.4 

5.15 

5.0 

4.85 

4.8 

4.7 

4.85 

4.95 

4.95 

4.85 

4.75 

4.9 

5.7 

5.5 

5.8 

5.75 

5.7 

5.3 

5.1 

5.5 



Date. 



1903. 

January 2 

January 8 

January 9 

January 14 

January 16 

January 23 

January 30 

February 6 

February 13... 
February 22... 

March 1 

March 6 

March 13 

March 20 

March 23 

March 27 



Gage height. 

i 


Out- 
let. 


Green- 
ville. 


Feet. 
4.95 
5.65 
4.8 
5.65 
4.6 
4.55 
4.45 
4.25 
4.5 
3.8 
3.45 
3.0 
3.1 
3.9 
4.5 
5.4 


Feet. 































Gage height. 



Date. 



Out- Green- 
let, ville. 



1903. 
April 1... 
April 3... 
April 10.. 
April 12.. 
April 14. . 
April 17.. 
April 21 . . 
April 24.. 
April 27. 



Feet. 

6.36 

6.5 

6.2 

6.5 

6.65 

6.6 

6.2 

6.0 

April 28 1 a 35 

April 30 ' 6.4 

May 2 ' 

May 3 J 6.75 

May 5 

May6 j 6.95 

May 8 1 



Feet. 



6.5 



Gage height. 



Date. 



Out- 
let. 



1903. 

May 9 

May 11... 
May 12... 
May 13... 
May 15... 
May 16... 
May 19... 
May 22... 
May 27... 
May 29... 
June 2... 
June 4. .. 
June 6.. . 
June 10.. 
June 12... 
June 17.., 



Feet. 
6.91 



6.75 

6.7 

6.45 

6.3 

6.05 

5.9 

5.8 

5.6 

5.55 

5.8 



Green- 
ville. 



Feet. 



6.9 
6.9 
6.8 
6.8 
6.8 
6.6 



GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 

Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake — Continued. 



73 



Date. 



5.55 



5.15 



1903. 
June 19... 
June 20... 
June 21... 
June 22... 
June 23. . . 
June 24... 
June 25. .- 
June 20... 
June 27... 
June 28... 
June 29... 
June 30... 
Julyl.... 

July2 

July 3.... 

July 6 

July9 4.8 

July 10 



Gage height. 



Out- Green- 
let, ville. 



Feet. 
5.75 



5.4 



5.05 



5.2 
5.4 
4.9 



4.7 



4.35 



4.45 



4.35 



4.2 



4.15 



4.05 



3.87 



3.7 



3.6 



3.5 



3.25 



3.4 I 



3.15 



3.3 



3.25 



3.2 



3.1 



2.9 



2.75 



4.7 

4.65 

4.6 

4.55 

4.55 

4.5 



4.4 

4.3 

4.25 

4.2 

4.25 

4.15 



4.3 
4.0 
3.9 
3.9 

3.95 

3.9 

3.85 

3.8 

3.7 

3.65 



3.6 



July 11 

July 12 

July 13 

July 14 

July 15 

July 16 

July 17 

July 18 

July 19 

July 20 

July 21 

July 22 

July 23 

July 24 

July 25 

July 26 

July 27 

July 28 

July 29 

July 30 

July 31 

August 1 

August 3 

August 4 

August 5 

August 6 

August 7 

August 8 

August 9 

August 10 

August 11 . 

August 12 

August 13 

August 14 

August 15 

August 17 

August 18 

August 19 

August 20 

August 21 

August 22 

August 24 

August 25 

August 26.... 

August 27 

August 28 

August 29 

August 31.... 
September 1 . . 
September 3 . . 
September 4 . . 
September 5 . . 
September 7 . . 
September 8 . . 
September 9 . . 
September 10 . 
September 11 . 
September 12 . 

"From about December 4, 1903, 
below the bottom of the gage. 



Feet. 
5.8 
5.75 



5.7 

5.65 

5.6 

5.55 

5.55 

5.55 



5.45 

5.3 

5.25 

5.15 

5.2 



4.8 

4.75 

4.75 



3.45 

3.45 

3.4 

3.45 

3.35 

3.35 

3.25 

3.25 

3.15 

3.2 



3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.3 

3.25 

3.25 

3.2 



3.1 
3.0 



3.0 
2.9 
2.8 
2.7 
2.6 
2.6 
2.55 



Date. 



1903. 
September 13 . . 
September 14 . . 
September 15 . . 
September 16 . . 
September 17 . . 
September 18 . . 
September 19 . . 
September 21 . . 
September 22 . . 
September 23 . . 
September 24 . . 
September 25 . . 
September 26 . . 
September 28 . . 
September 29 . . 
September 30 . . 

October 1 

October 2 

October 3 

October 5 

October 6 

October 9 

October 11 

October 12 

October 13 

October 14 

October 15 

October 16 

October 17 

October 19 

October 20 

October 21 

October 23 

October 26 

October 29 

October 30 

October 31 

November 2 

November 3 

November 4 

November 6 

November 7 

November 9 

November 10. . . 
November 11. . . 
November 13. . . 
November 20. . . 
November 27. . . 
December 4 

1904. 

April 29.. 

April 30 

May 2 

May 3 

May 4 

May 5 

May 6 

May 7 

May 9 

May 11 

May 12 

May 13 

May 14 

May 16 

May 17 

May 18 

May 19 

May 20 

May 21 ".. 

May 22 

May23 

May 24 

May 25 

May 26 

May 27 

May 28 



Gage height. 



Out- 
let. 



Feet. 
2.5 



1.9 



1.6 



1.6 



1.5 



1.2 
1.2 



1.05 



.5 

.45 
.2 

.15 



3.0 



5.0 



6.5 
6.6 



Green- 
ville. 



Feet. 



2.5 

2.4 

2.4 

2.35 

2.35 

2.3 

2.15 

2.15 

2.0 

1.95 

1.95 

1.85 

1.7 

1.75 

1.7 

1.6 



1.55 
1.45 
1.45 



1.25 

1.25 

1.2 

1.15 

1.05 

1.0 

1.0 
.9 
.95 
.85 



(a) 



1.85 

1.95 

2.25 

2.45 

2.6 

2.95 

3.15 

3.5 

3.9 

4.45 

4.9 

5.2 

5.45 

5.9 

6.1 

6.25 

6.45 

6.6 

6.65 



6.8 
6.9 
7.0 
7.0 
7.0 
7.1 



Date 



Gage height. 



Out- 
lot. 



G reen- 

villc. 



Feet. 

7.1 



7.0 



6.95 
7.5 



7.2 



3.75 



6.5 






6.45 












[ 


6.3 








5.95 






... 


6.1 








6.05 



6.1 
6.0 



5.9 



5.9 
5.9 



1904 
May 30.. 
May 31 . . 
June 1... 
June 2. . . 
June 3... 
June 4. . . 
June 6. . . 
June 8... 
June 9. . . 
June 10.. 
June 13.. 
June 14.. 
June 15.. 
June 16.. 
June 17. . 
June 18. 
June 20. 
June 21 
June 22. 
June 23 
June 24, 
June 25. 
June 27 
June 28. 
June 29 
June 30 
Julyl.... 
July 2.... 
July 4.... 
July 6.... 
July7.... 
July 8.... 
July 9.... 
July 11... 
July 12... 
July 13... 
July 14... 
July 15... 
July 16... 
July 18... 
July 19... 
July 20... 
July 21... 
July 22... 
July 23... 
July 25... 
July 26... 
July 27... 
July 28... 
July 29... 
July 30... 
August 1. 
August 2. 
August 3. 
August 4. 
August 5. 
August 8. 
August 10 
August 11 
August 12 
August 13 
August 15 
August 16 
August 17 
August 18 
August 19 
August 20 

August 22 | 4.05 

August 24 4.5 

August 25 

August 26 j 3.95 

August 27 

August 29 3.85 

August 30 

August 31 3.7 

September 1 

September 2 . . . 3. 55 



Feet. 
7.0 
7.1 
7.0 
6.95 
6. 95 
7.0 
7.0 

"i'.bh 

"6.95 

6.85 

6.7 

6.75 

6.7 

6.65 

6.6 

6.4 

6.35 

6.4 

"6.3" 

6.25 
6.15 



5.9 



5.55 



5.3 



5.2 



5.15 



5.0 



4.75 



4.7 



4.3 



4.2 



11 



4.05 



6.0 
6.0 
6.0 



6.0 

6.05 

6.0 

5.9 

5.9 

5.9 

6.0 

5.95 

5.9 

5.85 

5.8 

5.75 

5.7 

5.65 

5.6 

5.5 

5. 45 

5.4 

5.25 

5.2 

5.2 



4.95 

4.9 

4.85 

4.75 

4.5 

4.45 

4.35 

4.4 

4.3 

4.25 

4.25 

4 15 

4.15 



4.1 

4.0 

4.05 

4.05 

4.0 

40 



3.8 



3.65 
3.55 



to April 29, 1904, no gage readings were obtained, as water was 



74 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake — Continued. 



Date 



1904. 
September 3 . . . 
September 5 . . . 
September 6 . . . 
September 7 . . . 
September 8 . . . 
September 9 . . . 
September 10 . . 
September 12 . . 
September 13 . . 
September 14. . 
September 15 . . 
September 16 . . 
September 17 . . 
September 19 . . 
September 26 . . 
September 28 . . 
September 30 . . 

October 1 

October 3 

October 4 

October 5 

October 6 

October 7 

October 8 

October 9 

October 10 

October 12 

October 14 

October 17 

October 19 

October 21 

October 24 

October 25 

October 26 

October 27 

October 28 

October 31 

November 2 

November 4 

November 7 

November 9 

November 11... 
November 14... 
November 18. . . 
November 23. . . 
November 25. . . 
November 28. . 
November 30. . . 

December 2 

December 5 

December 7 

December 9 

December 12. .. 
December 14. .. 
December 16. .. 
December 19 . . . 
December 21 . . . 
December 23 . . . 
December 25 . . . 
December 28 . . . 



1905. 

.January 3 

January 4 

January 6 

January 10.. 
January 11.. 
January 13.. 
January 16. . 
January 18. . 
January 21 . . 
January 28. . 
January 30. . 
February 2.. 
February 3. . 
February 6. . 
February 8. . 
February 10. 
February 15. 



Gage height. 



Out- 
let. 



Feet. 
"3." 6~ 



3.55 
3." 5" 



3.4 
'3.35' 

3.'i" 



3.65 

3.8 

3.85 



4.35 

4.' 45 



4.55 



4.6 
4.6 

4.7 
4.85 



4.95 
5.05 
5.5 



4.9 

4.85 

5.0 

5.5 

5.1 

5.0 

5.0 

4.95 

4.9 

4.85 

4.8 

4.75 

4.8 

4.75 

4.75 

4.7 

4.6 

4.55 

4.3 

4.2 

4.15 



4.0 

3.9 

3.85 

3.7 

3.55 

3.5 

3.4 

3.0 

2.9 

2.2 

2.0 

1.9 

1.85 

1.75 

1.85 

1.8 

1.7 



Green- 
ville. 



Feet. 
3.55 

"3.Y 

3.55 

3.5 

3.5 

3.45 

3.35 

3.4 

3.3 

3.35 

3.35 

3.45 



3.9 

4.1 

4.25 

4.35 

4.35 

4.45 

4.55 



5.1 

4.5 

4.65 

4.7 

4.65 



4.6 



4.8 



4.95 ! 



5.05 
5.05 
5.15 
5.15 



5.1 



Date. 



1905. 
February 17. . . 
February 20... 
February 23. . . 
February 24. . . 
February 28. . . 

March 10 : 

March 13 ■'. 

March 15 

March 17 

March 28 

March 22 

March 24 

March 31...... 

April 1 

April 3 

April 4 

April 5 

April 6 

April 7 

April 8 

April 10 

April 11 

April 12........ 

April 13 

April 14 

April 15 

April 17 

April 18 

April 19 

April 20 

April 21 

April 22 

April 24 

April 25 

April 26 

April 27 

April 28 

April 29 

May 1 

May 2 

May 3 

May 4 

May 5 

May 6 

May 8 

May 9 

May 10 

May 11 

May 12 

May 13 

May 15 

May 16 

May 17 

May 18 

May 19 

May 20 

May 22 , 

May 23 

May 24 

May 25 

May 26 

May 27 

May 29 

May 30 

May 31 

June 1 

June 2 

June 3 

June 5 

June 6 

June 7 

June 8 

J une 9 

June 13 

June 19 

June 21 

June 23 

June 24 

June 26 



Gage height. 



Out- 
let. 



Feet. 

1.5 

1,35 

1.2 

1.2 

1.1 

.6 

.6 

.45 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.3 



1.0 
"% 05 
"2. 45 

2.7" 
"2. 9" 



.3.35 



3.55 
3." 85 
4.' 05 

"4.3 
"4.6 
"4. 95 
'5.25 
5.' 6" 
'5." 85 
'6.'6' 

ai" 

'6."2 _ 

6.' 45 
'6.Y 
'6.Y 

6.6 

6.7 

6.7 



6.3 
6.3 
6.2 



Green- 
ville. 



Feet. 



1.6 

1.65 

1.8 

1.8 

1.9 

2.0 

2.15 

2.25 

2.4 

2.5 

2.6 

2.75 

2.9 

3.0 

3.25 

3.35 

3.35 

3.5 

3.6 

3.8 

3.95 

4.0 

4.1 

4.25 



4.45 
4.7 
4.75 
4.8 
5.05 
5.1 
5.25 
5.6 
5.6 
5.9 
5.9 
5.95 
5.9 
6.1 
6.1 
6.15 
6.2 
6.3 
6.5 
3.75 
6.8 
6.75 
6.7 
6.7 
6.8 
6.75 
6.8 
6.75 
6.75 
6.6 
6.8 
6.6 
6.65 
6.5 
6.45 
6.4 
6. 35 



6.25 
6.1 



Date. 



1905. 

June 27 

June 28 

June 29 

June 30 

Julyl 

July3 

July 4 

July 5 

July 6 

July7 

July 8 

July 10 

July 11 

July 12 

July 13 

July 14 

July 15 

July 17 

July 18 

July 19 

July 20 

July 21 

July 22 

July 24 

July 25 

July 26 

July 27 

July 28 

July 31 

August 1 

August 2 

August 3 

August 4 

August 5 

August 7 

August 8 

August 9 

August 10 

August 11 

August 12 

August 14 

August 15 

August 16 

August 18 , 

August 19 

August 21 

August 22 

August 23 

August 25 

August 26 

August 28 

August 30 

August 31 

September 1 . . . 
September 2 . . . 
September 4 . . . 
September 5 . . . 
September 6 . . . 
September 7 . . . 
September 8 . . . 
September 9 . . . 
September 11.. 
September 12.. 
September 13. . 
September 14.. 
September 15.. 
September 18.. 
September 19.. 
September 20.. 
September 21 . . 
September 22. . 
September 23.. 
September 25.. 
September 26. . 
September 27.. 
September 28.. 
September 29.. 
September 30.. 
October 2 



Gage height. 



Out- 
let. 



Feet. 



6.5 



5.95 
'5*95 
"5.' 7" 
"5.' 65 
'5." 65 
*5.'55 
"5.'5~ 
"5.' 33 
*5."25 
'5" 06 
"is" 



4.7 



4.65 
4.6 



4.55 



4.3 



4.2 
4.T 
4.T 

3." 85 



3.8 
3.55 



3.45 



3.35 
3.25 



3.05 
2.95 



2.9 
"2. 85 
"2." 8" 
'2. 75 



2.65 
2.5 



2.45 
"2.'47' 



2.35 
"2. 25 
2.2' 



"afifi" . 



GAGE HEIGHTS OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 

Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake -Continued. 



75 





Gage height. 


Date. 


Gage height. 


Date. 


Gage height. 


Date. 


Out- 
let. 


Green- 
ville. 


Out- 
let. 


Green- 
ville. 


Out- 
let. 


Green- 
ville. 


• 1905. 


Feet. 


Feet. 
2.15 
2.25 
2.15 
2.1 
2.1 
2.0 
1.9 
1.85 
1.9 
1.8 
1.75 
1.75 
1.7 
1.75 
1.7 
1.65 
1.7 
1.6 
1.55 
1.5 
----- 

1.3 

1.4 

1.3 

1.3 

1.3 

1.35 

1.3 

1.3 

""i."35 
1.35 
1.15 
1.25 
1.15 
1.15 
1.0 
1.0 

""To" 
"."To" 
------ 

------ 

......... 

...... .. 


1906. 
February 1 . ... 
February 9 . . . . 
February 12 . . . 
February 14. .. 
February 16 . . . 
February 19 . . . 
February 21 . . . 
February 27 . . . 
February 28 . . . 

March 3 

March 5 

March 7 

March 9 

March 12 

March 13 

March 16 

March 20 

March 21 

March 24 

March 26 

March 28 

March 30 

April 2 


Feet. 

04 

.35 

.3 

. 5 

.6 

.7 

.7 

.8 

.8 

.8 

.7 

.7 

. 7 

.7 

.75 

.8 

.86 

.9 

.9 

.9 

.8 

.8 

.9 

.95 

.95 

1.0 

1.0 

1.1 

1.2 

1.8 

2.05 

2.4 

2.88 


Feet. 

"'To' 

3.15 

4.4 
3.85 

""i'e" 

49 

5.35 

5.75 

6.0 

6.55 

6.85 

7.1 

7.2 

7.35 

7.4 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.55 

"7." 55 

7.6 

7.5 

7.45 

7.45 

7.4 

7.45 

7.5 

7.5 

7.4 

7.4 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.4 

7.4 

7.35 

7.3 

7.25 

7.2 

7.1 

7.1 

7.0 


1906. 
June 25 


Feet. 
7.1 


Feet. 
7 


October 5 




7. 15 


October 6 

October 7 


2.15 


June 27 

June 28 


7.05 


7.15 
7. 1 


October 9 

October 10 


2.05 


June 29 

June 30 


6.95 


7.0 
7 


October 11 




July 1 


6.85 
6./ 




October 12 


1.8 


July 2 




October 13 


July 3 


6.7 


October 16 


1.8 


July 4 


6.55 


6.55 


October 18 


July 5. . 


6.6 


October 19 


1.7 


July 6 


6.35 


6. 5 


October 20 


July 7 


6.35 


October 21 


1.7 
1.7 


July 9 


6.15 




October 23 


July 10 


6. 1 




July 11 


6.0 


6 1 


October 25 


1.7 ' 


July 12 


6.0 


October 26 


July 13. 


5.9 


5 95 


October 27 


1.5 
1.55 


July 14 


5.9 


October 28 


July 16 


5.7 


5.75 


October 30 


July 17 


5.6 


October 31 


July 18 


5.6 


5 7 




1.5 


July 19. 


5. 6 






July 20 


5.5 


5 55 


November 3 . . . 


1.35 


April 6 


July 21... . 


5.5 




April 9 


July 23 


5.4 


5. 4 


November 6 . . . 


1.3 


April 11 

April 17 

April 18 

April 23 

April 25 

April 27 

April 30 


July 24 


5.4 




July 25. . . 


5.33 


5. 4 


November 8 . . . 


1.25 


July 26 


5.35 


November 9 . . . 


July 27 


5.2 




November 10 . . 


1.3 
1.3 
1.27 
1.25 

"Ti8' 

"To" 

""."95" 

"T65" 
------ 

.8 


July 28 


5.2 


November 13 . . 


July 30 


5.0 


4 45 


November 15 . . 


July 31 


5.05 




August 1 

August 2 


49 


4.95 


November 18 . . 


May 2 


3.3 
3.75 


4.95 




May 4 


August 3 


48 


4.9 




May 5 


4.8 




May 7.. 


4 58 


August 6 


4 65 


4 65 




May 8. . . 


4.65 




May 9 


5.05 


August 8 


45 


4.65 




May 10 


45 




May 11 


5.9 


August 10 


4.35 






May 12 


4 25 




May 14 


5.95 


August 13 


4.1 


4.25 




May 15 


42 




May 16. . 


7.15 


August 15 


b.95 


4. 15 




.78 


May 17 


4.0 




May 18 


7.32 


August 17 

August 18 


3.85 


3.9 




.78 


May 19 


3.85 




May 21. . . 




August 20 


3.75 


3.75 




.95 


May 23 


7.5 


3.7 




May 24 


August 22 




3.65 


December 14 . . . 


.9 

.8 

.7 

.75 

.7 

.6 

.6 

.5 

.5 
.5 
.45 
. .4 
.35 
.4 
.3 
.3 
.25 
.25 
.5 
.45 
.5 
.5 
.45 


May 25 




August 23 




3.65 




May 28 . 


7.5 


August 24 


3.6 


3.7 


December 18 . . . 


May 29 


3.6 


December 20 . . . 


May 30 


7.45 


August 27 

August 29 

August 30 


3.4 
3.3 


3.45 




May 31 . . . 




December 25 . . . 




7.46 


3.2 


December 27 . . . 


June 2 


August 31 


3.15 


3.2 


December 29 . . 




7.45 


3.2 






September 3 . . . 
September 4. . . 
September 5 . . . 


3.1 
"'2."95' 


3.1 


1906.a 




7.42 


3.1 


January 2 

January 4 

January 5 

January 10 

January 13 




3.1 




7.4 


3.0 




September 7 . . . 


2.85 


3.0 


June 11 

June 12 


7.4 


3.0 


September 10 . . 
September 11 . . 
September 12 . . 
September 13 . . 
September 14 . . 
September 15 . . 
September 17 . . 
September 18 . . 
September 19 . . 
September 20 . . 
September 21 . . 


2.75 

"2.'75" 

'"% 5" 

"2.45" 

"T 4" 
"2 a" 


2.9 


January 15 

January 17 


June 13 


7.4 


2.8 
2.8 


January 19 

January 22 


June 15 


7.35 


2.8 
2.8 


January 24 

Januarv 26 


June 18 

June 19 


7.25 


2.8 
2.5 


January 29 

January 31 


June 20 

June 21 . . 


7.1 


2.5 
2.5 


February 2. ... 
February 5. ... 


June 22 

June 23 


7.0 


2.5 
2.4 



a Lake frozen over January 1 to May 13 and December 2-31, 1906. 



3697— irr 198—07- 



76 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Gage heights, in feet, of Moosehead Lake — Continued. 



Date. 



1906. 
September 22 . 
September 24 . 
September 26 . 
September 27 . 
September 28 . 
September 29 . 
September 30 . 

October 1 

October 2 

October 3 

October 4 

October 5 

October 6 

October 8 

October 9 

October 10... 
October 11... 
October 12 . . . 
October 13... 
October 15... 
October 16... 
October 17 . . . 
October 18-. . . 
October 19... 



Gage height. 



Out- 
let.- 



Feet. 



2.3 
2.2 



2.15 
'2.T 



2.05 
'2.'6' 



1.9 
'2.T 

"i'is 

"¥.2 

"2V2* 

'2.' 15 



Green- 
ville. 



Feet. 
2.2 

""2.T 
2.1 
2.1 

2.0 



2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
2.0 
1.9 
1.8 
1.9 
1.6 
1.9 
1.9 
1.9 
2.1 



2.2 
2.2 
2.2 
2.2 





Gage height. , 


Date. 


Out- 
let. 


Green- 
ville. 


1906. 
October 20 


Feet. 


Feet. 
2.2 

2.2 
2.2 


October 22 

October 23 


2.1 


October 24..... 


2.2 


October 25 


2.2 


October 26 


2.5 


October 27 .... . 


2.3 
2.5 
2.4 
2.4 
2.4 
2.5 
2.'5 
2.8 
2.8 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 
2.9 


October 29..... 
October 30 


2.6 


October 31 


2.8 


November 2 . . . 


2.8 


November 5 . - . 


2.85 


November 7 . .. 


2.9 


November 9 . . . 
November 10 . . 
November 12 . . 
November-13 . . 
November 14 . . 
November 15 . . 
November 16 . . 


3.0 

"3.'6"" 

"."2.9" 

""ao"- 



Date. 



1906. 
November 17 , 
November 19 
November 20 
November 21 , 
November 22 , 
November 23 
November 24 
November 26 . 
November 27 . 
November 28 , 
November 2$ . 
November 30 
December 3.. 
December 6. . 
December 7 . . 
December 12 . 
December 14 . 
December 17 . 
December 19 . 
December 21 . 
December 24 . 
December 26 . 
December 28 . 



Gage height. 



Out- Green- 
let, ville. 



Feet. 



3.05 



3.0 



3.2 
"3."3" 
'3.3' 



3.3 

3.25 

3.3 

3.3 

3.25 

3.2 

3.2 

3.2 

3.2 

3.15 

3.3 

3.35 



Feet. 
2.9 
3.0 
3.0 
3.1 
3.0 
3.2 
4. 3 



3.3 
3.3 
3.3 
3.3 



3.3 
4.3 



DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS. 

Dead River has its headwaters in the mountains between Maine 
and Canada and flows in a general easterly direction, entering the 
Kennebec at The Forks. Its basin is 40 miles in extreme length by 
30 miles in width and is almost entirely covered with forests. For a 
large portion of its length the river flows through swamps; in its 
lower course it has considerable fall. The only dams on the stream 
are owned by the log-driving companies, and the gates are kept open 
after the drives are out of the river. 

This gaging station was established September 29, 1901, by N. C. 
Grover. It is located 1| miles west of The Forks. 

The channel is straight for 500 feet above and below the station and 
is about 225 feet wide at ordinary stages. The banks are rocky and 
are subject to overflow in extreme freshets. The bed is rocky and 
permanent. The current is rapid. 

The gage, which is read twice each day by Jeremiah Durgin, jr., is 
a vertical rod attached to a large bowlder on the left bank about 700 
feet below the cable. It is referred to a bench mark, a copper bolt 
set in a bowlder 9.5 feet from the gage; elevation, 7.97 feet above the 
zero of the gage. 

No revision has been made in estimates previously published for 
this station. 

Values for monthly means as given below are considered to be 
within 5 per cent of the true flow for discharge greater than 500 
second-feet. Below this point the probable error increases gradually, 



FLOW OF DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS. 

being about 10 to 15 per cent for a discharge of 170 second-feet, 
daily discharges are subject to much larger errors. 

Discharge measurements of Dead River near The Forks. 



77 
The 



Date. 


Gage 
height. 


Dis- 
charge. 




Date. 


Gage 
height. 


Dis- 
charge. 


September 29 


1901. 
a 

1903. 


Feet. 
0.40 

.90 
.90 
1.10 

.89 
.69 
.69 

3.00 
6.35 
1.05 


Sec.-ft. 
255 

399 
40-1 
737 
452 
211 
214 

3,470 

15,300 

655 


June 21 


1904. 


Feet. 
1.05 

.72 
.78 

1.82 
1.75 
1.75 
1.09 

4.35 
4.28 
.85 


Sec.-ft. 
'676 


July 27 -.- 


279 








370 




April 21.... 

June 1 

Do 

July 18..... 

May 8 

Do 

September 5 


1905. 
1906. 








July 15 


1,810 




1,520 




1,510 


Do 


690 




1904. 


7,700 




7,490 


June 21 


385 







a By wading. 
Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks. 



Day. 


Sept. Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Day. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1.. 


1901.« 




0.35 
.4 
.4 
.4 


0.5 
.4 
.5 

:l\ 

.45 

.4 1 
.4 
.4 
.4 

.4 1 
•4 | 
.45 ' 
.5 
.5 
.5 | 


0.8 
.8 

.7 
.7 
.7 
.8 
.8 
.7 


17.. 
18.. 
19.. 
20.. 
21.. 


1901. 




1.6 
1.3 

.95 

.85 

.8 

.65 

.7 

.8 

.8 

.8 

.7 

.7 

.6 

.55 

. 5 


0.5 
.4 
.4 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.0 
.7 
.7 
.7 
.8 




2 










3 










4 










5 




.4 

.35 

.3 

.3 

.3 

.3 

.3 








6 




22 

23!. 

24.. 

25.. 

26.. 

27.. 

28.. 

29.. 

30.. 

31.. 








7 










8 










9 










10 










U 










12.. 




.3 
.4 








13 






0.4 
.4 




14 




.5 
.8 
1.5 






15 








16 





















« Ice conditions November 20 to December 31, 1901. 



Day. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1902 .« 
1 










2.57 

2.1 

1.85 

1.55 

1.7 

1.5 
1.4 
1.4 
1.3 
1.1 

1.0 
.8 
1.2 
1.15 
1.1 

1.1 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 


2.1 
2.4 
2.2 
2.0 
1.9 

1.75 

1.55 

1.35 

1.3 

1.4 

1.3 
1.2 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 

1.1 
1.0 
1.1 
1.0 
.9 


0.8 
.9 
1.0 
1.0 
1.1 

1.0 
1.1 
1.0 
.9 
1.0 

1.1 

1.45 

1.75 

1.8 

1.7 

1.6 
1.5 
1.5 
1.6 
1.75 


1.05 

1.1 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

.9 
1.3 
1.55 
1.45 
1.3 

1.2 

1.25 

1.45 

1.6 

1.6 

1.6 

2.0 

1.75 

1.0 

1.0 


2.8 

2.65 

2.0 

1.75 

1.6 

1.55 
1.45 
1.35 
1.25 
1.1 

1.1 
1.0 

.9 

.75 
1.1 

1.7 
1.9 
1.8 
1.8 
1.65 


1.0 


2 










1.0 


3 










1.0 


4 










1.2 


5 










1.2 


6 










1.1 


7.... 










1.1 


8 










1.0 


9 










1.0 


10 










1.0 


11 










1.1 


12 










1.2 


13 










1.1 


14 










1.1 


15 










1.1 


16 










1.1 


17 










1.1 


18 










1.15 


19 










1.2 


20 










1.3 



a 1902 gage heights have been revised to agree with observer's original record, 
ably existed during December, 1902. 



Ice conditions prob- 



78 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. 



Day. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1902. 
21 










0.75 

.6 

.8 

.7 
1.0 

1.25 

1.05 

1.2 

1.45 

1.65 

2.0 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
.9 

.9 
.9 
1.0 
.95 
.9 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
1.1 

1.1 
1.1 
1.1 
1.1 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 
1.0 
.9 
1.1 

1.35 

1.5 

1.25 

1.15 

H 

1.2 

1.05 

1.2 

1.45 

1.7 

1.55 

1.4 

1.25 

1.2 

1.0 

1.0 

1.1 
1.4 
1.5 
1.5 
1.3 

1.15 

1.0 

1.05 
.95 
.95 


0.8 

.8 

.7 

.7 

1.8 

1.45 
1.3 
1.2 
1.1 

1.0 

.1 

1.35 

1.4 

1.4 

1.3 

1.15 

1.05 

1.0 

1.0 

.9 

.9 

.9 
.9 
.9 
.9 
.9 

1.0 
1.0 

.9 

.9 

.9 

1.0 
1.1 
1.3 
1.35 

1.2 

1.1 
1.05 
1.0 
1.0 

.9 

.9 

.95 
.95 
.85 
.85 
.8 

.75 
.75 
.65 
.65 
.65 

.75 
.75 
.85 
.95 
.95 

.85 
.85 
.85 
.85 
.75 


1.9 
1.8 
1.7 
1.6 
1.6 

1.45 

1.25 

1.1 

1.1 

1.1 

.9 

.8 
.8 

.7 
.7 

.8 

.7 
.7 
.7 

.7 

.7 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 

.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 

.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

.6 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.85 
1.25 

1.45 

1.3 

1.2 

1.05 

1.05 

.95 

.95 

1.05 

1.25 

1.0 

1.8 

1.7 

1.5 

1.35 

1.45 


0.95 
.9 
.8 
.8 

1.1 

1.2 

1.1 

1.2 

1.0 

1.35 

2.8 

.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 

.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 

.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 

.6 
.6 

.7 
.7 
.7 
.7 

2.15 
3.05 
3.0 

2.7 
2.6 

2.55 

2.25 

1.7 

1.4 

1.35 

1.25 
1.25 
1.15 
1.25 
1.15 

1.15 
1.25 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 


1.55 

1.5 

1.45 

1.4 

1.4 

1.3 
1.2 
1.1 
1.1 
1.0 


1.4 


22 










1.4 


23 










1.5 


24 










1.5 


25 








1.6 

4.55 

3.05 

3.3 

4.15 

3.2 


1.5 


26 








1.45 


27. 










28. . 










29. . 










30 










31 










1903." 
1 










.7 
.7 
.7 
.7 
.8 

.8 
.8 
.8 

.7 
.7 

.8 
.8 
.8 

.7 
.7 

.7 

.75 

.8 

.7 

.7 

.8 
.8 
.8 
.9 
.9 

.9 
.9 
.9 
.9 
1.0 

1.35 
1.35 
1.35 
1.25 
1.2 

1.15 
1.15 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 

1.2 

1.15 

1.15 

1.15 

1.05 

1.05 
1.15 
1.15 
1.05 
1.05 


1.0 


2 










1.1 


3 










1.1 


4 








1.0 
1.0 

1.0 
.9 
.9 
.9 
.9 

1.85 

2.8 

4.8 

3.8 

2.9- 

2.2 

1.95 

1.8 

2.0 

2.15 

2.05 

1.7 

1.5 

1.4 

1.3 

1.1 
1.0 
1.0 
1.1 
1.1 


1.2 


5 








1.1 


ft. 








1.0 


7. . 








1.0 


8... 








1.0 


9... 








1.0 


10 








1.0 


11 








1.0 


12 








1.0 


13 








.9 


14 








.9 


15 








1.0 


16 








1.0 


17 








1.0 


18 








1.0 


19 








1.0 


20 








1.1 


21 








1.25 


22 








1.35 


23. 








1.4 


24.. 








1.5 


25 








1.6 


26 








1.6 


27 : 








1.7 


28 








1.85 


29. 








2.0 


30... 








2.1 


31 








2.1 


1904.6 
1 






4.15 

4.9 

5.35 

5.9 

6.85 

5.25 
4.55 
4.45 
4.15 
4.75 

5.15 
4.55 
4.25 
4.05 

5.6 

4.3 
4.6 
4.15 
6.15 

5.55 


2.25 
2.45 
4.15 
3.45 
2.45 

4.65 
3.45 
4.65 
4.75 
4.5 

3.75 

3.45 

2.6 

2.1 

1.8 

1.5 

1.4 

1.2 

1.05 

1.05 


.95 


2 






.95 


3 






.95 


4... 






1.05 


5 




4.95 


1.05 


6 




1.15 


7. 






1.15 


8 






1.15 


9.... 






1.25 


10 




2.85 

2.05 
3.25 
3.35 
3.35 
2.35 

2.2 

1.95 

1.8 

1.85 

1.85 


1.4 


11. 




(o) 


12... 






13,... 






14. 






15 






16 






17. 






18... 






19.... 






20 







a Gage carried awav during the. winter by ice; replaced June 4, 1903. Ice conditions during December, 
1903. 

b River frozen over January 1 to April 5 and December 11-31, 1904; clear of ice April 9. No readings 
during frozen period. 

c Anchor ice affects gage readings. 



FLOW OF DEAD RIVER NEAR THE FORKS. 79 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. 



Day. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1904. 
21 ' 


1.85 
1.95 
2.05 
2.35 
2.5 

3.3 

3.0 

3.85 

6.05 

4.45 


5.65 

5.45 

4.8 

4.65 

2.85 

3.05 

5.4 

2.9 

4.85 

2.75 

1.95 

3.9 

4.15 

3.55 

5.85 

4.25 

4.05 

4.2 

4.25 

4.15' 

4.3 

4.55 

4.15 

4.1 

3.8 

3.5 

5.7 

5.05 

4.05 

3.8 

5.2 

5.1 

4.85 

4.65 

4.75 

4.6 

5.15 
4.35 
4.45 
4.55 
4.15 
2.85 

3.85 

4.4 

4.1 

4.2 

3.7 

4.35 
4.35 
3.65 
3.85 
3.9 

4/25 
4.75 
3.95 
4.05 
3.8 

3.85 
3.85 
4.35 
3.9 
3. .65 


1.05 
1.1 

1.15 

1.2 

1.35 

1.45 

1.45 

1.35 

1.2 

1.1 

2.6 

2.55 

1.9 

1.7 
1.65 

1.65 
1.75 
1.65 
1.6 • 
1.55 

1.55 

1.8 

2.3 

2.2 

1.95 

1.85 

1.85 

1.75 

2.0 

2.3 

2.65 

2.65 

2.4 

2.2 

2.05 

2.05 
1.95 
1.95 
1.85 

1.75 

3.55 
2.35 
2.15 
1.95 
2.95 

3.05 

3.7 

3.95 

3.7 

2.7 

3.6 

3.95 

2.5 

2.0 

1.95 

1.6 

1.7 

1.55 

1.45 

1.4 


0.95 

.95 
.85 
.85 
.75 

.75 
.65 
.65 
.75 

.85 
.95 

1.75 

2.2 

2.3 

2.4 

2.2 

2.0 
1.8 
1.6 
1.5 
1.45 

1.35 
1.45 
1.3 

1.2 
1.1 

1.05 
1.0 

1.05 

1.25 
1.65 

1.95 
1.35 
1.1 

1.1 
1.15 

1.15 

1.05 

.95 

.95 

.95 

1.5 

1.25 
1.15 

1.15 
1.15 
1.15 

1.15 
1.05 
1.05 
1.05 
1.2 

1.3 

1.65 
1.8 
1.65 
1.6 

1.35 
1.35 
1.35 
1.35 
1.25 


1.15 

1.65 

1.7 

1.5 

1.05 

.9 

.8 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

1.85 

1.85 

1.55 

1.4 

1.2 

1.0 
1.0 

1.05 
1.05 
1.05 

1.05 

.95 

.95 

1.05 

1.05 

1.15 
1.3 
1.45 
1.3 

1.15 

1.15 
1.05 
1.05 
1.05 

.95 

.95 
.85 
.85 
.85 
.75 
.75 

.85 
.85 
.75 
.75 
.75 

.75 
.75 
.65 
.65 
.65 

.65 
.65 
.65 
.65 
.65 

.65 

.6 

.55 

.65 

.65 


1.35 
1.35 
1.35 
1.25 

1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

1.65 

1.75 

1.85 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.85 
.95 

1.05 
1.2 
1.25 
1.1 
.95 

.95 
.85 
.75 
.75 
.75 

.75 
.75 
.9 

1.1 

1.15 

1.05 
.95 
.95 
.95 
.9 

.8 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.75 

.85 
.85 
.8 
.75 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 

.85 

.85 

.8 

.75 

.75 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 


1.7 

2.15 

2.55 

2.75 

2.6 

2.4 

1.85 

1.65 

1.5 

1.4 

1.35 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 

.75 
.75 
.65 
.65 
.65 

.65 
.65 
.65 
.65 
.75 

.75 
.75 

.75 
.75 
.75 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.65 
.65 
.65 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 

.65 
.65 
.65 

1.15 

1.4 

1.65 

1.55 

1.65 

1.3 

1.25 

1.15 
.95 
.95 
.9 
.85 


1.05 
1.05 
1.05 
1.05 
1.05 

1.05 
.95 

1.0 

1.0 
.95 




22 j 




23 




24 ! 




25 




» 




g 1 




28 ! 




29 1 




30 1 




31 




1905.a 
1 




3.6 

3.35 

3.4 

2.9 

2.6 

2.45 
2.35 
2.35 
2.35 
2.45 

2.45 

2.65 

2.5 

2.3 

2.35 

2.35 

2.95 

2.85 

2.2 

1.9 

2.4 

3.25 

4.95 

2.35 

2.3 

2.15 

2.3 

3.2 

3.4 

3.15 


.75 
.85 
.85 
.85 
.85 

.85 
.85 
.95 
.95 
.95 

.85 
.75 
.75 
.85 
.85 

.85 
.85 
.95 
.95 
.95 

.95 
.85 

.85 
.85 
.85 

.95 
.95 
1.05 

1.15 
1.15 


1.15 


2 




1.1 






1.05 


4 




1.05 






1.15 






1.15 


7 




1.15 






1.15 


9 




1.15 


10. 




1.15 


11 




1. 15 


12 




1.05 






1.05 


14. 




1.05 






1.05 






1.05 


17 






18 : 






19 






20 












22 






23 






24 






25 












27 






28 


4.85 
3.85 
2.8 
3.5 




29 




30 




31 




1906.6 
1 


1.4 

1.3 

1.25 

1.15 

1.05 

1.05 
.95 
.95 
.95 
.95 

1.05 
1.05 
.95 
.95 
1.05 

1.05 
1.05 
1.05 
1.05 
1.05 


.95 


2 






.95 


3 






1.05 


4 






1.05 


5 






1.05 


6. . . * 






1.15 


7 






1.25 


8 






1.25 


9 






1.25 


10 




2.65 

2.65 
2.55 
2.45 
2.45 
2.35 

2.6 
3.0 
3.2 
3.4 
3.6 


1. 15 






1.25 


12 




1.25 


13 




1.25 


14 • 






15 






16 






17 






18 






19 






20 







o River frozen January 1 to March 27, 1905; ice went out March 28 and river clear. 
December 16-31, 1905. 
& River frozen January 1 to April 10, and December 14-31, 1906. 



River frozen 



80 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.' 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. 



Day. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


. 1906. 
21 : 




3.85 
4.55 
4.65 
4.15 
3.8 

3.4 

3.0 

3.25 

3.55 

3.45 


3.85 

3.4 

4.0 

3.4 

3.55 

2.6 

3.0 

3.05 

3.95 

3.25 

3.15 


1.35 

1.25 

1.5 

1.65 

2.0 

1.9 
1.8 
1.6 
1.4 
1.35 


1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.15 

1.15 

1.05 

.95 

.95 

.85 

.85 


,75 
.75 
.75 
.85 
.85 

.85 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 


.75 
.75 
.75 

.85 
.85 

.75 
.75 
.75 
.75 
.65 


. .85 

1.25 

1.5 

1.8 

1.85 

1.95 

2.05 

1.9 

1.85 

1.7 

1.55 


1.15 
1.25 
1.35 
1.25 
1.15 

1.15 
1.15 
1.05 
1.05 
1.05 




22 






23. 






24. . 






25... 






26 






27 






28 






29 






30. 






31. 

















Rating table for Dead River near The' Forks from June 25, 1902, to December 31, 1906. a 



Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


0.40 


45 


1.50 


1,225 


2.60 


2,970 


4.40 


7,730 


0.50 


110 


1.60 


1,365 


2.70 


3,160 


4.60 


8,420 


0.60 


185 


1.70 


1,505 


2.80 


3,360 


4.80 


9,140 


0.70 


270 


1.80 


1,650 


2.90 


3,570 


5.00 


9,890 


0.80 


365 


1.90 


1,795 


3.00 


3,790 


5.50 


11,920 


0.90 


470 


2.00 


1,945 


3.20 


4,240 


6.00 


14,080 


1.00 


580 


2.10 


2, 100 


3.40 


4,730 


6.50 


16, 370 


1.10 


700 


2.20 


2,260 


3.60 


5,260 


7.00 


18,780 


1.20 


825 


2.30 


2,430 


3.80 


5,830 






1.30 


955 


2.40 


2,600 


4.00 


6,430 






1.40 


1,090 


2.50 


2,780 


4.20 


7,060 







a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 19 discharge measurements 
made during 1903-1906. It is well denned between gage heights 0.7 foot and 2 feet. 

Monthly discharge of Dead River near The Forks. 
[Drainage area, 870 square miles.] 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec.-ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1902.a 
June 25-30 


8,245 
2,913 
2, 600 
1,795 
3, 360 
3,360 

9,140 

1,225 

1,090 

470 

270 

580 

14, 300 
18,040 
8,960 
1,505 
1,505 
1,722 
3,900 
1,022 
1,090 


1,365 
185 
270 
365 

. 365 
318 

470 
470 
470 
110 
110 
270 

1,650 
1,870 
640 
228 
228 
318 
762 
525 
525 


4,855 
954 
991 

1,022 
942 

1,226 

1,748 
646 
648 
222 
172 
357 

3,722 

8,892 

2,969 

705 

495 

967 

1,770 

741 

712 


5.58 
1.09 
1.14 
1.17 
1.08 
1.41 

2.01 
.743 
.745 
.255 
.198 
.410 

4.28 
10.22 

3.41 
.810 
.569 

1.11 

2.03 
.852 
.818 


1.22 


July 


1.26 


August 


1.31 


September 


1.30 




1.24 




1.57 


1903. 
June 4-30 


2.02 


July 


.86 


August 


.86 




.28 


October 


.23 


November 


.46 


1904.?' 
April 10-30 


3.34 




11.78 


June 


3.80 


July 


.93 


August 


.66 


September 


1.24 




2.34 




.95 


December 1-10 


.30 



a Estimates for December, 1902, and December, 1903, omitted on account of ice conditions. 
b River frozen January 1 to April 9 and December 11-31, 1904. 



PLOW OP CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 



81 



Monthly discharge of Dead River near The Forks — Continued. 



Month. 



1905.O 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-16 

1906.b 

April 10-30 

May 

June :. 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-13 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



9,700 
13, 420 
3,065 



,600 
,722 
890 
318 
762 
762 



8,600 
8,960 
6,280 
1,650 
418 
417 
2,022 
1,090 



1,795 
3,465 
1,295 
525 
318 
318 
228 
318 
640 



2,515 
2,970 
890 
418 
148 
227 
227 
525 
525 



3,352 

7,821 

1,955 

1,180 

739 

475 

289 

470 

705 



4,586 
5,936 
2,593 
867 
292 
337 
934 
701 
756 



Run-off. 



Sec.-ft. per Depth in 
sq.mile. inches. 



3.85 
8.99 
2.25 
1.36 
.849 
.546 
.332 
.540 
.810 



5.27 
6.82 
2.98 
.997 
.336 
.387 
1.07 
.806 
.869 



4.30 
10.36 
2.51 
1.57 
.98 
.61 
.38 



4.12 
7.86 
3.32 
1.15 
.39 
.43 
1.23 
.90 
.42 



a River frozen January 1 to March 28 and December 16-31, 1905. 
b Ice conditions January 1 to April 10 and December 14-31, 1906. 



CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 



Carrabassett River enters the Kennebec from the west at North 
Anson. Its basin has steep slopes, partly in farm lands, with no 
large natural reservoirs. Dams have been constructed and power 
used at New Portland, East New Portland, and North Anson. 

The gaging station was established October 19, 1901, by N. C. 
Grover. It is located above Embden Brook and below Anson Brook, 
about 4 miles from North Anson. 

The channel is straight for 500 feet above and 300 feet below the 
station and is about 150 feet wide, divided into two parts at low stages 
of the river b}^ a gravelly bar. The bed is of coarse gravel and is per- 
manent, and the current is moderately rapid. 

Discharge measurements are made by wading at low stages and 
from a boat at high stages. 

Gage readings are taken once each day by N. Q. Hilton. There 
are two gages. One is a vertical rod attached to a tree; the other 
is a standard chain gage attached to trees on the bank. The length 
of the chain is 36.73 feet. The datum of the two gages is the same 
and is referred to a bench mark, a copper bolt set in a large bowlder 
at the outlet of Anson Brook; elevation, 11.40 feet above the zero 
of the gage. 

Estimates as previously published for 1902 to 1904, inclusive, have 
been revised and are now based on the 1905 rating curve. 

Values for monthly means, as given below, are considered to be 
within 5 per cent of the true flow for discharges greater than 600 



82 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



second-feet. Below this point the error may range between 5 and 
30 per cent. This is due to changing conditions of flow and the 
larger errors in general occur only over relatively short periods of 
time. The probable error of a given low monthly flow can be esti- 
mated somewhat closely by comparing the percentage error of the 
nearest low-water measurement, in point of time, with the rating 
table for the gage height of the measurement. 

Discharge measurements of Carrabassett River at North Anson. 



Date. 



1902. 

June 27 

July 30 

October 30 

October 30 

October 31 

November 1 

November 1 

November 2 

November 3 

1903. 

May 26 

July 17 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 
4.30 
.60 
2.47 
2.67 
1.99 
1.69 
1.60 
1.42 
1.35 



Dis- 
charge. 



Sec.-ft. 

-4,170 

192 

1,810 

2,120 

1,370 

1,130 

1,080 

882 

851 



348 



Date. 



1903 

August 15 

September 23... 
November 6 

1904. 
August 30 

1905 
July 20 a 

October 266 

1906. 

September 7 



Gage 
height. 



Feet. 

0.71 

.15 



1.18 
.40 



06 



Dis- 
charge. 



Sec.-ft. 
300 
76 
165 



154 



436 
146 



107 



a Log jam in left channel 500 feet below gage. *> Measurement made by wading near gage. 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson. 



Day. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Day. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1 ... 




0.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.5 
.5 
(a) 




16 


0.2 
.2 
.2 
.5 
.4 
.3 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.2 
.1 




2 .. . 




17 




3 


0.4 
.4 
.4 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.3 
.2 
.2 
.2 

• 2 


18... 




4.. . ... 


19... 




5 . . 


20 




6. 


21 




7 . . 


22 




8 


23 




9 


24 




10 


25 




U 


26 




12 


27 




13 


28 




14 


29... 




15 


30 











a River frozen December 7 to 31, 1901. 



Day. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1 


1902. a 










1.4 
1.8 
1.6 
1.5 
1.3 

1.1 

1.0 

.9 

.8 
.8 

.9 

.7 
.7 
.6 
.6 


0.4 
.4 
1.5 
1.2 
1.0 

.9 

.8 
.8 
.8 
.8 

.7 
.9 
.9 
.7 
.6 


0.7 

.8 
.7 
.7 
.9 

.8 
.7 
.9 
.8 
2.8 

1.9 
1.4 
1.2 
2.8 
2.1 


0.9 

1.1 

1.0 

.9 

.8 

1.2 
1.7 
1.3 
1.1 
1.1 

1.0 
.9 
.9 
.9 

1.0 


1.7 
1.5 
1.4 
1.3 
1.2 

1.1 
1.1 
1.1 

1.1 
1.0 

1.0 
1.0 

1.1 
1.1 

1.4 


1.0 


2 










1.0 


3 .. 










.9 


4... 










1.0 


5 










1.1 


6 








• 


1.1 


7 










1.2 


8. . 










1.2 


9... 










1.1 


10... 










1.1 


11. 










1.1 


12 










.9 


13... 












14... 












15 













a River frozen December 13-31, 1902. 



FLOW OF CARRABASSETT RIVER AT NORTH ANSON. 83 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson — Continued. 



Day. 



1902. 



1903." 



1904. 



Mar. 



Apr. 



2,1 
2.4 



M.9 



2.9 
2.5 
2.2 
3.7 
4.0 

2.7 

2.3 
2.2 
3.5 
3.6 

3.3 

2.6 
2.4 
2.2 
2.2 

2.2 
2.1 
1.9 
1.7 
1.7 



1.5 
1.4 

1.5 
1.7 
1.9 



4.7 

5.2 

4.1 
3.3 
2.7 
2.2 



May. 



1.9 
1.9 
1.3 
1.3 
1.2 

1.2 

1.2 
1.3 
1.2 
1.2 

1.3 

1.2 
1.1 

1.0 
1.0 



7.3 
4.9 
4.0 
4.2 
4.4 

3.7 
3.8 
2.6 
2.4 
9.5 

5.8 
4.6 
3.5 
2.9 
2.4 



June. 



4.8 
4.9 
3.1 
2.2 
1.7 



0.2 
.1 
.2 
.2 
.2 

.2 
.1 
.1 
.1 
.1 

.1 

.1 

11,1 

8.3 

4.1 

2.8 
2.1 
1.8 
1.5 
1.8 



1.1 
2.3 
1.8 
1.5 
1.3 



July. 



0.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.6 

.6 
1.0 
1.0 



.6 
.5 

.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.6 

.5 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.4 

1.2 
.9 

.7 
.5 
.7 

.7 
1.4 
1.2 
2.9 
2.0 

1.5 
1.1 
.9 

.8 
1.0 

1.7 



.4 
.8 
1.0 
.9 
.6 

.6 
.7 
.5 
.4 
.3 

.3 
2.3 
1.5 
1.9 

1.4 



Aug. | Sept 



0.5 
.5 
.5 
.5 
.3 

.3 

.3 

6.4 

3.0 
2.3 

1.6 
1.4 
1.1 
1.0 



1.6 

1.1 

. .9 

.7 

.6 

.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 
.4 
.4 



1.3 

1.2 

.9 

.9 



Oct. Nov. 



0.9 

.8 
.8 
.8 

1.4 

1.6 
1.3 
1.1 
1.1 



1.0 

.9 

1.5 

4.3 

2.5 
2.0 



.4 

.4 

.7 

1.3 



2.1 

l.S 
1.4 
1.2 
1.0 



1.5 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 
1.2 

1.2 
1.1 
1.2 
1.1 
1.1 

1.0 

1.0 

1.1 

1.0 

1.0 



Dec. 



1.1 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 

1.0 



a River frozen January 1 to March 29 and December 31, 1903. 

b Qage reading to water surface in hole cut in ice at gage; otherwise no readings during frozen season, 
1004. 



84 WATEB RESOURCES OP KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. ~ 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson — Continued. 



Day. 


- Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1904. 
16. 




1.9 
1.6 
1.7 
1.8 
2.8 

2.5 
2.3 
2.5 
3.2 
3.9 

3.4 
3.7 
3.4 
4.7 
7.1 


11.3 
6.6 
4.1 
3.3 

4.4 

3.1 
2.5 
2.2 
2.0 

1.7 

1.6 

1.5 

1.4. 

1.3 

1.2 

1.0 

2.3 
2.0 
1.4 
3.6 
3.1 

2.6 
2.6 
2.5 
2.0 
2.1 

1.7 
1.5 
1.5 
1.6 
.1.5 

1.6 
2.0 
2.2 
3.0 

2.5 

1.9 
1.7 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 

1.1 
1.3 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 
1.1 

3.0 
4.0 
3.5 
3.8 
3.5 

3.1 
3.2 
2.8 
2.3 
4.1 

3.6 
2.7 
2.3 
2.6 
1.9 


0.5 
.5 

.5 
, 4 
.4 

.3 
.3 
.5 
.5 
.4 

.6 
.4 
.3 
.1 
.2 

1.0 
.9 
.9 

1.0 

.8 

.8 
1.0 

.8 

.7 
' .7 

'.7 

3.8 
2.4 
1.8 

1.5 
1.3 
1.1 
1.4 
1.7 

1.8 
1.5 
1.4 
1.2 
1.0 

.9 
1.8 
1.5 
1.2 
1.0 

1.5 
1.4 
1.7 
1.7 
1.4 

1.3 
2.0 
1.9 
1.8 
1.8 

1.4 
1.2 
1.3 
1.1 

.8 


1.1 

.8 
.7 
.5 
.4 

.4 
.3 
.3 
.2 
.3 

.3 

.2 

.9 

1.8 

1.4 

.9 

.9 

.9 

2.7 

1.9 

1.5 

1.2 

1.0 

.9 

.8 
.8 

.8 
.7 
.6 
.5 
.5 

.5 

.5 

.6 

1.2 

1.2 

.9 

.7 
.6 

.5 

.7 

.5 
.4 
.7 
.4 
.3 
1.3 

.5 
.5 
.6 
.6 

.7 

.7 
.9 
.7 
.6 
.9 

.8 
1.6 
1.2 
1.0 

.8 


0.8 
.7 
.6 
.5 
.4 

2.7 
1.6 
1.3 
1.0 

.8 

.7 

;5 

.5 
.5 
.4 
.4 

2.9 

1.5 

1.2 

.9 

.7 

.7 
.6 
.9 

.8 

.7 

.6 
.5 
.5 

.7 
.5 

.6 
.9 
.7 
.6 
.5 

.5 
.4 
.4 
.3 
.2 

.3 
.3 
.5 
.4 
.3 
.3 

1.1 
1.0 

.7 
.5 
.4 

.4 
.3 
.2 
.1 
.2 

.1 

.1 
.1 

.2 


1.9 

1.3 

1.0 

.9 

.9 

.9 
.9 

.8 
.7 
.5 

.4 
.4 
.4 

.7 
2.8 

.3 

.3 

.3 

2.2 

1.4 

1.9 
1.4 
1.2 
1.0 

,8 

. .7 
.6 
.7 
.8 
.7 

.6 
. .6 

.8 
1.7 
1.3 

1.3 
1.1 
1.0 
1.0 
.7 

.6 

.7 
.5 
.5 
.5 

.3 
.2 
!3 
.6 
.5 

.3 
.1 
.1 
.1. 
.2 

.4 
.2 
.1 

.1 


0.8 

.7 
.7 
.7 
.6 

.6 

.4 

2.5 

1.9 

1.6 

1.4 
1.9 
1.6 
1.5 
1.3 
1.2 

.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 

.4 
.4/ 
.3 
.4 
.4 

.3 

.3 

1.0 

.9 

.7 

.6 
.5 
.4 
.4 
.4 

.5 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 

.6 
.6 
.4 
.4 
.4 
.4 

.1 




.2 
.2 

.3 
.4 
.2 
.5 
4.0 

3.1 
2.2 
1.5 
1.1 

.9 


0.8 
.7 
.8 
.9 
.9 

.7 
1.2 
.9 
.8 
.9 

1.0 
.9 

.7 
.8 
.8 

.4 
.6 
.6 
.6 

.7 

.7 
.8 
1.0 
.8 
.8 

.6 

.7 
.8 
.8 
.8 

.7 

.8 

1.0 

.7 
.7 

.8 
.7 
.5 
.6 
.6 

1.1 
1.0 
1.0 

.7 
1.0 

.9 

.8 
.8 

.8 
.7 

.7- 
.6 
.7 
.•5 

.6 
.6 
.6 
.6 
.5 


0.7 


17. 




.7 


18. . 




.6 


19 




.7 


20. . . 




.7 


21 




.7 


22 




.7 


23 




.8 


24 




.8 


25 




.8 


26 




.7 


27. 




.8 


28. 




.9 


29. . 




.9 


30.. 




.9 


31 




.9 


1905. a 
1 




3.0 

.2.8 
2.3 
2.1 
1.9 

4.0 
3.6 
2.7 
2.2 
2.2 

2.9 

2.7 
2.8 
2.7 
2.8 

2.4 
2.0 

1.8 
1.6 
1.4 

1.3 
3.4 
2.6 
2.1 
2.0 

1.9 
2.2 
1.9 
2.1 
2.0 


1.0 


2 




1.1 


3 




.7 


4. 




1.1 






1.4 


6 




1.2 


7. 




.9 


8... 




1.0 


9... 




.8 


10 




.8 


11 




.8 


12 




.6 


13 




.6 


14 , 




.7 


15 




.8 


16 




.8 


17... 




.8 


18 




1.0 


19... 




.7 


20 




.6 


21 




.6 


22 




.8 


23 




.7 


24 




.7 


25... 




1.0 


26 




.8 


27 




.8 


28 




.7 


29... 


4.0 


.7 


30... 


.7 


31 




.8 


1906.6 
1 




2.9 
2.7 
2.4 
2.3 
2.5 

3.0 
3.3 
2.9 
2.8 
2.9 

2.7 
2.5 
2.4 
2.3 
3.0 


.9 


2 




.4 


3 




.9 


4 




1.1 






1.3 


6 




1.4 


7 




1.4 


8 




1.5 


9 




1.3 


10 •. 




1.1 


11 




1.0 


12 




.9 


13 




1.0 


14 




.9 


15 




.9 



a River frozen .lanuarv 1 to March 26, 1905; ice broke up March 26 and went out March 28. 
t> ftiver frozen January 1 to April 16, 1906, when the ice broke up; ice went out April 18, 1906. 



FLOW OF CARRABASSETT RTVER AT NORTH ANSON. 85 

Daily gage height, in feet, of Carrabassett River at North Anson — Continued. 



Day. 



Mar. 



Apr. 



May. 



June. 



July. 



Aug. 



Sept. 



Oct. 



Nov. 



Dec. 



1906. 



26. 



5.1 
5.5 
5.1 

4.8 
4.8 

4.8 
4.9 
5.1 
3.4 

2.8 

2.7 
2.6 
2.5 
2.8 
3.3 



1.8 
1.8 
2.2 
2.2 
2.1 

1.5 

1.4 
1.3 
.1.3 
1.3 

1.8 
1.8 
3.2 
3.0 
2.3 
1.8 



0.7 
.6 
.6 

.7 
.6 

.6 

.3 

.4 

2.3 

1.8 

1.3 
1.2 

.7 
.6 
.6 



0.6 
.5 

.5 

.7- 



.4 

.9 
.7 
1.3 
1.0 

.7 
.6 
.4 
.4 
.3 
1.7 



.5 
.3 
.3 
.3 

.2 
.1 

1.7 
.9 
.5 
.4 



-0.1 
- .1 







0.8 

.7 



1.1 



0.6 

.7 

.6 

.7 

1.4 

1.2 
1.2 
1.2 
1.1 
1.1 



1.0 
.6 



Rating tables for Carrabassett River at North Anson. 

NOVEMBER 3, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1905.O 



Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- 


Gage 


Dis- • 


Gage 


Dis- 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


height. 


charge. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


Feet. 


Sec.-ft. 


0.10 


55 


1.30 


755 


2.50 


1,900 


3.70 


3,345 


0.20 


85 


1.40 


840 


2.60 


2,010 


3.80 


3,480 


0.30 


120 


1.50 


925 


2.70 


2,120 


3.90 


3,615 


0.40 


160 


1.60 


1,015 


2.80 


2,235 


4.00 


3,750 


0.50 


205 


1.70 


1,105 


2.90 


2,350 


5.00 


5,100 


0.60 


256 


1.80 


1,195 


3.00 


2,470 


6.00 


6,450 


0.70 


313 


1.90 


1,290 


3.10 


2,590 


7.00 


7,800 


0.80 


376 


2.00 


1,385 


3.20 


2,710 


8.00 


9,150 


0.90 


445 


2.10 


1,485 


3.30 


2,830 


9.00 


10,500 


1.00 


520 


2.20 


1,585 


3.40 


2,955 


10.00 


11,850 


1.10 


595 


2.30 


1,690 


3.50 


3,080 


11.00 


13,200 


1.20 


675 


2.40 


1,795 


3.60 


C,210 







JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1906.& 



-.10 


77 


0.20 


133 


0.50 


233 


0.80 


395 


0.00 


92 


0.30 


160 


0.60 


280 


0.90 


455 


0.10 


110 


0.40 


193 


0.70 


335 


1.00 


520 



a This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. It is based on 14 discharge measurements 
made during 1902-1905. It is well defined below gage height 5.0 feet. Above gage height 3.6 feet the 
rating curve is a tangent, the difference being 135 per tenth. 

b This table is applicable only for open-channel conditions. The rating is the same as the 1905 rating 
above gage height 1 foot. Below 1 foot it is based primarily on the measurement made in 1906, and prob- 
ably represents closely the conditions of flow as they existed during that year. 



86 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Monthly discharge of Carrabassett River at North Anson. 
[Drainage area, 340 square miles.] 



Month . 



1902.a 

June 26-30 

July 

Auguct 

September 

October 

November 

December 1-12 

1903. b 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December c 

1904.<* 

April 10-30 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1905. e 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

1906./ 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August , 

September 

October 

November. 

December 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



4,965 
1,295 
6,990 
2,235 
4,155 
1,105 
675 



3,750 

1,290 

13,340 

2,350 

1,105 

205 

755 

595 

2,010 



7,935 

13,670 

1,690 

1,690 

2,120 

2,235 

1,900 

675 

595 



3,750 

3,210 

3,480 

2,120 

2,350 

1,585 

520 

595 

840 



5,775 
3,885 
1,690 
1,105 
1.105 

280 
3,750 

840 
1,485 



1,105 
205 
120 
313 
376 
520 
445 



840 
85 
55 

160 

160 
55 
55 
85 

120 



,015 
520 
55 
85 
160 
120 
160 
256 
256 



755 
595 
256 
120 
120 
120 
120 
160 
256 



755 
160 
160 
92 
77 
92 
233 
193 



,015 
435 
738 
694 
762 
668 
565 



1,693 
492 

1,332 
483 
360 
110 
200 
161 
764 



2,911 
3,556 
395 
425 
386 
362 
652 
419 
367 



1,814 

1,316 

789 

459 

343 



205 
354 
404 



2,-976 
1,962 
708 
389 
215 
119 
774 
408 
759 



Run-off. 



Sec.-ft. per Depth in 
sq. mile. inches. 



8.87 
1.28 
2.17 
2.04 
2.24 
1.96 
1.66 



4.98 
1.45 
3.92 
1.42 
1.06 
.324 
.588 
.474 
2.25 



8.56 
10.46 
1.16 
1.25 
1.14 
1.06 
1.92 
1.23 
1.08 



5.34 
3.87 
2.32 
1.35 
1.01 
1.44 
.602 
1.04 
1.19 



8.75 
5.77 
2.08 
1.14 
.632 
.350 
2.28 
1.20 
2.23 



65 



1. 

1.48 
2.50 
2.28 
2.58 
2.19 
.74 



5.56 
1.67 
4.37 
1.64 
1.22 
.36 
.68 
.53 



12.06 
1.29 
1.44 
1.31 
1.18 
2.21 
1.37 
1.24 



5.96 
4.46 
2.59 
1.56 
1.16 
1.61 



1.16 
1.37 



9.76 
6.65 
2.32 
1.31 
.73 
.39 
2.63 
1.34 
2.57 



a River frozen December 13-31, 1902. 

b River frozen January 1 to March 29 and December 31, 1903. 
c No correction made for ice conditions December 31, 1903. 
d River frozen January 1 to April 9, 1904. 
e River frozen January 1 to March 26, 1905. 

/ River frozen January 1 to April 16, 1906; open-channel rating applied for first half of April which 
gives excessive values for that month. 

SANDY RIVER NEAR MADISON. 



Sandy River rises near Rangeley Lake, flowing at first southeast- 
ward, then in the last third of its course northeastward into Kennebec 
River, which it joins about 2 miles below Madison. It has a total 
length of about 50 miles, and while there are a few small ponds in its 
basin its storage capacity is small and the flow is variable. It resem- 
bles very much in this way Carrabassett River, the slopes being in 



FLOW OF SANDY KIVER NEAR MADISON. 87 

the main steep and the fall very rapid throughout the greater part of 
its course, amounting in all to as much as 1,400 feet. Comparatively 
few water-power developments have been made; namely, at New 
Sharon, Farmington, and at the point near Madison described below. 

This station was established March 23, 1904, by F. E. Pressey. 
It is located at the dam of the Madison Electric Works, just over the 
town line in Stark, but is nearer the Madison post-office. The dam 
rests on ledge rock and has a fairly level crest, 341.4 feet in length 
between vertical abutments. The crest is 1 foot wide on top, sloping 
from the upstream edge. 4.75 horizontal to 1.25 vertical, while the 
downstream face of the dam is vertical. The level top is of dressed 
stone (6-cut) ; the remainder is quarry faced, but care has been taken 
to leave no considerable projection on the approach to the crest. 
Provision has been made for the installation of flashboards when 
necessary. The head developed by the dam is about 15 feet, which 
is used in a power development on the right bank, consisting of a 
head bay nearly 100 feet long, decreasing in width from 40 to 20 feet 
at the racks, and one pair of 38-inch McCormick turbines (rated at 
Holyoke), with complete arrangements for a second pair if found 
necessary. This plant is owned by the Madison village corporation 
and is used for furnishing light and power. The pondage extends back 
about 2 miles, but there is no side flowage. When water is more 
than 3 feet deep on the dam, the crest is increased in length about 87.5 
feet by flowing over the wall of the fore bay. The wheels and gen- 
erators are in operation only during the night, so that the discharge 
has been .based on a gage height read late in the afternoon just before 
starting up ; and it is believed that the pondage effect has been wholly 
eliminated in this way. 

A plain vertical staff gage was first fastened to the retaining wall 
of the dam, the elevation of the 100-foot mark at the gage being equal 
to the elevation of the crest of the dam. This has been superseded, 
however, by a float gage referred to the same datum and installed 
through the courtesy and assistance of C. S. Humphreys, C. E., of 
Madison, engineer in charge. At the same time another float gage 
was placed to record the height of water in the tailrace, so that in 
case it becomes necessary to use turbines in estimating flow records 
of the head on the wheels may be obtained. The gages are referred 
to the following bench mark : A point inclosed by a circle on the north 
side of the wing wall, about 22.8 feet from its end at the dam, marked 
"B. M."; elevation 102.98 feet above gage datum. The gages are 
read twice daily by Marcus W. Moore, electrician at the station. 

Where the discharge is under about 500 second-feet, values may be 
in error from 10 to 25 per cent; above 500 second-feet discharge, error 
is probably under 10 per cent, 



88 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River near Madison. 



Day. 



1904. 



1905. 



Jan. 



Feb. 



224 
224 
256 
323 
403 

502 
502 
525 
645 
675 

766 
766 
645 
720 
570 

570 
570 
556 
542 



514 
502 
525 
403 
379 

357 
379 
323 
256 
224 
874 



379 
525 
570 
570 
645 

502 
502 
502 
379 



278 
300 
224 
256 
323 

323 
256 
224 

278 
278 

a 139 
a 162 
a 128 
«150 
a 139 

a 146 
a 112 
a 162 



Mar. 



1,250 
1,871 

3,659 
5,335 
3,792 
2,677 
2,331 
2,331 



a 150 
6 253 
6 253 
6 200 
6 215 

6 185 
6 253 
6 149 
a H2 
cl28 



c208 
c242 
c302 
c284 

c242 

c208 

cl68 

192 

357 

440 
.956 
956 
797 

874 

2,940 
5,665 
5,545 
7,479 
6, 694 
7,908 



Apr. 



2,677 
2,216 
2,216 
1,986 
2,216 

3,792 
4,199 
3,531 

8,875 
11,265 

8.126 
5,936 
4,199 
3,056- 
2,446 

2,101 
1,757 
2,331 
2,677 
4,609 

3,792 
3,926 
4,609 
5,485 
7,411 

6,402 
6,725 
6,090 
10,850 
10,237 



7.026 
4,036 
3,012 

2,653 
2,308 

4,581 
4,775 
3,155 
2.423 
2,469 

3,031 
2.892 
2,940 
2,538 
2,653 

2,078 
1,734 
1,325 
1,137 
1,046 

1,175 

4,718 
2,377 
1,734 
1,518 

1,421 
1,561 
1 , 561 
1,561 
1,287 



May. 



9,255 
5,785 
4,336 
4,063 
3,280 

2,331 
1,441 
2,331 
2, 101 



8,687 
5,485 
3,056 
2,331 
1,986 

10,325 
5,785 
3,280 
4,609 
6,402 

3.531 
2,446 
1,871 
1,648 
1,441 

974 
974 
812 
812 
585 
516 



1,364 
1,325 

874 
2,538 
2,607 

1,691 
1,734 
1,848 
1,561 
1,757 

1,364 

1,137 

992 

956 

956 

1,137 

1,848 
2,078 
2,892 
1,917 

1,479 

1,137 

956 

797 

645 

675 
645 
874 
615 

477 
525 



June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


516 


334 


235 


126 


452 


289 


357 


126 


452 


516 


334 


92 


452 


452 


312 


106 


391 


334 


135 


126 


452 


235 


135 


152 


1,064 


235 


213 


106 


974 


181 


135 


79 


735 


235 


135 


92 


585 


235 


135 


92 


452 


181 


135 


60 


334 


235 


391 


60 


391 


235' 


213 


42 


391 


235 


256 


79 


452 


289 


312 


379 


334 


289 


'235 


1,101 


289 


235 


181 


645 


289 


235 


181 


379 


235 


235 


181 


306 


135 


235 


135 


323 


135 


181 


1,871 


323 


135 


181 


923 


379 


135 


181 


615 


300 


135 


181 


477 


256 


66 


181 


357 


256 


135 


135 


357 


357 


135 


66 


289 


300 


135 


135 


135 


300 


135 


135 


256 


300 


135 


152 


152 


956 




289 


192 




477 


323 


2,078 


136 


440 


379 


645 


42 


502 


2,653 


502 


51 


502 


956 


323 


362 


403 


645 


224 


929 


403 


570 


170 


1,308 


615 


403 


170 


836 


477 


300 


170 


428 


379 


256 


192 


285 


323 


224 


170 


109 


224 


170 


92 


145 


403 


170 


106 


119 


3,330 


170 


106 


163 


1,734 


152 


79 


229 


956 


152 


126 


166 


675 


126 


192 


106 


477 


126 


300 


76 


403 


126 


357 


318 


357 


106 


170 


1,601 


357 


106 


106 


806 


403 


126 


106 


563 


525 


79 


106 


502 


477 


79 


79 


417 


403 


79 


79 


166 


278 


79 


60 


156 


323 


79 


60 


115 


1,691 


79 


00 


103 


1,046 


60 


42 


92 


675 


79 


42 


94 


477 


60 


42 


82 




126 


42 





Oct. 



1,137 
720 
502 
502 
379 

306 
256 
278 
403 
224 

278 
224 
256 
300 
323 

323 
224 
224 
224 
224 

300 

4,309 

1,561 

923 

720 

720 
1,518 
1,137 
675 
615 
502 



Nov. 



477 
440 
440 
403 
379 

357 
322 
323 
323 
300 

300 
278 
256 
379 
379 

477 
570 
440 
403 
379 

403 
675 
645 
615 
502 

570 
440 
379 

224 
224 



57 


49 


79 


60 


47 


88 


51 


94 


59 


. 134 


43 


144 


47 


235 


41 


307 


41 


284 


42 


264 


37 


242 


48 


212 


253 


241 


339 


328 


153 


209 


150 


263 


131 


352 


92 


221 


92 


114 


87 


183 


94 


165 


135 


158 


116 


129 


93 


131 


92 


318 


80 


388 


69 


362 


62 


183 


51 


241 


47 


339 


45 





o Water flowing over one-half of dam on account of obstruction by ice. 
6 Water flowing over one-third of dam on account of obstruction by ice. 
c Water flowing over three-fourths of dam on account of obstruction by ice. 



FLOW OF SANDY K1VER NEAR MADISON. 89 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Sandy River near Madison — Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1906. 
1 


231 
231 
200 
229 
263 

286 
236 
286 
373 
429 

304 
351 
339 
294 
229 

317 
491 
555 
530 
469 

418 

406 

715 

2,655 

2,540 

1,736 

1,505 

1,000 

732 

627 

567 


539 
467 
374 
372 
361 

407 
491 
595 
555 
564 

478 
565 
698 
582 
442 

373 
296 
208 
274 
273 

274 
294 
327 
419 
423 

361 
442 
504 


593 
595 
517 
363 
444 

360 
339 
326 
303 
321 

182 
294 
229 
406 
453 

384 
320 
222 
252 
262 

192 
183 
159 
166 
144 

191 

252 

443 

1,070 

1,388 

1,406 


1,223 
1,292 
1,050 
1,141 
1,711 

2,882 
2,985 
2,243 
2,371 
2,280 

1,727 

1,748 
1,862 
2,813 
6,018 

8,844 
8,497 
7,304 
6,312 
5,972 

4,954 
5,791 
4,840 
3,319 
2,620 

2,574 
2,274 
2,021 
2,503 
2,504 


2,458 
2,761 
2,252 
2,252 
1,609 

2,974 
2,901 
2,741 
2. 607 
4,050 

3,584 
2,780 
2,576 
2,830 
2,124 

1,757 
1,629 
1,902 
2,246 
1,720 

1,502 

1,174 

974 

868 

944 

565 
4,280 
4,787 
5,082 
3,611 
2,607 


2,478 
2,353 
3.747 
3,203 
2,312 

2,166 
3,219 

2,994 
3,331 

2,788 

2,520 
2.067 
1,536 
1,202 
906 

688 
656 
601 
601 
594 

497 

638 

1,556 

4,212 

3,089 

2, 355 

1,338 

890 

677 

608 










244 
266 
312 
397 
322 

243 
206 
213 
213 

256 

329 
295 
311 
334 
300 

300 
369 
381 
492 
983 

919 
743 

871 
635 

4/7 

479 
667 
583 
428 
303 


396 


9 








194 


3 










246 


4. 










339 


5. . 










304 


6 










279 


7. 










359 


8. 








373 


9... 










393 


10. 








346 

933 
516 
310 
216 
140 

127 
113 
99 
91 
108 

204 
264 
169 
154 
368 

1,614 
806 
804 
711 
516 
335 


270 


11. 








304 


12... 







304 


13... 




::;::::::::::: 


339 


14 






304 


15. 






281 


16. 






324 


]7... 




i 


259 


18 




282 


19. 




i 


271 


20. 




i 


222 


21 r 




i 


260 


22 






489 


23 






1 


591 


24 






482 


25 








544 


26. 








459 


27 








435 


28 






405 


29 






353 


30 




............. 

1 


350 


31 




i 


306 








i 





Note.— July 1 to October 9, 190.6, repairs of dam and construction of a log way were in progress and 
no records of flow are available. 

Monthly discharge of Sandy River near Madison. 

[Drainage area, 650 square miles.] 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec .-ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1904. 
March 23-31 


5,335 

11,265 

10. 325 

1,064 

516 

1,871 

1,101 

4,309 

675 

440 

874 

645 

7,908 

7,026 

2,892 

3,330 

2,653 

2,078 

1,601 

339 

388 

898 


890 

1,757 

516 

66 

66 

135 

42 

224 

224 

170 

224 

112 

112 

1,046 

477 

224 

60 



42 

37 

49 

165 


2,682 
4,858 
3,580 
355 
234 
322 
273 
654 
410 
299 

492 

31'3 

1,436 

2,558 

1,336 

658 

292 

224 

350 

89 

215 

327 


4.12 
7.47 
5.51 
.546 
.360 
.495 
.420 
1.01 
.631 
.460 

.757 
.482 
2.21 
3.94 
2.06 
1.01 
.449 
.345 
.538 
.137 
.331 
.503 


1.38 


April 


8.33 


May 


6.35 


June 


.61 


July 


.42 


August 


.57 


September 


.47 


October 


1.16 


November 


.70 


December 


.53 


1905.a 
o anuarv 


.87 


February 


.50 


March 


2.55 


April 


440 


May 


2.37 


June 


1.13 


July 


.52 


August 


.40 


September 


.60 


October 


.16 


November 


.37 


December 


.58 








The year 


7,908 


691 


1.06 14.45 













a After August 31, 1905, wheels were run both day and night, and values are based on both the flow 
over the dam and through the wheels. Gage readings and gate openings read five times daily until 
April 8, 1906, since when four daily readings have been made, 



90 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Monthly discharge of Sandy River near Madison — Continued. 



Month. 



1906, 

January 

Februarys 

March o 

April 

May b 

June b 

October 10-31 

November 

December 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. 



Minimum. 



2,655 


200 


698 


208 


1,406 


144 


8,844 


1,050 


5,082 


565 


4,212 


497 


1,614 


91 


983 


206 


591 


194 



Mean. 



630 

427 

412 

3,466 

2,456 

1,863 

407 

429 

346 



Run-off. 



Sec.-ft.per Depth in 
sq. mile. inches. 



0.969 
.657 
.634 
5.33 
3.78 
2.87 



.532 



1.12 
.68 
.73 
5.95 
4.36 
3.20 
.51 
.74 
.61 



a During February and March, 1906, values of flow may be as much as 25 per cent too large, owing to 
accumulations of ice on the crest of the dam. 
b From May 5 to July 1, 1906, 1.33 foot flas-hboards were used for two-thirds the length of the dam. 



MESSALONSKEE STREAM AT WATERVILLE. 

Messalonskee Stream enters the Kennebec from the west at Water- 
ville. It has a total drainage area of 208 square miles, of which 30 
square miles are lake surface, which renders its flow very constant and 
gives it considerable value for power. Of this system Messalonskee 
Lake is nearest to the mouth of the river. In this lower portion of the 
river, about 10 miles in length, there is a fall of about 210 feet, which 
is practically all utilized. 

The United States Geological Survey maintained a gage at the dam 
of the Chase Manufacturing Company, in Waterville, from June 18, 
1903, to January 1, 1906. A vertical staff gage is fastened to the wall 
of the wheel pit just above the dam. The zero of the gage corresponds 
to the level of the crest of the dam and is referred to a bench mark as 
follows: A copper bolt in a ledge on the opposite side of the river 
from the gage and about 20 feet from the end of the dam; elevation, 
11.51 feet above the crest of the dam. The dam is a new crib without 
leakage and with a good crest. Generally the water is not used for 
power purposes at night, and the gage is read while the wheels are not 
running. At other times the amount of water used through the wheels 
is added to that which flows over the dam. Flashboards are main- 
tained during low stages of the river. 

For medium and high stages values of flow are probably not in 
error more than 10 to 15 per cent. For low stages they may be 25 per 
cent or more in error. Conditions at this station have been poor for 
records, owing to frequent change of gage readers and effect of pond- 
age during low water. 



FLOW OF MESSALONSKEE STREAM AT WATERVILLE. 91 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Messalonskee Stream at Waterville. 



Day. 


Jan.. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1903. 
1 














183 
220 
205 
148 
159 

169 
169 

176 
127 
159 

142 
127 
169 
142 
142 

148 
243 
231 
159 
194 

194 
194 
293 
314 
194 

169 
159 
176 
176 
209 
176 

273 
314 
273 
251 
229 

251 
273 
273 

284 
212 

149 
244 
177 
251 
251 

a 64 
105 
134 

157 
134 

200 
185 
157 
134 

118 

157 
149 
167 
185 
157 
* 105 


148 
112 
176 
212 
231 

205 
205 
183 
127 
212 

205 
194 
183 
194 
176 

112 
138 
176 
182 
182 

199 
159 
183 

118 
138 

138 
129 
119 
89 
106 
124 

126 
149 
134 
144 
149 

157 
• 85 
118 
126 
126 

134 
126 
134 
113 
85 

118 
126 
134 
126 
134 

200 
126 
144 
126 
126 

126 
134 

90 
126 
126 

96 


119 
129 
119 
119 
89 

112 
138 
111 
111 
104 

104 
84 
89 
89 

111 

111 
111 
99 

84 
48 

112 

212 

220 

19 

26 

41 
66 
94 
73 
59 

105 
113 
118 
96 
90 

105 
113 
118 
118 
126 

77 
77 
96 
96 
118 

218 
149 
118 
105 
118 

105 
90 
85 
90 
90 

96 
64 
69 
105 
90 


59 
59 
70 
61 
81 

54 
59 
51 
66 
36 

94 
94 
81 
70 

81 

75 
73 
60 
41 

73 

73 
73 
73 
70 
47 

81 
73 
73 
73 
66 
41 

149 
118 
105 
90 
96 

105 
90 
90 

77 
85 

90 
90 
96 
90 
90 

64 
64 
69 
64 
85 

64 
134 
200 
134 
118 

105 
118 
134 
118 
118 
118 


60 
49 
59 
57 
66 

70 
73 
61 
66 
59 

66 

73 
59 
19 
41 

73 

59 
59 
59 
59 

66 
61 
59 
59 
59 

59 
59 
73 
54 

76 

118 
118 
113 

118 
126 

105 
113 

85 
77 
85 

64 
69 
85 
105 
105 

90 
90 
85 
85 
90 

90 
96 
105 
105 
118 

126 
113 
90 
77 
85 


59 


2 














59 


3 














59 


4 














59 


5 














61 


6 














33 


7 














19 


8 














51 


9 














59 


10 














59 


11 














59 


12 














145 


13 














100 


14 














51 


15 














54 


16 














51 
















59 


18 












212 
194 
169 

136 
169 
183 
183 
169 

176 

118 
142 

176 


54 














17 


20» 












157 


21 












306 


22 












291 


23 












167 














' 252 


25 












72 


26 












72 














72 


28 












53 














45 


30 












59 














112 


1904. 
1 








408 
292 
432 
533 

533 

615 
899 

840 
840 
870 

724 

642 

615 

642 

642 






118 














118 


3 












126 














77 


5 












64 


6 












69 














64 


8 










408 
383 
314 

292 
336 
212 
292 
251 

205 
251 
212 
183 
193 

205 
193 
177 
273 
251 

299 
244 
244 

251 
251 


59 










77 


10 








90 


11 








64 










77 


13 






205 

336 

301 

351 

230 

260 

587 
724 
724 

697 
507 
383 
360 
408 
432 


90 








64 


15 






64 


16 






77 








54 


18 






64 








54 


20 






64 


21 






41 


22 






54 


23 








41 


24 








41 


25 








105 








1 


.90 


27 






77 








46 


29 




. 


54 








64 


31 


...1... 




64 



a Twelve-inch flashboards on from July 16 to December 31, 1904. 
3697— irr 198—07 7 



92 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Messalonshee Stream at Waterville — Continued. 



Day 



1905. 



Jan. 



11.. 
12... 
13.. 
14.. 
15.. 



432 
408 
432 
434 
432 

383 
395 
642 
482 
432 

432 
408 
'383 
408 
408 

383 
408 
422 
482 
472 

432 
432 
422 
434 

482 

472 

482 
482 
422 
434 
395 



Feb. 



395 
360 
251 
314 
360 

292 
292 
273 
301 
336 

348 
432 
360 
314 
336 

336 
360 
336 
432 
360 

336 
348 
360 
383 
336 

383 
360 
336 



Mar. 



383 
360 
336 
336 
472 

457 
533 
507 

577 
587 

559 
615 
482 
507 
432 

383 
432 
383 

587 
587 

533 

482 
507 
472 
482 

995 
870 
753 
811 
753 



Apr. 



587 
507 
533 

587 
533 
543 
577 
432 

472 

482 
457 
408 
383 

383 
408 
383 
422 
383 

432 
507 
408 



383 
395 
336 
336 
360 



May, 



336 
314 
292 
336 
251 

314 

212 
230 
251 
301 

260 
336 
336 
360 
383 

383 
432 
408 
432 
533 

314 

273 
251 
212 
212 

251 

212 
432 
383 
251 
314 



June. 



212 
251 
273 
212 
193 

230 
177 
212 
177 
159 

111 
144 
144 
149 
111 

144 
177 
212 
177 
212 

193 
183 
177 
193 
177 

177 
a 64 
54 
54 
26 



July, 



64 



90 
90 
90 
105 

90 
90 



118 
118 

90 
90 
118 
118 



149 



Aug. 



90 

90 
118 
118 
118 



118 
118 
90 
90 

90 

90 



90 
90 

90 
90 
118 
118 



Sept. 



118 
90 

90 
118 
64 

04 



90 
90 
118 

118 
118 

90 



90 
105 

fi4 



90 

118 
118 
105 
118 
118 



Oct. 



118 



118 
118 



118 

118 



118 

149 
118 
149 
149 

118 



134 
149 
134 

118 
149 
149 



149 
149 



Nov. 



118 



134 
149 



Dec. 



a Twelve-inch flashboards on from June 27 to November 4, 1905. Figures for discharge are probably 
unreliable after about June 1, owing to insufficient data. 

Monthly discharge of Messalonskee Stream at Waterville. 
[Drainage area, 205 square miles.] 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec. -ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1903. 
June 18-30 


212 
314 
231 
220 
94 
76 
306 

724 
899 
408 
314 
200 
218 
200 
126 
126 

642 
432 
995 
697 
533 
273 


118 
127 
89 
19 
36 
19 
17 

205 
292 
177 
64 
" 85 
64 
64 
64 
41 

383 
251 
336 
336 
212 
26 


167 

183 

163 

100 
67.1 
60.4 
89.2 

400 

609 

254 

194 

128 

105 

102 
97.7 
71.3 

438 
344 
544 
458 
316 
166 


0.815 
.893 
.795 
.488 
.327 
.295 
.435 

1.95 
2.97 
1.24 
.946 
.624 
.512 
.498 
.477 
.348 

2.14 
1.68 
2.65 
2.23 
1.54 
.810 


0.39 


July 


1.03 




.92 


September 


.54 




.38 




.33 


December 


.50 


1904. 
March 13-31 


1.38 


April 1-21.. . 


2.32 


June 8-30 


1.06 


July 


1.09 


August 


.72 


September 


.57 




.57 




.53 




.40 


1905. 


2.47 


February 


1.75 




3.06 




2.49 




1.78 




.90 







MEASUREMENTS OF STREAM FLOW. 93 

COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 

Cobbosseecontee Stream drains a group of lakes lying from 5 to 15 
miles west from Augusta. The largest of these, Cobbosseecontee 
Pond, has an area of 8.4 square miles, and the aggregate area of all 
the ponds is about 19 square miles. The Cobbosseecontee emp- 
ties into the Kennebec at Gardiner, about 6 miles below Augusta, 
and has a total drainage area of about 240 square miles. From 
the ordinary surface of Lake Maranacook, one of the upper lakes, 
to mean tide level at the mouth of the river the fall is 206 feet. 
In the lower three-fourths of a mile of the river there are seven dams, 
affording a total fall of about 128 feet. The uppermost of these dams 
is controlled by the Gardiner Water Power Company, the power being 
used to pump the Gardiner municipal water supply directly from the 
river. Records of the flow at this plant have been kept since 1890. 

The dam is of stone masonry, with a timber apron at the toe. The 
downstream face has an approximate slope of 1 horizontal to 4 verti- 
cal. The crest is horizontal and is about 6 feet wide. The upstream 
slope is about 1 vertical to 8 horizontal. The total length of the dam 
is about 100 feet, and flashboards 4.5 feet high are maintained con- 
tinuously. The total head obtained is about 10 feet. The head-bay 
entrance is on the right bank, and from this runs a wooden penstock 
in which is placed a 39-inch Hercules wheel. In the head bay there is 
also a gatehouse with two gates which are kept partially open most of 
the time to regulate the proper flow down the river. 

The records of flow are made up by considering (1) the flow over the 
dam, which is nothing except usually for a short time in the spring; 
(2) the flow through the sluice gates, which is regulated by means of 
tables drawn up for the company by Hiram F. Mills, C. E., showing 
the discharge through the two gates for different pond levels, the prac- 
tical application of this method being to obtain a given flow at any 
time by setting these gates at the required gate opening, the flow 
through the wheel being taken into account; (3) the amount of water 
flowing through the 39-inch wheel, which is ascertained from this gate 
opening and pond level by means of a table also provided for this pur- 
pose by Mr. Mills. The water that is pumped for the Gardiner supply 
is neglected in computations, being but a small percentage of the flow. 
It is also assumed that the tail water level remains constant. The 
leakage by the dam was measured during 1905 and found to be 10 sec- 
ond-feet, and correction made accordingly. No correction for leakage 
has been made previous to 1905. On Sundays and legal holidays 
gates are closed and no water is allowed to run unless the lake is full. 
The flow during low-water periods of certain years before 1899 has 
not been previously estimated, although a record of pond level and 
of flow through the wheel was kept for these times. In the accompa- 
nying revised estimates the flow during these periods has been com- 



94 



WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN-. 



puted. Under such conditions the pond level was below the top 
of the sluice gates and the discharge has been based on the formula 

3 

(2 = 2.70 b IP ,b being corrected for four end contractions by sub- 
tracting 0.4 H. 

It is considered that the values of flow at this point are ordinarily 
correct within 5 per cent. The very low water values may be in error 
as much as 10 per cent or more. 

These records have been furnished the Survey by S. D. Warren & 
Co., through their engineer, A. H. Twombley, up to 1905, and since 
that time through Joseph A. Warren. 

The Cobbosseecontee is a most remarkable example of the regu- 
larity* of flow that can be obtained with proper storage. 

Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1890. 
1 














300 
300 
300 

306 

326 
356 
374 
374 
340 

314 
306 
156 
300 
300 

300 
300 

"290" 

290 
290 
290 
290 
290 

290 

290 
290 
290 
290 

300 

300 

300 





300 
300 
300 
300 
300 

300 

290 
290 
290 


290 
290 

290 
290 

290 
290 
290 
290 


290 
290 
290 
290 
290 

290 

290 
290 
290 

290 
290 
290 
34 
290 

290 
290 
290 
290 
290 


290 

285 
285 
285 

285 
290 
290 

285 

285 
285 
285 
285 
285 


290 
290 
290 
290 
290 

290 

290 
290 
290 

290 
290 
290 

290 

290 
290 
290 
290 
290 

290 
290 
290 
290 
290 

290 
290 

290 
290 

285 
285 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
270 

270 
270 


290 
290 
290 
290 


290 
290 
300 
300 
300 

300 

300 
300 
300 

300 
300 
300 

300 

300 
300 
300 
337 
337 

337 
345 
345 
349 
379 
393 

260 
260 
260 

260 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 

250 


393 
379 
379 
379 

368 

357 
347 
347 
333 
333 

326 
300 
300 
300 
300 


300 
379 
445 
431 

418 
405 
393 
379 
308 

357 
347 
337 
337 
300 


98 
108 
108 
112 

112 
97 


107 
86 

76 
80 
80 
80 


300 


2 














300 


3 














300 


4 














300 
















300 


6 














300 


7 


i 













8 












300 


9. 












300 


10. 












300 


11. . 














300 


12.. 














300 


13 














300 


14 

















15 














300 


16 












340 
356 
356 
356 
340 

326 

300 
300 
306 

314 
314 
306 

300 


300 


17. 












300 


18... 












300 


19... 












300 


20 












300 


21 















22 












300 


23. 












300 


24... 












300 


25 















20 












290 


27 












290 


28 















29 












290 


30 












290 


31 












290 


1891. 
1 


290 

290 

290 



290 

290 
290 
290 
290 
290 


300 


850 
780 
713 
713 
082 

020 
590 

"'373' 
435 

458 
458 


839 
774 
713 
653 
594 

507 
540 
540 
515 
540 

743 

807 

807 

1,801 

1,753 


2,169 
2,114 
2,059 
2,059 
2,059 

1,940 
1,836 
1,782 
1,598 
1,567 

1,495 
1,514 
1,514 
1,365 
1,223 


300 
300 

300 
300 

300 
300 
300 
300 


300 
300 
300 
300 
300 


300 
300 
300 
300 
300 

300 

300 
300 
300 

300 
300 
300 

300 


177 


2 


210 


3 


138 


4 


123 


5 


138 


6 





7 


220 


8 


220 


9 


220 


10. . 


172 


11 


172 


12. . 


166 


13 


300 1 458 
300 548 
300 1 529 





14 


189 


15 


250 1 


166 



FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 



95 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- 

Continued. 



Jan. 



Feb. 



Mar. 



Apr. 



May. 



June. 



July. 



Aug. 



Sept. 


Oct. 


270 


250 


270 


250 


270 





270 


220 





220 


270 


220 


270 


220 


270 


220 


260 


220 


260 





260 


220 





166 


260 


139 


260 


134 


260 


134 




108 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 







280 


68 





63 


250 





250 


270 


250 


199 


220 


205 


192 


201 


183 


205 





270 


220 





220 


270 


220 


270 


220 


270 


174 


270 


170 


199 





188 


220 





220 


270 


220 


270 


185 


270 


165 



Nov. 



300 
300 
300 
300 
300 

300 

300 

503 

1,120 

1,100 

1,063 
1,063 
1,063 
1,063 
1,079 
1,001 



220 
220 

220 
250 

250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 
270 

270 

270 
270 
276 

276 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 
270 





280 

2S0 
2S0 
280 

2S0 

2S0 



280 
280 



280 
2S0 



280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



602 
574 
516 
516 

483 
483 
363 
363 
393 

620 
942 
907 



270 
270 
270 
2S0 
280 

2S0 


280 
280 
280 

280 
2S0 
280 

280 



280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 



280 

280 



280 



280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 


280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 



1,573 
1,364 
1,286 
1,241 
1,204 

1,167 
1,531 
2,199 
2,365 
2,365 

2,585 
2,531 
2,344 
2,344 
2,344 
2,295 



280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
509 
620 

620 
535 
509 
458 
435 



1,270 
1,318 
1,318 
1,318 
1,318 

1,273 

1,050 

1,013 

300 

300 

314 
306 
306 
300 
300 



280 
280 

280 
280 

294 
294 
294 



306 
294 
280 
280 





280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
2S0 

280 



535 
314 
300 
300 
300 

300 
300 
300 

300 

314 
481 
682 
650 
650 

1,040 

1.079 

1,001 

962 

925 



300 

300 
300 
306 

314 

316 

300 



300 

300 
300 
300 
300 
300 




280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 

280 



280 



280 
2S0 
280 
280 
280 



435 
458 
509 
596 
1,079 

1,295 

1,179 

985 

713 

620 

590 
562 
562 
887 
1,262 

1,354 
1,552 
2,680 
2,481 
2,002 



300 
300 
300 
300 
300 


300 
300 
300 
300 

300 
300 

300 
300 



280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 



280 

280 



280 

280 





280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 

280 



300 
300 
300 

300 

300 
300 
300 
300 
300 


280 
280 
280 
280 



280 




290 

290 

290 





290 
290 
290 
290 
290 


290 
290 
290 
290 
290 



280 

280 





280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 









280 
280 



280 
280 





280 



280 
280 
280 



280 


280 


280 

280 

280 

280 





280 
280 



280 


280 
280 
280 
280 




285 
285 
285 
285 

285 
285 

285 
285 

285 
285 
285 
285 

285 



280 



280 



280 




280 

280 
280 
280 

280 



280 
280 
280 
2S0 



280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 

280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
270 
270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 
270 
270 




107 
99 
90 
90 



92 



157 

146 



201 



280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 



280 



280 

280 

280 



280 
280 
280 

280 

280 




280 



250 
250 
250 
250 


220 

220 
220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 

220 
220 
220 

220 



96 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- 
Continued. 



Day. 



1893. 



1894. 



1895. 



Jan. 



280 




280 



280 
280 

280 
280 



220 
220 
220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 

220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 
220 
220 


220 
220 
220 
220 

220 
220 

220 
220 
220 



250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 
250 



Feb. 



280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 



220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 
220 
220 


220 
220 
220 
220 

220 
220 

220 
220 

220 
220 
220 
220 


220 
220 
220 



Mar. 



250 
250 

220 
220 

220 
220 
220 
220 


220 
220 
220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 

220 
220 
220 

220 



393 
393 
356 
356 
356 

458 
590 
620 
562 
780 
620 



220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 
220 
220 


276 
483 
483 
426 

426 
410 
405 
405 
630 

900 
887 
692 
306 
14 

314 

314 
314 
300 
300 









220 

220 

220 
220 


220 



220 
220 
220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 

220 
220 
220 

220 



Apr. 



887 
962 
962 
925 
780 

713 

620 
650 
020 
393 



314 
314 
306 
306 

306 
306 
26 
326 
314 

314 
314 
314 
314 




430 
430 
430 
314 
314 

314 
26 

326 
314 
314 

300 

300 

300 



3(J0 



May. 



250 
250 
250 
250 
250 

250 

14 

343 

753 

2,619 

1,301 

1,384 

300 

74 

2,603 

2,461 
1,698 
1,609 
1,400 
1,271 

480 
664 
358 
385 
385 



1,900 
1,752 
1,660 
1,428 
1,052 

562 
326 
326 
326 
326 
307 



300 
300 
300 
280 
280 



June. 



280 
2S0 
280 
280 




280 
280 
280 



925 
889 
674 
326 
326 






326 


280 


326 


280 


326 


280 


326 


280 


200 


280 


326 


280 


314 





300 


280 


■ 300 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


326 


280 


523 


280 


499 


280 


370 


280 


523 


280 


862 




385 


280 


318 





300 


280 


290 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 



July. 



280 
280 

280 
280 



280 
280 




280 




280 
280 


280 

280 
280 

280 
280 



280 

280 

280 





2S0 


280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 



280 
280 
280 

280 




280 
280 
280 



280 

280 



2NO 



280 
280 
280 



280 



Aug. 



270 
270 
270 
270 
270 

270 


270 
270 
270 
270 



280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 




280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 



280 

280 

280 



280 

280 

280 





280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


270 
270 
270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 

270 

270 

270 

270 





Sept. 



270 
195 
195 

250 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 







280 

280 

280 
270 
270 

270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 
270 
270 




Oct. 




270 
270 
270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
250 

250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 
161 

155 

220 
220 
220 



144 


174 
149 
250 

250 
250 
250 

250 
250 



270 
250 
250 
250 
250 

250 

250 
250 
250 

250 
250 
250 

250 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 
250 



Nov. 



220 
220 
220 
220 
220 


220 
220 
220 



250 
250 
250 

250 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 

250 

250 

250 

250 



250 
250 
250 

250 



220 


113 


220 


144 


220 








177 





146 





128 


220 


113 


164 


102 


131 


93 


110 





106 


161 


95 


152 





137 


150 


127 


118 


112 


108 


181 


108 





103 


220 


97 


220 





220 


130 


220 


99 


220 


99 


220 


94 





90 


220 1 



FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 



97 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- 
Continued. 




Apr. May. 



250 

250 
250 
250 

250 
250 
250 

250 



250 


zou 

250 


250 


250 


250 


250 








250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 








250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 


250 




280 
280 
280 
280 



300 
300 

300 
300 

300 

280 

280 

280 



280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

'280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 





280 


308 
024 
630 



June. 



650 


320 


650 


320 


650- 


320 


620 


74 


620 


373 


650 


393 


590 


393 


421 


393 


310 


. 


356 


489 


522 


244 


497 


509 


497 


833 


473 


769 


453 


739 


320 


' 709 


294 


391 


286 


6 


280 


280 


14 


280 



280 

280 



280 




280 
280 



280 
280 



■280 

280 



280 

280 
280 
280 
280 

280 



280 
280 



280 
280 

280 
280 



July 



600 
477- 
573 
523 
477 

262 
336 
336 
320 
320 

512 
559 
679 
679 
436 

354 

320 
294 
286 



286 
436 
654 
365 
294 



280 
280 

280 
280 
280 



280 

280 

280 





280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
260 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 

100 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 



Aug. 



270 
270 
270 
270 
270 
270 



280 

280 
280 
270 

270 
270 
270 

270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 



270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

270 



270 

270 

270 

270 
270 
270 

250 





280 

280 
280 
280 

2S0 

280 



280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 




280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 


280 


280 


280 





280 



Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


220 


85 


220 


220 





220 


220 


112 








88 


220 


220 


88 

88 


220 


250 


250 





250 


250 


220 


250 


250 


220 


250 





220 


250 


250 


220 





250 


220 


250 


250 


220 


250 


250 





250 


250 


220 


250 


250 


220 


250 





220 


250 


250 


220 





250 


220 


250 


220 


220 


270 


220 





270 


220 


220 


270 


220 


220 


250 





250 


250 


220 


250 





220 


250 


250 


220 


250 


250 


220 





250 


220 


250 


250 


220 


250 


250 





250 


250 


220 








220 


250 


250 


220 


250 


250 


220 





250 


220 

220 


250 


280 


280 


270 


280 


280 


270 


280 





270 


280 


280 


270 





280 


270 


280 


280 


270 


280 


280 





280 


280 


270 


280 


280 


270 


280 





270 


280 


280 


270 





280 


• 270 


280 


280 


270 


280 


270 





280 


157 


270 


280 


121 


270 


280 





270 


280 


174 


270 





163 


270 


280 


152 


270 


280 


136 





280 


174 


270 


280 


185 


270 


280 





270 


280 


270 


270 



98 



WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- 

Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec 


1897. 
26... 


250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 

280 


270 
270 

. 270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 

270 
270 
270 

270 
270 


250 

250 



280 
280 
280 
280 

280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

300 
300 
300 
300 
300 

328 
328 
333 
445 
504 

477 
435 
433 

270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 

270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 
270 


270 

270 


250 
250 

250 
250 
306 

413 
394 
443 
408 
408 

387 
466 
529 
503 

474 

456 
559 
597 
821 
1,148 

1,111 

1,039 

969 

969 

1,016 

1,222 
1,184 
1,147 
1,222 
1,261 

1,222 
1,125 
1,147 
1,184 
1,147 
1,147 

270 
270 
270 
270 



270 
270 
270 

270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 

270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
280 
280 
280 


286 
280 
286 
286 
280 

"i,'6i6" 

1,038 
1,038 

1,038 
1,038 
1,038 
1,038 
1,003 

584 
531 
326 
326 
334 

376 
413 
433 
433 
433 

433 
433 
433 
433 

555 

732 
682 

478 
478 
620 

300 
306 
306 
306 

359 

373 
395 
502 
842 
1,198 

1,262 
984 

772 
809 
809 

787 

947 

1,243 

1,387 

1,427 

1,403 
1,331 
1,145 
1,130 
870 

669 
635 
470 
324 



280 
280 
320 
19 
914 
772 

478 
478 
478 
455 
455 

433 
433 
273 
333 
333 

314 
300 
300 
300 


300 
300 
300 
300 
300 

300 

300 
300 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

300 
300 
300 
300 
300 

300 

300 
300 
300 

300 
300 
300 

290 

290 
290 
290 
290 
290 



280 

20 

280 

280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 


286 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 



19 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 



280 

19 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 

280 


280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

270 
270 
270 
270 

270 


270 
270 
270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 
270 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 



280 
280 
280 
280 

270 
270 
270 

250 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 

250 

250 



250 

250 

250 
184 
183 
188 


250 
250 
250 
250 
250 

270 
270 

270 
250 

250 
250 
250 
186 


250 
250 
250 
168 

157 

146 

250 
135 
134 

134 
139 
134 

220 

150 
135 
125 
105 
109 


270 
270 
270 
270 
270 


166 

237 
166 
149 

138 
133 
119 

135 

126 
116 
110 
106 
106 


188 
130 
110 
110 

110 
114 

220 
220 

220 
220 
250 
250 

250 


146 
136 
125 

110 

102 
83 


110 
99 

110 
110 
110 
110 


120 
105 

94 
101 

96 

87 

64 
65 
65 

65 
65 
74 

160 
160 


270 
270 

270 
270 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 

250 

250 

250 
250 
250 

160 
180 
180 
170 


180 
175 
170 
170 
150 

150 

150 
150 
140 

130 
130 
130 

160 

170 
180 
180 
180 
180 


170 
165 
150 




o 


27... 


280 


28... 


280 


29.... 


280 


30 


280 


31.... 


280 


1898. 
1. 


250 


2. . 


250 


3 


250 


4 





5. 


270 


6 


270 


7 


270 


8 


270 


9 


270 


10 


270 


11 





12 


270 


13 


270 


14 


270 


15 


270 


16 


270 


17 


270 


18 





19 


270 


20 


270 


21 


270 


22.. 


270 


23 


270 


24 


270 


25 





26 


270 


27 


270 


28 


270 


29 


270 


30.. 


270 


31 


270 


1899. 
1 


160 


2 


160 


3... . 





4. ... 


180 


5 


180 


6 


180 


7 


170 


8 


150 


9 


135 


10 





11 


120 


12 , 

13 


120 
120 


14 


120 


15 


120 


16 


140 


17 





18 


140 


19 


135 


20 


135 


21 


135 


22 


135 


23 


135 


24. .. 





25 





26 


150 


27 

28 

29. 


150 
140 
140 


30 

31 


140 




PLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 



99 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- 
Continued. 



Day. 



Jan. 



Feb. 



Mar. 



Apr. 



May. 



June. 



July. 


Aug 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 





260 


260 


230 


180 


280 


260 





220 


165 


280 


260 


260 


190 


140 





260 


260 


175 





280 





240 


175 


130 


280 


260 


240 


150 


130 


280 


260 


240 





130 





260 


240 


160 


130 


280 


260 





175 


200 


280 


260 


240 


180 


220 


280 


260 


240 


190 





280 





240 


220 


220 


280 


260 


235 


220 


220 


280 


260 


230 





220 





260 


230 


220 


220 


280 


260 





220 


220 


280 


260 


250 


220 


220 


280 


260 


250 


220 





280 





250 


220 


220 


280 


260 


250 


220 


220 


280 


275 


245 





220 





275 


250 


220 


220 


280 


275 





220 


220 


280 


275 


250 


220 


220 


270 


275 


250 


220 





260 





250 


220 


220 


260 


275 


250 


220 


220 


260 


275 


245 





220 





275 


230 


220 


220 


260 


260 





220 


220 


260 


260 




200 




280 


280 





270 


250 


280 


280 


280 


270 


250 


280 


280 


280 


250 











280 


250 


250 


280 


280 


280 


250 


250 


280 


280 


280 





250 





280 


280 


250- 


250 


280 


280 





250 


250 


280 


280 


280 


250 


250 


280 


280 


280 


250 





280 





280 


250 


250 


280 


280 


280 


250 


250 


280 


280 


280 





250 





280 


270 


250 


250 


280 


280 





250 


250 


280 


280 


270 


250 


250 


280 


280 


270 


250 





280 





270 


250 


250 


280 


280 


270 


250 


250 


280 


280 


270 





250 





280 


270 


250 


250 


280 


280 





250 


250 


280 


280 


270 


250 


250 


280 


. 280 


270 


250 





280 





270 


250 


250 


280 


280 


270 


250 


250 


280 


280 


270 





220 





280 


270 


250 





280 


280 





250 


220 


280 


280 


270 


250 


220 


280 


280 




250 




280 


280 


280 


280 


270 


280 


280 


280 


280 





280 





280 


280 


270 


20 


280 


280 


280 


270 


21 


280 


280 





270 



1900. 



1901. 



1902. 



130 
130 
130 
125 
125 

125 

130 
110 
100 

90 
90 
90 

100 

95 
90 
90 
SO 

90 


140 
160 
200 
200 

200 
200 

220 
220 
220 



240 
240 
250 
250 
250 



250 
250 
250 
250 

240 
240 

220 
220 

220 
220 
220 
220 


220 
220 
220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 
220 



500 
348 
294 
280 




220 
220 
220 

220 

220 
220 
220 





220 

220 

2,194 

1,573 

1,283 
856 
562 
425 
294 

270 
270 
270 
270 




564 
662 
776 



220 
220 

220 
220 

220 
220 
220 
220 


200 
200 
200 
200 
ISO 

180 

125 
125 
125 

125 
125 
125 

125 

125 
120 
120 



815 
1,463 
2,316 
2,055 
1,911 

1,622 
1,481 
1,295 
1,155 
1, 155 

1,153 

1,116 

1,037 

999 

999 



1,615 
1,611 
1,473 
1,518 



1,334 

1,289 
1,206 
1,206 
1,105 
1,015 
925 



120 
120 

120 
120 

120 
120 
120 
120 


130 
170 
200 
220 
220 

220 


220 
220 
220 

220 

250 

250 



276 

524 
919 
1,404 
1,262 
824 
569 



2,400 
2,400 
2,222 
1,702 
1,583 



776 
495 
417 
656 
977 

907 
1,087 
1,379 
1,380 
1.342 

1,297 
1,297 
1,297 
1,297 
1,297 

1,213 
1,105 
1,072 
1,260 
1,380 

1,338 
1,260 
1,223 
1,223 
1,182 



570 

377 



300 



535 

439 

646 

1,439 

2,118 

2,343 
2,089 
3,111 
3,205 
3,050 

2,872 
2,649 
2,580 
2,534 
2,339 

2,213 
2,089 
2,034 



1,921 
1,756 

1,143 
999 
1,194 
1,296 
1,194 

1,046 
907 

1,109 
985 
260 



300 
300 
300 
413 
803 

934 
831 
606 
456 
413 

348 
300 

300 
300 

300 
300 
300 
300 

585 

704 

998 

1,325 

1,422 

1,301 

1,016 
456 
357 
300 
300 
300 



260 
260 
260 
260 


260 
260 
280 
280 
280 



1,803 
1,748 
1,593 
1,540 
1,390 



280 



280 

280 



280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

26 



354 
393 
483 



713 
713 
650 
566 

514 



300 
300 

300 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 



280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



510 
483 
439 
303 
303 

304 
300 
300 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 





280 

280 



100 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — 

Continued. 



Day. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1902. 
6 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 

280 

1,642 

1,446 

1,097 

924 
752 
776 
719 
479 
479 

250 
250 
250 

250 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 

250 
250 
250 
250 


270 
270 
270 
270 
270 
270 

200 
200 

o 

200 
200 

200 
200 
200 
200 



280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 


270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
270 
280 
280 

280 
14 
367 
450 
519 

776 
515 
489 

...... 

180 
180 
180 
180 
180 

180 

160 
160 
160 


1,370 

1,165 

1,017 

878 

878 

1,065 
1,114 
1,214 
1,267 
1,017 

746 

833 

1,423 

1,267 

1,531 

1,765 
1,702 
1,583 
1,478 
1,370 

1,267 
1,165 
1,017 
789 
1,531 
1,531 

1,011 

1,011 

768 

663 

637 

564 

587 

848 

1,259 

1,815 

3,243 
3,275 
3,235 
3,216 
2,585 

2,497 
2,231 
1,976 
1,779 
1,479 

1,479 
1,479 
1,499 
1,722 
1,623 

1,066 
1,110 
1,136 
1,111 
886 
906 

100 
160 
160 
200 
200 


220 
250 
250 

280 


1,071 

848 
280 
280 
354 

705 
819 
927 
900 

705 

584 
531 
465" 
438- 
438 

415 
369 
369 
345 
313 

313 
94 
367 
367 
350 

1,085 

1,054 

803 

846 

735 

735 
750 
645 
712 
712 

687 

300 
300 
300 

300 
300 
300 
26 
326 

314 
306 
306 
300 
300 


300 
3 
300 
300 

280 
280 

280 
280 

286 
306 
286 
320 
532 


465 
415 
393 
373 
306 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 



280 

. 280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


2,747 

2,497 

1,859 

725 

351 

283 
280 
393 
500 
956 


. 280 

280 



280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280" 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 

280 





280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 

30 

29 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 


f80 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
" 280 


280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

265 
265 
265 
265 
265 

265 

265 
265 
265 


280 

280 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 


280 
280 
280 
280 

280 
280 

280 
280 

270 
270 
270 
270 

270 





270 

270 

270 

270 
270 

270 
270 

270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
250 
250 
250 

250 



250 

250 

• 250 

265 
265 
265 

265 

265 
265 
265 
265 
265 


280 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 

280 
280 
280 

270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 

270 


270 
270 
270 
270 
270 

250 
250 
250 

250 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


250 
250 
250 
250 

250 
250 

220 
220 

220 
220 
220 
220 


220 
220 
220 
220 
220 
220 

265 

265 
265 
265 

265 
265 
265 

265 


270 

270 

270 



270 

270 
270 
270 
270 
270 


270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

270 



270 

270 

270 
270 
270 
270 



220 
220 
220 
220 

220 
210 

210 
190 

125 
130 
130 
130 


130 
130 
130 
130 
130 

130 

130 
130 
130 


130 
130 


130 

250 
250 
250 
250 
250 


220 
220 
220 
220 


270 


7 





8... 


270 


9 


270 


10 


250 


11 


250 


12: 


250 


13 


250 


14 





15 


250 


16 


250 


17 


250 


18 


250 


19 


250 


20 


250 


21 





22. 


250 


23... 


256 


24... 


276 


25.... 


40 


26 


290 


27... 


264 


28.... 


264 


29. . . . 


256 


30 


250 


31 


250 


1903. 
1 


130 


2 


140 


3 


140 


4 


140 


5 


140 


6 





7 


140 


8 


120 


9.'... 


115 


10 


125 


11 


115 


12 


115 


13 





14 


150 


15 


150 


16 


140 


17.... 


145 


18 


145 


19 


145 


20 





21 


220 


22 


200 


23 


200 


24 


200 


25 





26 


200 


27 





28 


200 


29 


200 


30. . . . 


200 


31 


200 


1904. 
1 


220 


2 


220 


3 


220 


4... 





5 


320 


6 


220 


7 


220 


8 


220 


9 


220 


10 


220 



FLOW OF COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 



101 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner- 

Continued. 



Jan. Feb 



10 

115 
115 

115 
115 

115 

115 

10 

160 

160 

160 
160 
160 
160 
10 

160 
160 

160 
160 
160 

160 
10 
160 
160 
160 

160 
160 
160 
20 
160 
160 



160 
160 
160 

160 

160 

160 
130 
125 
125 



120 
135 
150 
160 

160 

160 



160 



160 
160 
160 
160 
30 

160 

160 
160 
160 
160 

160 
20 
160 
160 
160 

160 
160 
160 
25 
160 

160 
160 

160 
160 
160 

20 
160 
160 



Mar. 



290 
280 
186 
280 
280 

280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 
337 

494 
649 
564 
529 
329 



160 
150 
140 
140 
60 

130 
130 
125 
115 
120 

125 
35 
125 
115 
110 

105 
105 
100 
20 
160 

170 
200 
210 
210 
210 

10 

260 
260 
2S6 
4S4 
591 



260 
260 
260 
10 
270 

265 
270 
270 
270 
270 



Apr. 



618 
497 
399 
270 
276 

276 
270 
270 
270 
250 

372 
462 
421 
250 
331 

331 

405 

565 

2,652 

2,747 



565 
605 
453 
330 
340 

568 
882 
703 
530 
400 

290 
290 
290 
290 
290 

113 

290 
290 
290 
290 

290 
290 
10 
290 
290 

290 
290 
280 
280 
10 



10 

270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

270 

10 

270 
270 



May 



1,406 
2,129 
1,699 
1,105 
362 



537 
670 



699 



699 
634 



415 
300 



280 
280 



2S0 



280 
280 
280 
280 

285 

285 
10 

285 
285 
285 

285 

285 

285 

10 

285 

285 
285 
285 
285 
285 

10 
285 

285 
285 
285 

285 

285 

10 

285 
10 

285 



795 
722 
724 
724 
592 

294 
300 
592 
567 
545 



June. 



280 



280 



280 



280 

280 



280 

280 
280 
280 
280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 



2S5 
2S5 
2S5 
10 
2S5 

285 
280 
280 
280 
2S0 

10 
280 
280 
280 
280 

280 



280 



280 
280 



280 
280 
280 
280 



1,100 
1,080 
1,020 



510 

630 
645 
620 
610 



July. Aug 



280 
280 
280 
280 

280 



280 

280 



265 
265 
265 

265 

265 
265 
265 
265 
265 



280 
10 
280 
145 
135 

260 
260 
260 
10 
260 

260 
260 
260 
260 
260 

10 
260 
260 
260 
260 

260 
260 
10 
260 
260 

260 
260 
260 
260 
10 
260 



440 
600 
670 
660 
360 

300 
285 
10 
2S0 
275 



265 
265 

265 



265 

265 
265 
265 
265 
265 


265 
265 
265 
265 

265 
265 

265 
265 
265 



260 
260 
260 
260 
260 

10 
260 
260 
260 
260 

260 
260 
10 
260 
260 

260 
260 
260 
260 
10 

260 
260 
260 
260 
260 

260 
10 
220 
220 
220 
220 



735 
780 
380 
300 
10 

290 

290 
290 
285 
2s5 



Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 





250 


220 


265 


250 


220 


265 


250 





265 


250 


220 


265 


250 


220 


265 





220 


265 


250 


220 





250 


220 


265 


250 


220 


265 


250 





265 


250 


220 


265 


250 


220 


265 





220 


265 


250 








250 


220 


265 


250 


220 


265 


250 





265 


250 


220 


265 


250 


220 





200 
250 


220 


220 


10 


115 


220 


220 


115 


10 


220 


115 


220 


220 


115 


220 


220 


10 


220 


220 


180 ! 


220 


220 


180 


220 


10 


180 


220 


220 


180 ! 


10 


220 


180 


220 


220 


180 


220 


220 


10 


220 


220 


180 ! 


220 


220 


180 i 


220 


10 


iso ; 


220 


220 


180 ! 


10 


220 


180 


220 


220 


180 


220 


220 


10 


220 


220 


ISO 


220 


220 


180 


220 


10 


180 


220 


220 


180 


10 


220 


ISO 


220 


210 


ISO 


220 


190 


10 


220 


170 


ISO 


220 


160 


180 | 


220 


10 


180 


220 


115 
115 


10 


285 


280 


280 


10 


280 


280 


285 


280 


280 | 


285 


280 


10 


285 


280 


280 


285 


280 


2S0 


285 


10 


280 


285 


2S0 


280 


10 


280 


280 


290 


280 


280 



« Leakage of dam during 1905 taken at 10 second-feet, as determined by measurements during 1905. 
& Leakage of dam during 1906 taken at 10 second-feet as determined by measurements during 1905. 



102 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN; 



Daily discharge, in second-feet, of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — 

Continued. 



Day. 



Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


195 


10 


10 


610 


535 


585 


275 


285 


290 


280 


10 


195 


265 


270 


625 


381 


460 


275 


10 


290 


280 


280 


195 


265 


270 


625 


320 


350 


275 


285 


290 


280 


280 


10 


265 


270 


625 


290 


346 


275 


285 


290 


10 


280 


210 


265 


270 


625 


290 


310 


10 


285 


290 


280 


280 


210 


265 


270 


1,010 


290 


290 


275 


285 


10 


280 


280 


210 


280 


270 


1,049 


285 


16 


275 


285 


290 


280 


280 


210 


10 


10 


757 


280 


290 


275 


285 


290 


280 


10 


210 


280 


270 


516 


280 


290 


275 


10 


290 


280 


280 


210 


280 


270 


547 


10 


280 


275 


285 


290 


280 


280 


10 


280 


270 


677 


280 


280 


275 


290 


290 


10 


280 


210 


280 


270 


800 


280 


280 


10 


290 


290 


280 


280 


210 


280 


270 


800 


280 


280 


275 


290 


10 


280 


280 


303 


270 


270 


800 


280 


260 


720 


290 


280 


280 


280 


303 


10 


10 


1,040 


275 


985 


910 


290 


280 


280 


10 


284 


260 


270 


1,026 


275 


1,280 


880 


10 


280 


280 


280 


284 


260 


270 


1,051 


10 


1,160 


760 


290 


280 


280 


275 


250 


260 


270 


1,061 


310 


980 


450 


290 


280 


10 


275 


236 




270 


1,000 


717 


310 


15 


285 


280 


280 


160 


216 




270 


867 


970 


324 


400 


285 


10 


280 


275 


210 




270 




1,110 




640 


285 




280 





Dec. 



1906 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 



275 
275 
275 
270 
270 

10 
270 
270 
270 
270 

270 

270 
10 

270 
10 

270 
270 
270 
270 
10 
270 



Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam. at Gardiner. 
[Drainage area, 240 square miles]. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec. -ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1890. 
June 16-30 


356 
374 
290 
290 
393 
445 
300 











281 
281 
244 
261 
283 
345 
250 


1.17 
1.17 
1.02 
1.09 
1.18 
1.44 
1.04 


0.65 


July (29 days) 


a 1.35 


August 


1.18 


September 


1.22 


October 


1.36 


November 


1.61 


December 


1.20 






1891. 
January 


1,120 
942 
2,585 
2,169 
316 
300 
300 
290 
285 
260 
201 
220 




515 
300 










483 

556 
1,385 
1,277 

253 

260 

246 

240 

236 

194 
80.3 

147 


2.01 
2.32 
5.77 
5.32 
1.05 
1.08 
1.02 
1.00 
.983 
.808 
.335 
.612 


2.32 


February 


2.42 


March 


6.65 


April 


5.94 


May 


1.21 


June 


1.20 


July 


1.18 




1.15 




1.10 


October 


.93 


November 


.37 


December 


.71 






The year 


2,585 





446 


1.86 


25.18 


1892. 


276 
280 
280 
306 
280 
280 
280 
280 
280 
280 
280 
280 
















216 
240 
244 
246 
253 
233 
181 
244 
243 
235 
233 
244 


.900 
1.00 
1.0? 
1.02 
1.05 
.971 
.754 
1.02 
1.01 
.979 
.971 
1.02 


1.04 




1.08 


March 


1.18 




1.14 




1.21 




1.08 


July 


.87 




1.18 




1.13 


October 


1.13 




1.08 


December 


1.18 














.98 


13.30 













» For thirty-one days. 



FLOW OP COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 103 

Monthly discharge of Cobbosseccontee Stream, at reservoir dam at Gardiner— Continued. 



Month. 



1S93. 



January.. . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. 



The year. 



1894. 



January . . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year. 



1895. 



January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year. 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. 



The vear. 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May (30 days) 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



1897. 



The year. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



280 

' 280 

780 

1,079 

2,680 

300 

280 

280 

• 270 

250 

250 

220 



220 
220 
900 
430 
862 
925 
280 
280 
280 
270 
250 
250 



250 
•250 
220 
2,619 
385 
280 
280 
280 
270 
220 
220 
343 



451 
280 
2,698 
1.236 
300 
280 
280 
280 
270 
250 
250 
250 



2,698 



250 
550 
306 
650 
914 
679 
2S0 
2S0 
2S0 
280 
270 
2S0 


















235 
250 
395 
608 
1,025 
249 
226 
237 
197 
179 
187 
177 



330 



192 
189 
341 
273 
304 
327 
226 
244 
217 
218 
208 
202 



218 
183 
163 
773 
240 
233 
235 
238 
200 
101 
144 



232 
235 
1,101 
812 
229 
243 
235 
227 
219 
202 
186 
210 



34 1 



210 

225 
220 
438 
411 
384 
238 
235 
243 
201 
234 
231 



Runoff. 



Sec.-ft. per Depth in 
sq. mile. inches. 



0.979 
1.04 
1.65 
2.53 
4.27 
1.04 
.912 
.988 
.821 
.746 
.779 
.738 



1.38 



.788 
1.42 
1.14 
1.27 
1.36 
.942 
1.02 
.904 
.908 
.867 
.842 



1.02 



.762 
.679 
.322 
1.00 
.971 
.979 
.992 
.833 
.421 
.600 
.775 



.967 

.979 

4.59 

3.38 

.954 

1.01 

.979 

.946 

.912 

.842 

.775 

.875 



1.43 



.875 
.938 
.917 
1.82 
1.71 
1.60 
.992 
.979 
1.01 
.838 
.975 
.962 



1.15 



a For 30 days 



104 



WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, 



Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — Continued. 



Month. 



Discharge in second-feet. 



Maximum. Minimum. Mean 



Run-off. 



Sec.-ft.per Depth in 
sq. miie. inches. 



1S98. 



January 

February 

March 

April (28 days) 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



The year . 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year. 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year . 



January... 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 
October . . . 
November. 
December. 



1900. 



The year. 



1902. 



January . . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May. . 

June 

July , 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year. 



280 
504 
1,261 
1,038 
478 
280 
280 
280 
270 
250 
250 
270 



270 
270 
280 
1,427 
300 
280 



270 
160 



180 



1,427 



220 

2,194 

2,316 

1,380 

1,422 

300 

280 

275 

260 

230 

220 

240 



2,316 



250 

220 

1,404 

3.205 

483 

510 

280 

. 280 

280 

270 

250 

2,700 



3,205 



1,6*2 

463 

2/00 

1,803 

713 

280 



280 
280 
270 
290 



2,400 





387 












235 
301 
843 
590 
305 
243 
226 
239 
219 
200 
208 
233 



226 
231 
235 
776 
245 
243 
226 
239 
166 
86.2 
131 
116 



243 





815 












119 
453 
1,365 
964 
544 
245 
222 
230 
204 
180 
172 
187 



407 






260 











201 
149 
299 
l,^ 
254 
2 7 5 
235 
2*4 
229 
219 
205 
441 



374 






450 


280 


287 


746 


1,364 


94 


691 





336 





233 





227 





235 





2 3 





239 





2°5 





228 



396 



0.979 
1.25 
3.51 

2.46 



27 

01 

942 

996 

913 

833 

867 

971 



1.33 



.942 
.962 
.979 
3.23 
1.02 
1.01 
.942 
.996 
.692 
.359 
.546 
.483 



1.01 



.496 
1.89 
5.69 
4.02 
2.27 
1.02 
.925 
.958 
.850 
.750 
.717 
.779 



1.70 



.621 

1.25 

7.23 

1.06 

1.15 

.979 

1.02 

.954 

.912 

.854 

1.84 



1.56 



1.20 

5.68 

2.88 

1.40 

.9 7 1 

.9*6 

.979 

1.01 

.996 

.938 

.950 



1.65 



a For 30 days. 



FLOW OF COBBOSSEECOSTTEE STREAM AT GARDINER. 



105 



Monthly discharge of Cobbosseecontee Stream at reservoir dam at Gardiner — Continued. 





Discharge in second-feet. 


Run-off. 


Month. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Mean. 


Sec.-ft. per 
sq. mile. 


Depth in 
inches. 


1903. 


270 
776 
3,275 
1,085 
280 
280 
280 
270 
270 
250 
220 
220 




564 











222 
286 
1,571 
455 
235 
243 
235 
232 
220 
205 
126 
133 


0.925 
1.19 
6.55 
1.90 
.979 
1.01 
.979 
.967 
.917 
.854 
.525 
.554 


1 07 




1.24 




7 55 




2 12 




1.13 




1.13 


July 


1.13 




1.11 




1.02 




.98 




.59 




.64 








3,275 





347 


1.45 


19.71 






1904. 


200 
180 
649 
2,747 
2,747 
280 
280 
265 
265 
265 
250 
220 
















157 
136 
278 
493 
778 
243 
223 
231 
221 
220 
188 
136 


.654 
.567 
1.16 
2.05 
3.24 
1.01 
.929 
.962 
.921 
.917 
.783 
.567 


.75 




.61 




1.34 




2.29 




3.74 




1.13 


July 


1.07 




1.11 




1.03 




1.06 




.87 




.65 








2,747 





275 


1.15 


15.66 






1905. 


160 
160 
591 
882 
285 
285 
280 
260 
220 
220 
180 
195 


10 
20 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 


127 
141 
166 
347 
240 
245 
213 
223 
192 
175 
143 
158 


.529 
.588 
.692 
1.45 
1.00 
1.02 
.888 
.929 
.800 
.729 
.596 
.658 


.61 




.61 




.80 




1.62 




1.15 




1.14 


July 


1.02 




1.07 




.89 




-.84 




.66 




.76 








882 


10 


198 


.823 


11.18 






1906. 


303 

280 

270 

1,061 

1,110 

1,280 

910 

780 

290 

280 

280 

275 


10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
16 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 
10 


198 
236 
235 
.610 
436 
569 
377 
285 
240 
245 
240 
221 


.825 
.983 
.979 
2.54 
1.82 
2.37 
1.57 
1.19 
1.00 
1.02 
1.00 
.921 


.95 




1.02 




1.13 




2.83 




2.10 




2.64 


July 


1.81 




1.37 




1.12 




1.18 




1.12 




1.06 








1,280 


10 1 324 


1.35 


18.33 











106 



WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN,. 



RELATION OF EUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 



KENNEBEC RIVER AT WATERVILLE. 

From the table of average precipitation on the Kennebec drainage 
basin (p. 22), and that of mean monthly mn-ofT (pp. 57-59), the 
following table has been prepared, covering the run-off and precipita- 
tion for the period 1893 to 1905, inclusive. The gage heights kept of 
Moosehead Lake level enable a correction to be made for the amount 
of water stored in the lake since May, 1895, and, as explained on page 
49, the run-off at Waterville has been computed as if water had not 
been stored, the effect of evaporation of water while in storage, how- 
ever, being neglected. The ratios of run-off to rainfall thus corrected 
for storage are also given in this table. 

Run-off and 'precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville,- Me., 1893-1905, 

inclusive, by months. 

[Drainage area, 4,270 square miles.] 





Precipita- 
tion in 
inches. 


Run-off in inches on 
drainage area. 


Ratio of run-off to 
precipitation. 


Month. 


Observed 
run-off. 


Estimated 
run-off 
without 
storage. 


For 
observed 
run-off. 


For esti- 
mated run- 
off without 

storage. 


1893. 


2.1 
3.3 
2.6 

2.1 
5.3 
2.2 
2.4 
4.0 
3.1 
6.0 
2.4 
2.9 


0.46 

.57 

1.13 

3.05 

8.23 

3.99 

1.56 

.61 

.53 

.63 

.58 

.43 




0.22 

.17 

.43 

1.45 

1.55 

1.81 

.65 

.15 

.17 

.10 

.24 

.15 


































July 










































38.4 


21.78 




.57 










1894. 


2.4 
1.8 
1.6 

1.2 
4.6 
4.6 
2.3 
2.9 
5.0 
4.8 
2.5 
2.3 


.44 

.43 

1.08 

3.83 

■ 2.58 

2.03 

1.54 

.80 

.72 

1.01 

.98 

.52 




.18 
.24 
.68 
3.19 
.56 
.44 
.67 
.28 
.14 
.21 
.39 
.23 


































July 










































36.0 


15.97 




.44 










1895. 


2.8 
.9 
1.6 
4.4 
2.8 
2.9 
3.2 
4.3 
1.6 
1.7 
6.1 
4.7 


.55 

.44 

.54 

6.25 

2.58 

1.67 

.95 

.73 

.46 

.34 

1.46 

1.62 




.20 
.49 
.34 
1.42 
.92 
.58 
.30 
.17 
.29 
.20 
.24 
.34 
























3.02 

.89 

.68 

.44 

— .05 

.47 

2.05 

2.23 


1.08 




.31 


July 


.21 




.10 




- .03 




.28 




.34 




.48 








37.0 


17.58 




.47 












RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 



107 



Run-off and precijntation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, 
inclusive, by months — Continued. 



Month. 



January . . 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July. 



August 

September. 
October... 
November . 
December . 



The year. 



January. . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December.. 



The year. 



January. .. 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December. 



The year. 



January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July , 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



The year. 





Run-off in 


inches on 


Ratio of 


run-off to 




drainage area. 


precipitation. 


Precipita- 


















tion in 




Estimated 


For 
observed 
run-off. 


For esti- 


inches. 


Observed 


run-off 


mated run- 




run-off. 


without 


off without 






storage. 


storage. 


0.7 


1.16 


1.42 


1.66 


2.03 


3.7 


.72 


.57 


.19 


.15 


7.0 


3.54 


3.73 


.51 


.53 


2.0 


7.16 


7.80 


3.58 


3.90 


2.7 


4.60 


4.24 


1.70 


1.57 


2.5 


1.44 


1.00 


.58 


.40 


4.4 


1.44 


1.01 


.33 


.23 


3.6 


.85 


.38 


.24 


.11 


4.6 


.89 


.81 


.19 


.18 


3.5 


.99 


1.16 


.28 


.33 


3.3 


2.36 


3.11 


.72 


.94 


i.i 


.74 


.73 


.67 


.66 


39.1 


25.89 


25.96 


.66 


.66 


3.6 


.97 


.95 


.27 


.26 


1.9 


.90 


.74 


.48 


.39 


3.2 


1.07 


1.03 


.33 


..32 


3.3 


6.63 


7.58 


2.01 


2.30 


4.9 


7.26 


7.53 


1.48 


1.54 


3.6 


3.39 


2.96 


.94 


.82 


7.2 


3.54 


3.39 


.49 


.47 


3.8 


1.97 


1.56 


.52 


.41 


3.0 


1.19 


.75 


.40 


.25 


1.0 


.71 


.65 


.71 


.65 


4.4 


1.48 


1.64 


.34 


.37 


3.2 


1.44 


1.87 


.45 


.59 


43.1 


30.55 


30.65 


.71 


.71 


4.9 


.87 


.85 


.18 


.17 


6.8 


.83 


.72 


.12 


.11 


1.0 


3.04 


2.71 


3.04 


2.71 


2.2 


7.79 


8.95 


3.54 


4.07 


1.6 


6.78 


6.82 


4.24 


4.26 


3.3 


2.61 


2.04 


.79 


.62 


1.5 


1.06 


.42 


.71 


.28 


3.7 


.84 


.42 


.23 


.11 


3.3 


.68 


.60 


.21 


.18 


4.4 


1.09 


1.28 


.25 


.29 


4.3 


1.35 


1.72 


.31 


.40 


1.3 


.71 


.86 


.54 


.66 


38.3 


27.65 


27.39 


.72 


.72 


2.4 


.64 


.55 


.27 


.23 


3.3 


.58 


.39 


.17 


.12 


4.6 


.87 


.82 


.19 


.18 


.9 


6.27 


7.15 


6.96 


7.95 


2.2 


5.74 


6 02 


2.61 


2.74 


1.8 


2.30 


1.72 


1.28 


.96 


5.4 


1.37 


1.25 


.25 


.23 


.9 


.89 


54 


.99 


.60 


3.0 


.48 


.07 


.16 


.02 


1.5 


.34 


.17 


.23 


.11 


2.4 


.59 


.60 


.24 


.25 


2.5 


.74 


.85 


.30 


.34 


30.9 


20.81 


20.13 


.67 


.65 



3697— irr 198—07- 



108 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN: 



Run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, 
inclusive, by months — Continued. 



Month. 



1900. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1901 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June ' 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1902. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June... 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1903. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



Precipita- 
tion in 
inches. 



5.6 
6:8 
5.0 
1.3 
4.6 
3.9 
4.6 
1.8 
3.1 
3.4 
6.5 
1.9 



Run-off in inches on 
drainage area. 



Ratio of run-off to 
precipitation. 



Observed 
run-off. 



2.7 
1.5 
3.9 
6.0 
2.3 
3.8 
3.9 
3.9 
2.2 
2.8 
2.3 
7.6 



42.9 



2.9 
3.0 
8.3 
3.3 
4.3 
6.1 
2.7 
4.5 
3.8 
4.9 
1.2 
4.0 



49.0 



35.7 



0.64 
2.21 
2.47 
7.43 
7.63 
2.64 
1.55 
1.13 
.74 
.83 
1.66 
1.11 



30. 04 



.61 
1.30 
10.7 
4.09 
2.15 
1.38 
1.13 
.74 
.79 
.63 
3.21 



27.59 



1.04 
.92 
7.76 
5.79 
4.55 
3.98 
2.11 
1.36 
1.10 
1.42 
1.18 
1.18 



32. 



1.08 
.97 
5.23 
4.30 
1.96 



19.66 



Estimated 
run-off 
without 
storage. 



For 
observed 
run-off. 



0.66 

2.60 

2.63 

8.37 

7.92 

2.19 

1 38 

61 

.29 

.75 

2.09 

1.11 



30.60 



.71 
.44 

1.04 
12.55 

3.94 

1.70 
.86 

1.17 



2.71 



26.42 



1.23 
.77 
8 08 
6.79 
4.59 
3.87 
1 54 
1.07 
1.07 
1.42 
1.46 
.76 



32.65 



1.08 
.70 
6 05 
4.33 
1.91 
1.41 



.21 

.21 

.22 

a. 37 



a 18.: 



0.11 
.33 
.49 
5.72 
1.66 
.68 
.34 
.63 
.24 
.24 
.26 
.58 



.32 
.40 
.33 

1.79 
1.78 
.57 
.35 
.29 
.33 
.28 
.27 
.27 



64 



1.75 
1.06 
.65 
.78 
.30 
.29 
.29 



.29 
.93 
2.26 
3.92 
.36 
.29 
.36 
.73 
.19 
.27 
.13 



55 



For esti- 
mated run- 
off without 

storage. 



o From December, 1903, to April, 1904, inclusive, no correction made for storage. 



RELATION OF RUN -OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 



109 



Run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me., 1893-1905, 
inclusive, by months — Continued. 



Month. 



January... 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 
October . . . 
November . 
December . 



1904. 



The year . 



Precipita- 
tion in 
inches. 



3.0 
1.5 
2.9 
5.4 
5.8 
2.9 
5.1 
4.9 
5.8 
2.4 
1.5 
1.6 



42.8 



1905. 



January . . 
February . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July. 



August 

September. 
October... 
November . 
December . 



3.9 
1.1 
1.3 
2.1 
3.1 
3.9 
4.2 
2.1 
4.2 
1.0 
3.4 
2.9 



The year. 



33.2 



Run-off in inches on 
drainage area. 



Ratio of run-off to 
precipitation. 



Observed 
run-off. 



0.26 
.23 
1.02 
3.90 



Estimated 
run-off i 
wifhout j 
storage. 



For 
observed 
run-off. 



For esti- 
mated run- 
off without 

storage. 



a 0.26 

a. 23 

a 1.02 

a 3. S*0 

7.24 

1.81 

1.15 

.82 

1.18 

1.63 



a 20. 56 



-.64 
1.42 
3.52 
2.83 
1.75 
1.26 
.86 
.78 



56 



.16 
.35 
1.58 
4.45 
3.53 
1.50 
.82 
.37 
.52 
.21 



14.37 



0.09 
.16 
.35 
.72 
.97 
.74 
.28 
.26 
.19 
.53 
.59 



.47 



0.09 
.16 
.35 
■ .72 
1.25 
.62 
.23 
.17 
.20 
.68 
.56 
.30 



.48 



.04. 
.31 
1.22 
2.12 
1.14 
.39 
.20 
.18 
.12 
.21 
.14 
.14 



43 



a From December, 1903, to April, 1904, inclusive, no correction made for storage. 

The subjoined table shows the observed average monthly discharge 
at Waterville from 1893 to 1905 and from 1896 to 1905; the estimated 
average monthly discharge at Waterville from 1896 to 1905 if no 
water had been stored; the average monthly precipitation from 1893 
to 1905 and from 1896 to 1905; and the ratio of the run-ofT to precipi- 
tation. 

The effect of storage on the distribution of seasonal run-off is 
clearly shown by a comparison of the last two columns in the table. 
During April and May water is being stored ; from June to September 
inclusive this stored water is being let out ; and during the remainder 
of the year there is little effect from storage. 



110 



WATER .RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN; 



Summary of run-off and precipitation in Kennebec River basin above Waterville, Me. 

1893-1905, inclusive. 

[Drainage area, 4,270 square miles.] 



Month. 



January 

February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December. 



. Total 

Monthly average. . 



Run - off in second- 
feet per square 
mile. 



Observed 
run-off. 



1893- 
1905. 



0.67 

.74 

2.03 

5.29 

4.30 

2.19 

1.63 

.90 

.70 



,81 



1.74 



1896- 

1905. 



0.72 

.82 

2.40 

5.70 

4.43 

2.17 

1.44 

.98 

.75 

.73 

1.00 

.93 



1.84 



Esti- 
mated 
run-off 

with- 
out 

stor- 



1896- 
1905. 



0.68 

.'72 

2.49 

6.44 

4.67 

1.82 

1.11 

.67 

.53 

.69 

1.13 

1.01 



1.83 



Run-off in inches on 
drainage area. 



Observed 
run-off. 



1896- 
1905. 1905. 



0.77 

.77 

2.34 

5.90 

4.96 

2.44 

1.88 

1.04 

.78 

.80 

1.09 

.93 



23.70 
1.98 



0.83 

.85 

2.77 

6.36 

5.11 

2.42 

1.66 

1.13 

.84 

.84 

1.12 

1.07 



25.00 
2.08 



Esti- 
mated 
run-off 
with- 
out 
stor- 
age. 



1905. 



0.78 

.75 

2.87 

7.18 

5.38 

2.03 

1.28 

.77 

.59 

.80 

1.26 

1.16 



24.85 
2.07 



Precipita- 
tion in 
inches. 



1893- 1896- 
1905. 1905. 



3.15 
3.00 
3.74 
2.78 
3.44 
3.56 
3.98 
3.33 
3.35 
3.09 
3.21 
3.00 



39. 63 
3.30 



3.36 
3.30 
4.28 
2.84 
3.20 
3.66 
4.38 
3.21 
3.39 
2.76 
3.07 
2.90 



40.35 
3.36 



Ratio of run-off 
precipitation. 



For ob- 
served run- 
off. 



1893- 1896- 
1905. 1905. 



0.24 
.26 
.63 
2.12 
1.44 
.69 
.47 
.31 
.23 
.26 
.34 
.31 



For 
esti- 
mated 
run-off 
with- 
out 
stor- 
age. 



1905. 



0.23 
.23 
.67 
2.53 
1.68 
.55 
.29 
.24 
.17 
.29 
.41 
.40 



.62 



RUN-OFF AND 



PRECIPITATION ON COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM 
AT GARDINER. 



The following table has been prepared for precipitation and run-off 
on Cobbosseecontee Stream at Gardiner, covering the period 1891 to 
1905, inclusive, precipitation being taken from the records at Gardiner, 
except for a few Lewiston records during 1891-92. It must be kept 
in mind that the run-off from this drainage basin is controlled to a 
very large extent by lake storage, and for that reason the monthly 
ratios are not in general the actual run-off ratios. The mean results 
for the year are, however, probably not greatly affected in this way, 
although the general effect of storage is to reduce the amount of these 
ratios. 



RELATION OF RUN-OFF TO PRECIPITATION. 



Ill 



Run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner, Me. 

1905, inclusive. 



IS'.) j 



[Drainage area, 240 square miles.] 



Month. 



1801. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September.. . .. 

October 

November 

December 

Tbe year. 

1892. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1893. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



Precipi- 
tation 
in inches. 



1894. 

January 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November. 
December . . 



The year . 



8.10 
3.89 
7.03 
2.89 
2.60 
3.64 
5.27 
2.97 
1.00 
2.40 
2.66 
5.27 



47.72 



5.52 
2.21 
2.43 
1.05 
4.62 
7.22 
3.18 
8.11 
4.48 
1.81 
4.54 
1.49 



2.70 
4.79 
3.18 
2.52 
4.66 
2.56 
1.12 
3.27 
3.23 
5.90 
1.83 
5.13 



The year I 40.89 



3.30 
1.99 
1.44 
1.86 
5.84 
1.18 
2.30 
3.08 
3.81 
4.25 
.2.21 
2.80 



34. ( 



Run-off 
in inches 
on drain- 
age area. 



2.32 
2.42 
6.65 
5.94 
1.21 
1.20 
1.18 
1.15 
1.10 
.932 
.374 
.706 



25.18 



13.30 



1.13 
1.08 
1.90 
2.82 
4.92 
1.16 
1.09 
1.14 
.916 



.851 



18.74 



.922 
.821 
1.64 
1.27 
1.46 
1.52 
1.09 
1.18 
1.01 
1.05 
.967 
.971 



13,90 



Ratio 
of run- 

oflto 
precipi- 
tation. 



0.29 
.62 
.95 

2.06 
.47 
.33 
.22 
.39 

1.10 
.39 
.14 
.13 



.19 
.49 
.49 
L.09 
.26 
.15 
.27 
.15 
.25 
.63 
.24 
.79 



28 



.42 
.23 
.60 
1.12 
1.05 
.45 
.98 
.35 
.28 
.15 
.47 
.17 



,40 



.28 
.41 

1.14 
.68 
.25 

1.29 
.47 
.38 
.27 
.25 
.44 
.35 



41 



Month. 



1895. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1896. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 



January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 

The year 

1898. 

January 

February 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 



Precipi- 
tation 
in inches. 



2.50 
1.64 
2.48 
4.83 
1.50 
2.01 
4.55 
3.28 
1.21 
1.82 
6.85 
4.40 



37.07 



Run-off 
in inches 
on drain- 
age area. 



5.25 
7.19 
2.02 
2.80 
1.94 
3.18 
2.88 
7.60 
2.64 
4.12 
1.52 



42.01 19.55 



4.51 
2.13 
4.30 
2.86 
5.94 
4.32 
3.15 
2.66 
3.11 
.92 
5.99 
3.83 



43.72 



5.54 
5.45 
1.76 
3.44 
1.60 
3.56 
.98 
3.73 
2.90 
6.23 
4.57 
2.74 



1.05 
.794 
.783 
.359 
1.15 
1.08 
1.13 
1.14 
.929 
.485 



Ratio 
of run- 
off to 
precipi- 
tation. 



10.47 



1.11 
1.00 
5.29 
3.77 
1.10 
1.13 
1.13 
1.09 
1.02 
.971 
.865 
1.01 



1.01 
.977 
1.06 
2.03 
1.97 
1.78 
1.14 
1.13 
1.13 
.96C 
1.09 
1.11 



1.13 
1.30 
4.05 
2.75 
1.46 
1.13 
1.09 
1.15 
1.02 
.960 
.697 
1.12 



The year . . 



42.50 



18.13 



43 



112 



WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC EIVEE BASIN.- 



Run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner, Me., 1891- 
1905, inclusive — Continued. 



Month. 



1899. 

January 

February.. 

March 

April , 

May, 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November.. 
December . . 



The year . 



1900. 

January 

February. . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . . 

October 

November.. 
December.. 



Precipi- 
tation 
in inches 



The year . 



1901. 

January 

February.. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September.. 

October 

November. . 
December. . 



The year . 



1902. 

January 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November.. 
December. . 



The year , 



3.41 
3.10 
5.56 
1.19 
1.87 
2.43 
5.48 
1.08 
3.90 
1.85 
2.42 
2.61 



34. 90 



7.19 
8.96 
7.23 
2.50 
5.42 
1.34 
1.87 
2.77 
2.45 
4.47 
5.28 
1.64 



51.12 



3.78 
1.76 
6.25 
6.43 
3.97 
1.36 
4.26 
5.54 
2.08 
4.18 
2.41 
9.43 



51.45 



2.67 
1.70 
10.33 
3.71 
2.01 
4.52 
2.07 
4.46 
3.22 
4.90 
1.21 
5.35 



46. 15 



Run-off 
in inches 
on drain- 
age area. 



1.09 
1.00 
1.13 
3.60 
1.18 
1.13 
1.09 
1.15 
.772 
.414 
.609 
.557 



13.72 



1.97 
6.56 



.48 

.62 

.14 

.07 

.10 

.948 

.865 



23.02 



.647 
1.44 
8.07 
1.22 
1.28 
1.13 
1.18 
1.06 
1.05 

.953 
2.12 



21.12 



2.17 
1.25 
6.55 
3.21 
1.61 
1.08 
1.09 
1.13 
1.13 
1.15 
.1.05 
1.10 



22.52 



Ratio 
of run- 
off to 
precipi- 
tation. 



0.32 
.32 
.20 

3.02 
.63 
.47 
.20 

1.06 
.20 
.22 
.25 
.21 



,39 



.19 
.15 
.55 



.26 
.37 
.23 
L.25 
.31 
.94 
.27 
.21 
.51 
.25 
.39 
.22 



Month. 



1903. 

January 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October.. . 
November. 
December. . 



The year 



1904. 

January 

February... 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. . 

October 

November.. 
December.. 



The year . 



1905. 

January 

February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November.. 
December.. 



The year . 



Precipi- 
tation 
in inches 



4.54 
3.63 
6.65 
1.42 
.45 
5.12 
4.77 
2.90 
1.34 
3.82 
1.63 
3.56 



39.83 



4.12 
2.24 
3.71 
7.10 
3.95 
1.29 
1.25 
4.53 
5.09 
2.02 
2.39 
2.28 



39.97 



4.85 
1.32 

.94 
2.10 
2.17 
4.83 
4.52 
2.03 
4.09 

.78 
3.95 
3.12 



34.70 



Run-off 
in inches 
on drain- 
age area. 



1.07 
1.24 
7.55 
2.12 
1.13 
1.13 
1.13 
1.11 
1.02 
.985 
.586 
.639 



19.71 



.754 
.612 
1.34 
2.29 
3.74 
1.13 
1.07 
1.11 
1.03 
1.06 
.874 
.654 



15. 



.61 
.612 
.798 
1.62 
1.15 
1.14 
1.02 
1.07 
.893 
.84 
.665 
.759 



11.18 



EVAPORATION. 



113 



The following table shows for the whole period the run-off and pre- 
cipitation, and the ratio of these two factors, by calendar months, just 
as was done for Waterville. It will be noted that the mean yearly 
ratio of run-off to precipitation at Gardiner is 0.41, whereas at Water- 
ville for the period 1896 to 1905 it is 0.62, both for observed run-off 
and for that corrected for storage. The average yearly discharge at 
Gardiner is 1.28 second-feet per square mile of drainage area; at 
Waterville (1896-1905) it is 1.84 second-feet. For the longer period, 
1893 to 1905, at Waterville- the ratio of run-off to precipitation and 
the average yearly discharge are slightly less, being respectively 0.60 
and 1.74 second-feet. 



Summary of run-off and precipitation in basin of Cobbosseecontee Stream above Gardiner, 

Me., 1891-1905, inclusive. 

[Drainage area, 240 square miles.] 



January... 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October... 
November. 
December.. 



Month. 



Total 

Monthly average . 



Average 








run-off in 
second-feet 


Run-off in 
inches on 


Precipita- 


Ratio of 
run-off to 


per square 
mile of 


drainage 


tion in 
inches. 


precipita- 


drainage 


area. 




tion. 


area. 








0.98 


1.13 


4.24 


0.27 


1.07 


1.11 


3.34 


.33 


2.77 


3.19 


4.70 


.68 


2.72 


3.03 


3.06 


.99 


1.57 


1.81 


3.29 


.55 


1.08 


1.20 


3.15 


.38 


.94 


1.08 


3.20 


.34 


.98 


1.13 


3.55 


.32 


.90 


1.00 


3.30 


.30 


.79 


.91 


3.20 


.28 


.74 


.83 


3.47 


.24 


.84 


.97 


3.68 


.26 




17.39 
1.45 


42.18 
3.52 




1.28 


.41 



EVAPORATION. 

No measurements of evaporation from the water surface have been 
made in the Kennebec drainage basin, but from data obtained by the 
United States Geological Survey at several points in Maine during the 
past year, an approximate idea may be obtained as to its amount. 

Stations for the measurement of evaporation from the water sur- 
face are in operation as follows : 

Evaporation stations in Maine. 



Station. 


Location. 


Date established. 


Soldier Pond 




July 1, 1905. 
Do. 


Millinocket 


Ferguson Pond 


Lewiston 




Do. 


Upper Dam 




August 19, 1905. 







114 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

The method used for the measurement of evaporation has been that 
of the floating raft and dish, commonly used for this purpose. PL II, 
B (p. 26), shows the evaporation raft, etc., on Androscoggin River at 
Lewiston, Me., in the mill pond of the Union Water Power Company. 
A skeleton log raft about 15 feet square is arranged to float with its 
surface just out of the water. A clear opening 6 feet square is left in 
the center and in this opening the evaporation pan floats, its top being 
kept perhaps 2 or 3 inches above the water surface by means of gal- 
vanized-iron pontoons, which are cylindrical in shape and air-tight. 
The evaporation pan is 3 feet square and 18 inches deep, and is con- 
structed of galvanized iron, properly braced with iron straps. A spin- 
dle with sharp point is fixed vertically in the .middle of the pan, with 
its point 1 or 2 inches below the top. 

In measuring the amount of evaporation the water surface is made 
of exactly the same height as the point of the spindle, and then at the 
next time of observation the process is repeated, the amount of water 
required to restore the water surface to the level of the spindle point 
being noted. The spindle is surrounded by a thin iron cylinder about 
3 inches in diameter, with its axis parallel to the spindle and closed 
with the exception of some small holes near the bottom. This pre- 
vents rapid movement of the water surface and enables very close 
determinations to be made of its height. A small cup of such capacity 
that it represents 0.01 inch depth of water in the pan is used for pour- 
ing in the water (or dipping it out in case it has rained and the rainfall 
has exceeded the evaporation), so that the number of cupfuls repre- 
sents the change in depth in hundredths of inches — the evaporation 
if there has been no rainfall. A rain gage is maintained on the raft so 
that correction can be made for any rainfall. 

The temperature of the air and of the water in the pan and outside 
of the pan are noted, and at the Millinocket and Lewiston stations 
relative humidity and velocity of wind are also observed. 

The results obtained have been in general very satisfactory, and it 
has been found that with the spindle point surrounded by a cylinder, 
as just described, the water surface moves but little, even when the 
pan is being considerably shaken about by wave motion. A differ- 
ence of half a cupful (0.005 inch) can readily be detected. 

The figures given in the subjoined table for evaporation during the 
frozen season are from the Lewiston station. They were obtained by 
filling an iron dish, allowing it to freeze solidly, and then exposing it. 
The weight was observed from time to time and the loss by evapora- 
tion thus determined. Continuous observations could not be made 
owing to interruptions by rain and sleet. In all probability the 
amounts observed in this way are considerably larger than the actual 
amount of evaporation on lakes and reservoirs, as usually some snow is 
on hand to protect the lake ice cover. 



FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 



115 



About one year's records of evaporation are now available, and the 
monthly amounts as observed are given below. For the purpose of 
comparison the evaporation from the water surface in the vicinity of 
Boston, as determined by FitzGerald, are also given. 

Evaporation from water surface, in inches, in Maine and Massachusetts. 



Period. 



July 

August 

September 

October 

November 1-15 

December (24 days) . 



1905. 



January (22 days) 
February (24 " 
March (26 days) 
April (25 days) 

June 



1906. 



The period . 



Soldier 

Pond, 

Me. 



4.30 
5.25 
2.65 
1.51 
.16 



1.67 
2.88 



Milli- 

nocket; 

Me. 



5.56 
5.80 
3.32 
2.94 



Lewis- 
ton, Me. 



5.99 
4 32 
3.02 
2.54 
.38 



Average 
evapora- 
tion at 
three 
stations 
in Maine 
for full 
months. 



5.28 
5.12 
3.00 
2.33 
.68 
.77 



.90 
.71 
1.87 
2. SO 
2.14 
2.86 



1.27 
.83 
2.23 
3.48 
1.90 
2.87 



29.76 



Average 
evapora- 
tion near 
Boston, 



6.21 
5.97 
4.80 
3.47 
2.24 
1.38 



1.01 
1.45 
2.39 
3.82 
5.34 



39.12 



It is evident from the foregoing table that evaporation from the 
water surface is, as would be expected, considerably less in Maine than 
near Boston. Of course but one year's records are at hand for Maine, 
and more data may show a considerable change from the present 
results, but as evaporation is a factor which does not vary greatly for a 
given month from year to year it is believed that these figures — 
especially those for the summer months — afford a fair idea of what 
may be expected. Probably the average annual evaporation from 
the water surface in Maine is about 30 inches, as compared with 39.12 
inches at Boston. For the period from May to September, inclusive, 
evaporation in Maine is 18.17 inches, as compared with 26.14 inches 
near Boston. 

FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 

Valuable records regarding floods on Kennebec River during the 
past century have been gathered by the Hollingsworth & Whitney 
Company, and through its courtesy have been furnished for use in the 
preparation of this report. 

FLOOD OF 1832. 

The greatest freshet of early times, and the one with which all later 
ones have been compared, was that of May 22, 1832. At that time 
there was probably no dam at Moosehead Lake outlet, and the freshet 



a FitzGerald, Desmond.. Evaporation: Trans. Am. Soc. Civil Eng., vol. 15, 1886, p. 581. 



116 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, 



is said to have resulted from a northeasterly storm of about two 
weeks' duration, with a strong wind, which probably tended to 
increase the discharge from the lake. 

FLOOD OF DECEMBER, igoi. 

In December, 1901, occurred a freshet which was of probably 
greater magnitude than that of 1832 and regarding which fairly com- 
plete data are at hand. 

WEATHER CONDITIONS. 

During November, 1901, the precipitation in the Kennebec basin 
was considerably below the average, the deficiency for the month 
being nearly 0.9 inch. (See table, p. 22.) December was, however, 
remarkable in the amount of precipitation, the excess above the nor- 
mal for the month being about 4.5 inches, and a little over half of this 
occurring before December 16. Probably most of the precipitation 
during November remained as snow storage at the end of the month. 
Good-sized storms occurred about December 3 and 10, the precipita- 
tion from which was practically all held as snow storage. During 
December 13 to 15 there was a warm rain, which melted the greater 
part of the snow on the ground and caused the flood conditions. The 
following tables give the precipitation and temperature in the Ken- 
nebec basin during the period mentioned: 

Precipitation, in inches, in Kennebec basin, November and December, 1901. 





Fairfield. 


Mayfield. 


The Forks. 


Kineo. 


Water equivalent of snow on ground December 1 


2.19 
2.99 
2.63 


2.20 
2.15 
3.00 


2.60 
3.20 
3.50 


2.70 
2.90 


December 14-15 (storm) 


1.70 








7.81 


7.35 


8.30 


7.30 



Maximum and minimum daily temperatures in Kennebec basin, December 1-20, 1901. 





Fairfield. 


Kineo. 


Day. 


Fairfield. 


Kineo. 


Day. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


1 


°F. 
30 
43 
42 
24 
26 
24 
22 
28 
38 
46 


°F. 

7 

14 

20 

15 

- 7 

-15 

-13 

4 

25 

26 


°F. 
39 
41 
20 
18 
15 
15 
14 
12 
31 
35 


°F. 
26 
10 
15 
12 
9 

- 3 
10 
15 
28 


11 


°F. 
40 
35 
34 
53 
54 
51 
23 
23 
19 
21 


°F. 
26 
9 
16 
33 
44 
6 
6 
7 
5 
8 


°F. 
33 
28 
34 
43 
43 
33 
5 
9 
10 
15 


°F. 
20 


2 


12 


15 


3... 


13 


17 


4... 


14 


33 


5 


15 


33 


6... 


16 .... 


- 3 


1 ... 


17 


- 5 


8 


18 


2 


9... 


19 


5 


10 


20 


8 









FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 



117 



The rain of December 13 began in the evening, but most of the rain- 
fall occurred during the day of December 15 (Sunday), the weather 
clearing on the evening of that day. During most of these three days, 
and extending to the evening of the 16th, the temperature was abnor- 
mally high (see table, p. 1 1 6) , so that the combined effect of rain and high 
temperature was sufficient to release the greater part of the precipi- 
tation that had been stored on the ground since about November 1. 
It is probably safe to assume that an average of 6 inches depth of water 
on the entire Kennebec drainage basin was released at this time. 

RUN-OFF DURING FLOOD OF DECEMBER, 1901.. 

The following table gives the conditions of gage height and run-off 
at Waterville during December 15-23: 

Discharge of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., during flood of December, 1901. 



Date. 


Hour. 


Gage height. 

(Referred to 
Hollings- 
worth & 
Whitney- 
datum.) 


Depth of 

flow over 

dam. 


Discharge. 




7 a.m. 

12m 

6p.m 

12 a.m.... 
la.m 

2 a. m 

3 a.m. 

4 a.m. 

5a.m 

6a.m 

7 a. m 

8 a. m 

9 a. m 

10 a. m 

11 a. m 

12m 

lp.m 

2p.m 

3p.m 

4p.m 

5p.m 

6p.m 

12a.m 

7 a. m 

12m 

5p.m 

12m 

12m 


Feet. 
125.00 
126. 10 
129. 10 

132. 80 

133. 64 
133. 94 
134 33 
134 45 
134.70 
135. 05 
135. 15 
135. 15 
135. 15 
135. 05 
135. 00 
134 80 
134 00 
133. 50 
133. 30 
132. 60 
132. 20 
131. 80 
129. 10 
127.40 
126. 70 
126. 10 
124 40 


Feet. 
1.30 
2.40 
5.40 
13.30 
14 14 
14 44 
14 83 
14 95 
15.20 
15. 55 
15.65 
15. 65 
15. 65 
15. 55 
15. 50 
15.30 
14 50 
14 00 
13.80 
13.10 
12.70 
12.30 
9.60 
7.90 
7.20 
6.60 
4.90 


Sec-feet. 
3,540 
8,910 


Do 


Do 


30, 500 


December 16 


121,300 


Do 


133, 500 


Do ...v... 


138, 100 


Do 


144, 100 


Do 


145, 900 


Do 


149,800 


Do... 


155, 200 


Do 


156, 800 


Do 


156, 800 
156, 800 


Do 


Do 


155, 200 


Do 


154 500 


Do 


151,300 


Do 


139,000 


Do 


131,600 


Do 


128, 600 


Do 


118, 400 


Do 


112. 700 


Do 


107,200 


December 17 


72,400 


Do 


53, 400 
46, 200 
40,400 


Do 


Do 


December 18 


25, 600 


December 19 


19,900 


December 20 


12m 






11,800 


December 21 


12m 






6,380 
5,230 


December 22 


12 m 






December 23 


12 m 






3,980 











It is assumed in the above table that the nashboards were off 
entirely between 6 p. m. and midnight of December 15. Up to this 
latter time the depth of flow on the dam is obtained by subtracting 
124.7 feet (elevation of top of nashboards) from the gage height. 
After and including midnight of December 15 the elevation of the 
crest of the dam (119.5 feet) is used. 



118 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- 

The mean daily flow, December 15-18, was as follows (that for 
December 16 is based on hourly observations) : 

Mean flow of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., December 15-18, 1901. a 

Second-feet. 

December 15 27, 300 

December 16 127, 000 

December 17 v 46, 600 

December 18 . 29, 300 

The maximum discharge at Madison was computed by H. S. Fer- 
guson and found to be 105,000 second-feet. The length of the dam 
is 550 feet." At 8 a. m. December 15 the water was just flowing 
over the crest; at midnight that day it reached the maximum height 
of 14.5 feet, and by 10 a. m. December 16 it had dropped to about 
9 feet on the crest. 

At The Forks the maximum gage height reached was 9.0 feet 
December 15, corresponding to a discharge of about 22,400 second- 
feet. 

MAXIMUM DISCHARGE DURING FLOOD OF DECEMBER, 1901. 

Only a few gates were open at the Moosehead Lake outlet during 
this flood, and practically all of the excess inflow was held in the 
lake, so that about 1,240 square miles of drainage area should be 
disregarded, in part, at least, in computing the probable yield per 
square mile below Moosehead. The rise in the level of the lake 
occasioned by this freshet (see table, p. 72) was from gage height 
1.25 feet December 13 to the maximum of 4.5 feet February 3, 1902, 
a total amount of 3.25 feet. 

The following table gives the maximum flow at several points and 
the corresponding unit flow per square mile, with and without the 
drainage area above the Moosehead Lake outlet: 

Maximum discharge of Kennebec River during the freshet of December, 1901. 



Maximum discharge, in second-feet 

Maximum run-off, in second-feet per square mile: 

Including drainage area above Moosehead outlet 

Not including drainage area above Moosehead outlet. 



Waterville. 



156, 1 



36.7 
51.6 



Madison. 



105,000 



32.8 
53.6 



The Forks. 



14.3 
68.0 



A portion at least of the drainage area at the Moosehead outlet 
should be considered in the foregoing computations, so that the 
probable maximum yield at Waterville and Madison was perhaps 
45 second-feet per square mile of drainage area tributary during the 
flood. 

" These figures vary slightly from those given on p. 54, which are based on a single reading of the gage. 



FLOODS ON KENNEBEC RIVER. 119 

COMPARATIVE HEIGHTS OF FLOODS. 

Several landmarks along Kennebec River in the vicinity of Water- 
ville and Winslow have, existed for such a length of time as to fur- 
nish data on comparative heights of water in freshets since and 
including that of 1832. Perhaps the most interesting and valuable 
of these is the " freshet oak/' as it is called, situated in Winslow, on 
the east side of Ticonic Bay, about 1,000 feet below the highway 
bridge, near the Lockwood Company's dam. PL III, B, shows the 
u freshet oak" at about the time of highest water, December 16, and 
PI. Ill, A (looking in the opposite direction), shows it a few days 
later, when the river was at about normal height. Marks made by 
logs at various times of high water for many years are plainly dis- 
cernible in the second view, also the height reached in this December 
flood, as shown by ice adhering to the tree. These photographs were 
taken by James L. Dean, engineer of the Hollingsworth & Whitney 
Company, and furnished through his courtesy. 

Dates of important freshets on Kennebec River and heights on 
the " freshet oak" are given in the following table: 

Approximate height of water at "freshet oak" during floods. 

Feet, a 

May 22, 1832 104. 8 

October, 1854 , 102. 8 

October, 1869 102. 7 

April 30, 1887 _ 102. 2 

December 16, 1901 105. 14 

As the flow of Kennebec River in the vicinity of the " freshet oak" 
is comparatively free, the nearest dam downstream, that at Augusta, 
being about 17 miles distant, these gage heights probably give a 
very good index of the relative magnitude of" these freshets. 

The flood of December, 1901, is, so far as known, by far the great- 
est flood of the past century. As it came at a time of the year 
when the ice was not very thick and when few logs were in the river, 
there was little obstruction to flow. The height of water in the 1832 
freshet, and, in fact, that in many other periods of abnormally high 
water since, was due to log jams and collected debris holding back 
the water, probably at Fairfield, until the whole mass gave way, 
producing the flood wave. 

The water held back at Moosehead Lake in December, 1901, would 
have probably increased the maximum flow at Waterville by one- 
sixth, and unquestionably a large amount of additional damage 
would have resulted to property along the river if the discharge 
from this portion of the drainage basin had not been mostly shut off. 

a Hollingsworth & Whitney datum. 



120 



WATEE KESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



LOW-WATER CO^DITIOXS. 

KENNEBEC RIVER. 

The most severe and long-continued drought in the period covered 
by this report, viz, from .1895 to 1906, occurred during the last part 
of 1903 and the early part of 1904. During this time the Moosehead 
Lake level was below the bottom or zero of the gage at the outlet, 
and no data on change in lake level between December, 1903, and 
April, 1904, are at hand. It is probable, however, that the flow 
during most of this time was little affected by lake storage, so that 
the run-off was approximately normal. The following table gives 
the run-off during this low-water period at Waterville, North Anson, 
and The Forks for various lengths of time: 

Run-off of Kennebec River during low-water conditions of 1903-4. 





Waterville (drainage area, 


North Anson (drainage area, 


The Forks (drainage 
area, 1,570 square 
miles) . 




4,270 square miles) . 


2,790 square miles) . 








a 


^2 




g 


t3 u 




-rt S 


Lowest or low- 




<s . 


gsi 




g> . 


y§ 




Pi g 

O 3 


est success- 






8 5T 




u <u 


»g' 






ive- 




















Period. 


O-fl 


a-s 


Period. 


o-o 


.a © 


Period. 


fl ^ 






•B o 


WP" . 




•flk 


ti ft 




w Pm 








o^ a> 






O ^ aj 




?p» 






3* 


^1 






3«2S 




§11 






3 


rt 




a 


rt 




tf 


Six week days . 


December 14-19, 
1903. 


727 


0.17 


Januarv 25-30, 
1904. ' 


a 617 


0.22 


November 30 to 
December 5, 
1903. 


0.36 


One month 


February, 1904. . . 


921 


.22 


February, 1904... 


680 


.24 


November, 1903. 


.44 


Three months.. 


December, 1903, 
to Februarv, 
1904. 


1,095 


.26 


January to 
March, 1904. 


763 


.27 


October to De- 
cember, 1903. 


6.51 


Six months 


September, 1903, 


1, 530 


.36 


October 13, 1903, 


1,119 


.40 








to Februarv, 






to March, 1904. 












1904. 


















April, 1903, to 
Marcb, 1904. 


4,373 


1.02 


April. 1903, to 
March, 1904. 


3,506 


1.26 












' 





a Average of three days during this week. 
6 Fifteen days in December. 



The following table shows very clearly the effect of storage in 
increasing flow during the period from September to November, 
inclusive, which would probably have been the time of lowest water 
under natural conditions of flow: 



Low-water discharge, in second-feet per square mile, of Kennebec River at Waterville, Me., 
with and without storage. 



Lowest or lowest successive — 


Period. 


Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 


Observed 
flow with 
storage. 




September, 1903 ... 


0.16 
.19 
.22 


0.59 


Three months 


September to November, 1903 

September, 1903, to February, 1904... 


.46 




.36 







U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL 





5PS 



"FRESHET OAK," KENNEBEC RIVER AT WINSLOW, ME. 
.1, During flood of December, 1901; B, After flood of December, 1901, 



DEVELOPED WATER POWER. 



121 



LOW-WATER CONDITIONS ON TRIBUTARIES OF KENNEBEC 

RIVER. 

The following table gives the lowest observed flow for various 
lengths of time during the period since gaging stations were estab- 
lished on the Moose, Roach, Dead, Carrabassett, Sandy, Messa- 
lonskee, and Cobbosseecontee. It must be kept in mind that winter 
records are not in general available for these stations, and conse- 
quently the figures given may not represent the true minima for the 
given lengths of time during this period, which for the first four sta- 
tions began in 1902 and for the other three as noted in the table. In 
the latter part of 1903 very low water conditions existed. 

Low-water discharge, in second-feet per square mile, of tributaries of Kennebec River. 





Moose River at 
Rockwood (drain- 
age area 680 
square miles). 


Roach River at 
Roach River 
(drainage area 85 
square miles.) 


Dead River at The 
Forks (drainage 
area 870 square 
miles). 


Carrabassett River 
at North Anson 
(drainage area 340 
square miles) . 


est success- 
ive — 


Period. 


eg 
o 

GO 

8 


Period. 


03 
A 

o 

s 


Period. 


05 

- A 
o 

A 


Period. 


03 

Si 

03 

.a 
o 

03 

s 


Six week days. . 

One month 

Three months . 


March 26-31, 

1906. 
October, 1903 

October to 
December, 
1903. * 


0.13 

.15 

a. 17 


November 13- 

18, 1905. 
October, 1905 

October to 
December, 
1903. 


0.01 
.32 
.32 


October 12-17, 

1903. 
October, 1903 . 

September to 
November, 
1903. 


0.15 
.20 
.29 


September 23- 

28, 1903. 
September, 

1903. 
September to 

November, 

1903. 


0.19 
.32 
.46 



Lowest or low- 
est success- 


Sandy River at Madison & 
(drainage area 650 
square miles). 


Messalonskee Stream at 
Waterville c (drainage 
area 205 square 
miles). 


Cobbosseecontee Stream at 
Gardiner d (drainage area 
240 square miles) . 




Period. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Period. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Period. 


Dis- 
charge. 


Six week days. . 

One month 

Three months . 


October 2-7, 1905. . 

October, 1905 

October tp De- 
cember, 1905. 


0.08 
.14 
.32 


December 14-19,1903 

November, 1903 

October to Decem- 
ber, 1903. 


0.23 
.29 
.35 


October 23-28, 1899. 
November, 1891.... 
October to Decem- 
ber, 1899. 


0.27 
.34 
.46 



a Sixteen days in December. 

b Sandy River station established in 1904. 

c Messalonskee Stream station established in 1903. 

d Cobbosseecontee Stream station established in 1890. 



WATER POWER. 

DEVELOPED WATER POWERS. 

The following brief descriptions of developed water powers in the 
Kennebec basin are based for the most part on data furnished by 
letters from the mill owners and users of power. This is supple- 
mented where possible by the information obtained from time to 
time by the hydrographers of the United States Geological Survey, in 
connection with their regular trips to gaging stations. Every error t 
has been made to avoid errors, but it must be realized that these 



122 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASING 

descriptions have to be based largely on reports made up by persons 
who are not in general experienced in reporting such data, and some 
inaccuracies, are bound to exist. 

KENNEBEC RIVER. 

The uppermost of the developed water powers on the Kennebec is 
that of the International Paper Company at Carritunk Falls, near 
Solon. There is a natural fall at this point of about 28 feet through 
a narrow gorge, above which the river widens out. The dam was 
built in 1891 and affords an average head of about 29 feet. Turbines 
aggregating about 3,000 horsepower are installed, and the power is 
used in the manufacture of ground wood pulp. This dam ponds the 
water for about 2 miles upstream. 

The next utilized power downstream is that at Madison, which is 
used by the Great Northern Paper Company for manufacturing 
paper, ground wood pulp, and sulphite fiber; by the Indian Spring 
Woolen Company and the Madison Woolen Company for manufac- 
turing woolen goods, and by the Madison pumping station for pump- 
ing the town water supply. The two woolen companies use about 
400 horsepower each, the pumping station a small amount, and the 
balance is taken by the paper company, which uses about 1,200 elec- 
trical horsepower at all times, and has in addition grinder units that 
require a maximum of about 200 horsepower. The electric plant is 
run throughout the year at full capacity and the grinders perhaps 
average half power throughout the year. The dam at Madison ponds 
water nearly up to the mouth of Carrabassett River, a distance of 
about 5 J miles. 

The next dam is at Skowhegan, where the power is controlled by 
the Skowhegan Water Power Company. A head of 18 to 20 feet is 
obtained, and 28 wheels aggregating a capacity of 5,100 horsepower 
are in use. Of this amount, 2,900 horsepower is employed in the 
manufacture of pulp, 750 horsepower for electric lights and power, 
and the remainder by grist, saw, planing, and woolen mills and a sash 
and blind factory. Some of the wheels operate factories by day 
and electric lights by night. The dam ponds water to about 1 mile 
above Norridgewock, a total distance of about 6 miles. 

At the village of Shawmut, in the town of Fairfield, is a -dam afford- 
ing a fall of about 12 feet, owned by the Shawmut Manufacturing 
Company. The power is utilized by pulp mills, an electric-light 
plant, a furniture factory, and a woolen mill. This dam ponds water 
7 or 8 miles upstream, or considerably more than halfway to Skow- 
hegan. 

At Fairfield is a log dam about 1,300 feet long, with a total fall of 
11 feet. This dam is owned by the Fairfield Junction Mills and 



DEVELOPED WATEB POWER. I 2o 

Water Power Company, and furnishes power for two sawmills and a 
planing mill. There are eight or ten wheels, developing about 1,000 
horsepower. This dam ponds water to the foot of the Shawmut dam, 
a distance of about 3 miles. 

At Winslow are the dam and mills of the Hollingsworth & Whit- 
ney Company (privilege formerly known as the College Rapids) . This 
company manufactures manila paper and ground wood and sulphite 
pulp. A fall is obtained of about 23 feet. There are 46 turbines with 
an aggregate capacity of about 8,500 horsepower, in addition to 2,000 
horsepower of auxiliary steam. This dam ponds water to the foot of 
the Fairfield dam, a distance of about 2% miles. 

At Ticonic Falls, between Waterville and Winslow, are the cotton 
mills of the Lockwood Company, about 2,400 horsepower being 
used. A dam 750 feet long raises the river surface 7 feet, and a 
further natural fall of about 13 feet on a slate ledge gives a total fall 
of 20 feet. This dam ponds water to the foot of the Hollingsworth & 
Whitney dam, a distance of about 1 mile upstream. 

At Augusta, at the head of tide water, is a timber-crib dam afford- 
ing ordinarily a head of 17 feet. On the west bank the Edwards 
Manufacturing Company uses about 2,500 horsepower for its cotton 
mills; on the east bank 1,500 horsepower is used by the Cushnoc 
Paper Company and the Kennebec Light and Heat Company, the 
latter furnishing the municipal lights of Augusta, Hallowell, Gardiner, 
and Togus. The fall at this dam is affected somewhat by the rise of 
tide. At ordinary stages the water is ponded by the dam for about 
12 miles upstream, or about three-fourths of the way to Winslow and 
Waterville. 

DEAD RIVER. 

There are no water powers of importance on Dead River; on North 
Branch at Eustis is a dam affording a head of 8 feet, used for a lum- 
ber and grist mill; on South Branch at Stratton is also a small devel- 
oped power. 

CARR ABAS SETT RIVER. 

At Kingfield is a dam affording a head of 10 to 12 feet, used for 
lumber and planing mills and the manufacture of rakes, cant dogs, 
cotton-mill rolls, etc. Wheels aggregating about 170 horsepower 
are installed, about half of which can be run during the low-water 
season. 

At East New Portland the Carrabassett Stock Farm Company 
owns a privilege affording a head of 15 to 26 feet, used for a sawmill 
and electric-light plant, with three wheels rated at a total of 465 
horsepower. Auxiliary steam (75-horsepower boiler) is also used. 

At North Anson just above the Somerset Railway bridge a dam 
3697— irr 198—07 9 



124 . WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN., 

affording a head of about 9 feet is used by the North Anson Lumber 
Company for a sawmill. One wheel is installed, rated at 110 horse- 
power, 70 per cent of which is available at low water. A short dis- 
tance downstream, near the entrance of Mill Stream, a dam is being 
constructed (1906) to utilize the flow of both Carrabassett River and 
Mill Stream. A paper and pulp mill of the American Pulp, Paper 
and Lumber Company will be placed on the right bank and utilize 
practically all of the undeveloped fall at North Anson, amounting to 
about 40 feet. 

On the tributaries of Carrabassett River are a few small develop- 
ments, principally at North and West New Portland. 

SANDY RIVER. 

At Phillips is a dam affording a head of 20 feet, used for a sawmill 
and electric-light plant; two wheels are installed, rated at 125 horse- 
power; the low-water flow, lasting usually about a month, is good for 
40 or 50 horsepower. 

At Fairbanks is a developed privilege. 

At Farmington is a dam affording a fall of about 7 feet, used for a 
lumber mill. 

At Farmington Falls a dam gives a head of 8 or 9 feet, used in 
manufacturing carriages, sleighs, etc. 

At New Sharon a fall of 10 feet is utilized for the manufacture of 
shoes and shoe boxes. 

Near Madison, a few miles from the mouth of the river, is a masonry 
dam, affording a fall of 15 feet, used for electric light and power. 
(See p. 87 for additional details of this plant.) 

SEBASTICOOK RIVER. 

At Hartland, on West Branch, are two dams, the upper affording 
a head of about 6 feet and operating two wheels for a lumber and 
planing mill, which uses half the flow. The remaining water is car- 
ried farther downstream, and discharged under a head of 16 feet, 
with a second dam providing a fall of about 11 feet, used by the Linn 
Woolen Company for the manufacture of shawls, rugs, dress goods, 
etc. This company has about 180 horsepower of wheels and 150 
horsepower of auxiliary steam. 

At Pittsfield, on West Branch, is a dam affording a head of about 11 
feet, utilized by the Waverley Woolen Company, which has three wheels 
aggregating 300 horsepower and 250 horsepower of auxiliar}^ steam 
(used only in times of very low water). About half a mile farther 
downstream is a privilege affording a fall of about 10 feet; one- third 
of the flow at this point is utilized by the Smith Woolen Company (one 
wheel of 60 horsepower and auxiliary steam of 85 horsepower), and 



DEVELOPED WATER POWER. 125 

the remainder by Robert Dobson & Co., manufacturers of woolen 
goods, who have 150 horsepower of wheels and 215 horsepower trans- 
mitted electrically from the Sebasticook Power Company's plant 
near Burnham. 

At Corinna, on East Branch, is a dam affording a head of 10 feet, 
used for a flour and grist mill, with wheels of about 90 horsepower 
installed. 

At Newport, on East Branch, is the plant of the Newport Woolen 
Company, which utilizes a fall of about 10 feet, with 135 horsepower 
of wheels and 75 horsepower of auxiliary steam. 

At Detroit, on East Branch, is a dam with head of about 12 feet, 
used for a lumber mill, with turbines of 250 horsepower. 

Near Burnham Junction, on the main river, is a timber-crib dam 
with masonry abutments, built in 1903, giving a head of about 27.5 
feet. This is owned by the Sebasticook Power Company and used 
for generating light and power to be transmitted, mostly to Pittsneld 
at present. The plant is not yet fully developed; three pairs of 
wheels are installed, rated in the aggregate at about 800 horsepower, 
and the company has 400 horsepower of auxiliary steam. The mini- 
mum flow at this point is considered to be good for 1,200 horsepower. 

At Clinton is a dam affording a head of about 6 or 8 feet, used for 
flour and grist and lumber mills. Wheels of about 200 horsepower 
are installed. 

At Benton Falls a fall of 25 feet is utilized by the United Box 
Board and Paper Company, which has wheels of about 800 horse- 
power installed and manufactures wood-pulp board. 

MESSALONSKEE STREAM. 

There are several dams affording slight falls between the various 
lakes in the headwaters of Messalonskee River — at Smithfield, be- 
tween East and North ponds (7-foot fall) ; at Belgrade Mills, betv^een 
Great and Long ponds (9-foot fall) , etc. 

At Oakland the following powers have been developed: (1) A dam 
at the foot of Messalonskee Lake, with 8-foot fall, utilized for woolen 
mill, pumping station, and ax factory; (2) a dam with 12-foot fall, 
used for scythe and ax factory, machine shop, and shoddy mill; (3) a 
dam with 14-foot fall, two 48-inch Hercules wheels, used for ax, scythe, 
and tool factory; (4) a. dam with 40-foot fall, 600 horsepower of 
wheels used by Messalonskee Electric Company and about 100 horse- 
power for scythe forge shop; (5) a dam with 18-foot fall, ISO-horse- 
power wheel used by Cascade Woolen Mill, the balance unused. 
The last three privileges are owned by the Dunn Edge Tool Company. 

A dam with a fall of about 14 feet is used for pumping the Water- 
ville municipal water supply, which comes by gravity flow from China 
Lake, Just below is the dam of the Chase Manufacturing Company, 



126 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN.- 

with a fall of about 8 feet. (See p. 90 for further description of this 
plant.) About a mile farther downstream, a short distance from 
the mouth of the river, is a masonry dam affording a fall of about 40 
feet, owned by the Waterville Gas and Electric Company and used 
for electric light and power. 

COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM. 

There are developed privileges at Readfield, Winthrop, and Mon- 
mouth. 

Between Cobbosseecontee Pond and Gardiner are two developed 
privileges, which, however, are not of much value for power because 
at times all the water is shut back for storage purposes in the ponds. 

At Gardiner there are seven dams controlled by the Gardiner Water 
Power Company. They afford a total fall of 128 feet, used as indi- 
cated in the following table: 

Developed water powers at Gardiner, Me. 



Owner. 



Use. 



Pumping station . 

Paper mill 

do 



Gardiner waterworks 

S. D. Warren & Co 

Hollingsworth & Whitney Co 

Do do 

Do do 

Joshua Gray & Son I Lumber mill 

Gardiner estate I Various small industries . . . 



Fall. 



Feet. 
9 

37 
17 
16 
16* 
12J 

15-20 



Horse- 
power. 



(«) 
& 1,050 



a See p. 93 for further description of this plant. & 2 wheels. 

UNDEVELOPED WATER POWERS. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 

In 1882 Swain a called attention to the large amount of excellent 
undeveloped power on the Kennebec River and its tributaries. Since 
that time many important plants have been constructed — notably 
those at Waterville, Fairfield, Madison, and Solon on the main river and 
numerous smaller developments on the tributary streams. There is 
still, however, especially in the more northerly portions of the basin, 
an immense amount of unutilized power. Of the 1,026 feet fall on the 
main river between Moosehead Lake and tide water only about 153 
feet are developed. A condensed profile of Kennebec River is shown 
on PI. IV; a plan and a more detailed profile can be obtained by 
addressing the Director of the United States Geological Survey, 
Washington, D. C. 

Brief descriptions follow of some of the more important unutilized 
water privileges. For the main stream and for Moose, Roach, and 
Dead rivers these are based on surveys and reconnaissances of the 



" Swain, G. F., Report on water powers; Tenth Census, vol. 16, pt. 1, 1885, pp 83-89. 



o o o o 



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450,000 460,000 470,000 



1 
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_ Crest of Solon d 


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PROFILE OF KENNEBEC RIVER. 
Corrected according to revised datum of 1906, by adding 2.6 feet to all elevation 



UNDEVELOPED WATER POWER. 127 

United States Geological Survey from 1904 to 1906; for the principal 
tributaries such topographic atlas sheets as are available were con- 
sulted, and the facts they furnished were supplemented by informa- 
tion obtained chiefly through correspondence. 

KENNEBEC RIVER. 

Between Moosehead Lake and Indian Pond there is a drop of nearly 
100 feet distributed rather evenly over a distance of about 3| miles. 

For about 7 miles below Indian Pond the river is very precipitous, 
falling approximately 250 feet. Much power could be developed here. 
The banks are high with rocky walls and there are many excellent 
dam sites. In the remaining 8 miles to the mouth of Dead River at 
The Forks, the fall is a little less steep, amounting to about 120 feet. 
The conditions in general are good, however, for power development. 

From The Forks to Bingham the fall is in general fairly uniform, 
amounting to 230 feet in a "distance of about 22 miles. At only a few 
places in this stretch are there rapids other than those produced by 
the general slope of the river. The most promising place for power 
development is perhaps near Carrying Place Rips, about 10 miles 
above Bingham, where there is a fall of about 9 feet in half a mile; but 
this location is not especially favorable for a dam. This entire section 
of the river, however, will be in time of great value for power purposes. 

From Bingham down to the Solon dam the fall is considerably less 
than in the stretch of the river just described, amounting to only about 
30 feet in a distance of 5 miles to the Solon mill pond. Between the 
foot of the Solon dam and Solon Ferry, a distance of H miles, is a fall 
of about 8 i feet. The total fall between the foot of the Solon dam 
and the mouth of Carrabassett River, which marks the practical 
extent of pondage from the Madison dam, is about 36 feet in a distance 
of 9 miles. 

At Madison, between the present dam and the mouth of Sandy 
River, a distance of a little less than 3 miles, there is a fall of about 68 
feet in pitches and rapids where some excellent undeveloped pow T er 
exists. (See PI. VII, B, p. 162.) The Great Northern Paper Company 
has prepared plans for the development of practically all of this fall 
by the use of two dams — one developing 43 feet and the other 20 feet. 

At Bombazee Rips, about 2J miles above Norridgewock, there is a 
fall of 1\ feet in one-fourth of a mile. Near the head of the rips is a 
good ledge foundation for a dam, and probably a 10 or 12 foot head 
could be obtained here without difficulty. Just below Skowhegan 
there are 18 or 20 feet of undeveloped fall in a distance of about 2\ 
miles. The remainder of the river is entire!}" developed. 



128 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 

MOOSE RIVER. 

Holeb Falls, about 16 miles by river below the outlet from Holeb 
Pond, give a fall of 20 to 30 feet. Upstream for about 8 miles the 
fall is slight, so that good pondage could be had here. Mosquito 
Rips (4 feet fall), Spencer Rips (5 feet fall), and Attean Falls (10 feet fall) 
occur in the remaining stretch of river to the head of Attean Pond. The 
total distance from Holeb Outlet to Attean Pond is about 29 miles. 
Between Attean, Wood, and Long ponds there is but little fall. Below 
Long Pond the fall is very steep, being about 110 feet in a distance of 
4 miles to Little Brassua Lake, which is practically at the level of 
Brassua Lake. This stretch flows over a very rough and rocky bed 
and there are several good sites for dams. (See PI. V, B.) Between 
Brassua and Moosehead lakes is a drop of about 20 feet at ordinary 
stages. By placing a dam near the Rockwood gaging station of the 
United States Geological Survey this fall could be practically all util- 
ized and in addition any further amount resulting from the raising of 
the Brassua Lake level to procure additional storage. (See p. 134.) 

ROACH RIVER. 

There is a little fall on Roach River above Lower Roach Pond — 
perhaps 30 feet to Middle Roach Pond. Between Lower Roach Pond 
and Moosehead Lake, a distance of some 5 miles, the fall is about 75 
feet. 

MOXIE STREAM. 

There is a total fall of 370 feet between Moxie Pond and Kennebec 
River, a distance of about 4 miles, and this occurs practically all in the 
lower 2 miles. At Moxie Falls there is a nearly vertical drop of 95 
feet near the main river. 

DEAD RIVER. 

At Arnolds Falls about 5 miles below Flagstaff there is a fall of 
about 12 feet in one-fourth of a mile. At Hurricane Falls, 4 miles 
above Dead River, there is a fall of 8 feet in one-eighth of a mile. 
From 10 to 12 feet- fall could be developed, but the pondage would be 
small, unless the intervale land was flooded. Long Falls, 6 miles 
below Dead River Plantation, extends over a distance of about a 
mile, with a total fall of about 72 feet, the main part being made up 
of a series of precipitous falls occurring in a short distance. Excellent 
sites exist for a dam, as the river banks are of ledge, and a 40-foot 
head could be easily developed. At Grand Falls, one-fourth mile 
below the Dead River dam and about 1 2 miles from The Forks, is 
a precipitous drop of 28 feet. The banks are high and of ledge, 
affording an excellent opportunity for a dam ; a 40-foot head could 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL. V 




A. HEAD-GATES AT EAST OUTLET OF MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 




B. LONG POND DAM ON MOOSE RIVER. 



UNDEVELOPED WATEB POWER. 



129 



be easily developed. Dead River Rapids extend from Grand Kails 
to The Forks, with a total fall of about 400 feet in the L2 miles. No 
precipitous falls occur, but for the most part a gradual descent is 
maintained, there being a succession of very rocky rapids with short 
stretches of connecting quick water. The river banks are for the 
most part high and ledges are numerous affording opportunities for 
dams at nearly all of the rapids. 

• The following table gives an approximate profile of Dead River, 
based on a barometric reconnaissance during 1906. 

Elevations along Bead Hirer. 
[Datum is mean tide.] 



Place. 



Flagstaff 

Dead River 

Outlet of West Carrv Pond 

Head of Long Falls.".. 

Foot of Long Falls at Black Brook 

Outlet of Spring Lake 

Dead River dam (present water surface) 

Dead River dam (top gates) 

Dead River dam (foot of Grand Falls) 

Mouth of Spencer Stream 

Junction of Spencer and Little Spencer stream 

Mouth of Enchanted Stream 

Junction with Kennebec 



Elevation 


Approxi- 


above 


mate dis- 


mean sea 


tance from 


level. 


Flagstaff. 


Feet. 


Miles 




1,082 






1,072 




10 


1,072 




14i 


1,072 




16 


LOCO 




17 


1,000 




18? 


1,0C0 




23 


1,011 




23 


963 




23i 


957 




23.i 


984 






760 




29 


565 




36 



PLEASANT POND STREAM. 



Pleasant Pond Stream falls about 780 feet between Pleasant Pond 
and Kennebec River, a distance of 3 1 miles, but the tributary drainage 
area is only a few square miles. 



PIERCE POND OUTLET. 

Pierce Pond Outlet falls about 640 feet in a distance of 3 miles 
from Pierce Pond to Kennebec River. The drainage area at the out- 
let of the pond is small, being only about 18 square miles. The pos- 
sibility of bringing Dead River water to Pierce Pond and thus utiliz- 
ing the large drop to Kennebec River in one fall has been investigated. 
Pierce Pond lies at about 1,125 feet above tide (by aneroid from 
Carritunk), and a comparison of this elevation with those given for 
Dead River in the foregoing table indicates the impossibility of carry- 
ing out this scheme without great expense, as to reach the Pierce 
Pond elevation it would be necessary to pond the water in Dead River 
to a point above Flagstaff. 



130 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC EIVER BASIN. 

CARRABASSETT RIVER. 

There is considerable undeveloped fall in the upper part of Carra- 
bassett River and on its tributaries, but the supply of water is in 
general too small to warrant developments. At Cleveland Rips, 
3 or 4 miles above North Anson, is an undeveloped fall said to be 
about 12 feet. 

SANDY RIVER, 

Considerable undeveloped fall exists on Sandy River. There is 
said to be a good privilege just below New Sharon that will afford a 
fall of about 30 feet. At Davis Ferry, in the town of Stark, is a power 
site with perhaps a 15-foot fall. At Strong, and farther up the river, 
there is considerable unutilized fall, but the volume of water available 
in low-water seasons is small. 

SEBASTICOOK RIVER. 

Sebasticook River is one of the most fully developed for power of 
all the tributaries of the Kennebec. Of the 170-feet fall between 
Moose Pond and Kennebec River about 100 feet are developed. It 
is said that at Fifteenmile Rips, about 3 miles above Clinton, a good 
site exists to obtain a fall of about 12 feet. At Winslow, about half 
a mile below the entrance of China Lake Outlet, near the mouth of 
the river, is an undeveloped privilege owned by the Fort Halifax 
Paper Company, of Waterville, that is reported to be capable of 
affording a 24-foot head and " a mean low run of 450 to 550 cubic feet 
per second." 

MESSALONSKEE STREAM. 

Of the 210-feet fall between Messalonskee Lake and Kennebec 
River about 135 feet are developed. A good unutilized site remains 
just below Oakland, where a head of about 47 feet can be obtained. 
This is owned by the Messalonskee Electric Company. The large 
amount of lake area in this drainage basin is of great value in render- 
ing the flow uniform, but the storage capacity of the lakes should be 
increased and more care given toward regulation of flow. 

WEBER POND OUTLET. 

Weber Pond Outlet falls about 115 feet in 3 \ miles — mostly in the 
last 2 miles — from Weber Pond to Kennebec River. 

COBBOSSEECONTtttt STREAM. 

Cobbosseecontee Stream is rather fully developed, but a few unutil- 
ized sites remain above Cobbosseecontee Pond. This is a stream of 
very even flow, owing to its excellent storage reservoirs. 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASi -. 131 

WATER ST< )RA( HE. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. 

No other tract of country of the same extent on the continent i 
well watered — that is, supplied with well-distributed lakes and 
streams — as is the State of Maine. Of the three largest drainage 
basins in the State — the Kennebec, Penobscot, and Androscoggin — 
the Kennebec is first as regards the proportion of lake and pond sur- 
face to total drainage area, which for this river is about 1 to 14. 
(See p. 144.) Moreover, Moosehead Lake furnishes one- third of this 
water-surface area in the Kennebec basin and constitutes one of the 
most valuable reservoirs for water storage and control in the country. 
The drainage area tributary to Moosehead Lake is large — about 1,240 
square miles — so that even the great storage capacity afforded by a 
depth of 7.5 feet (the present head) on this lake is not nearly sufficient 
to prevent considerable losses of water at times. 

The importance of storing and regulating the flow of Kennebec 
Biver has long been realized by the water power and lumbering inter- 
ests along the river. To a certain extent these interests of necessity 
conflict in regard to the manner of use of stored water. The log- 
driving season begins in the early spring, the small streams in the 
headwaters being first driven and the logs temporarily held in various 
lakes and ponds. Eventually the main drive leaves Moosehead Lake, 
and it is usually well into the summer before the last of the logs reach 
their destination on the lower river. To drive the logs, especially in 
the portion of the river between Moosehead Lake and Bingham, a cer- 
tain amount of flow is required to prevent the rapid formation of 
jams, and the practice is to let out each daj from Indian Pond dam 
(this pond being used as a regulating reservoir for flow from Moose- 
head Lake) a head, or " hoist," as it is called, of water to help sluice 
along the drive. Formerly little or no care was taken to prevent the 
waste of water during log driving, with the result that frequently by 
the end of the log-driving season little water would be left stored in 
Moosehead Lake, and consequently the water-power users on the river 
suffered from a scarcity of water in the fall and early winter, receiving 
almost no benefit from the use of Moosehead Lake for storage. In 
late years, however, the log-driving and water-power interests on the 
river have become more, harmonious, and the two associations repre- 
senting them — the Kennebec Log Driving Association and the Ken- 
nebec Water Power Company — are to a large extent made up of the 
same persons. Efforts are being made not only to prevent the need- 
less waste of water in log driving, but to improve the river channel and 
facilities for driving, s > as to require less water for this purpose. The 
necessity of providing additional storage capacity over that now 
utilized at Moosehead Lake has been apparent for severed years, and 



132 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN., 

surveys of the lake have been made by the water-power company to 
ascertain the feasibility of further raising the lake level. 

As a result of the cooperation between the Maine State Survey 
Commission and the United States Geological Survey, surveys of 
various lakes and ponds in the Kennebec headwaters were made dur- 
ing 1905-6 by the National Survey. Sufficient information has been 
thus obtained, in addition to that relating to Moosehead Lake fur- 
nished by the Kennebec Water Power Company, to serve as a basis 
for a fairly comprehensive study of the problem of additional storage, 
and in the succeeding pages the various possibilities will be discussed. 
The following plans and profiles will be furnished to persons especially 
interested in the subject on application to the Director, United States 
Geological Survey, Washington, D. C: 

Plan of Brassua Lake. 
Plan of Brassua Lake Outlet. 

Plan and profile of Moose River between Moosehead and Brassua lakes. 
Plan of Wood and Attean ponds. 
Plan of Wood Pond Outlet. 

Reconnaissance plan of Holeb Pond, Long Pond, Lower Roach Pond, Middle Roach 
Pond, Flagstaff Lake, West Carry Pond, Spring Lake, and Spencer Ponds. 

STORAGE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. 

MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 

Moosehead Lake, with an area of about 115 square miles, is the 
largest lake in New England. It is about 35 miles in extreme 
length, 12 miles in maximum width, and of such depth that it is 
crossed by steamboats from end to end. It has long been used as a 
veservoir to store the spring now for use in log driving and for power, 
and is commanded by substantial log-crib dams at its two outlets. 
' That at the east or principal outlet, shown in PI. V, A, was com- 
pleted in 1901, replacing an old dam. The west-outlet dam was 
rebuilt in 1904. Most of the regulation of flow, however, is carried 
on at the east-outlet dam, and in general little water flows by way of 
the west outlet. The west-outlet stream joins the main river at the 
upper end of Indian Pond. 

The present head of water obtainable on Moosehead Lake is about 
7.5 feet. (See list of gage heights of Moosehead Lake, pp. 70-76.) 
The Kennebec Water Power Company has made surveys of the pres- 
ent lake shores with the view of obtaining additional storage capacity 
corresponding to an increased depth of 2 feet, and has spent about 
.$16,000 for these surveys and mapping. The results indicate that an 
increase in water surface of about 1.6 square miles would result from 
this proposed rise in level. The shores are in general high and rocky, 
but in several places rather low, so that the estimated damages are on 
the whole considerable. It is probable that Moosehead Lake could 



WATER STORAGE. 



133 



be drawn down considerably below the present limit, if dredging were 
done at the outlet, but this would of course have an objectionable 
effect on the navigability of the lake. 

The data furnished by the Kennebec Water Power Company have 
been used in compiling the following table, which shows the present 
storage capacity and that obtainable by raising the lake level 2 feet. 

Area and capacity of Moosehead Lake at different elevations. 

[Drainage area at outlet, 1,240 square miles.] 



Gage 
height. 


Area of 
water 
surface. 


Capacity of 
section. 


Total capacity 

above gage 
height 0.0 foot.. 


Feet. 

0.0 
1.0 

2.0 
3.0 
4.0 
5.0 
6.0 
7.0 
7.5 
8.5 
9.5 


Sq. miles. 
111.3 
111.9 
112.4 
113.0 
113.6 
114.3 
114.9 
115.6 
116.0 
116.8 


Cubic feet 


Cubic feet. 


3,110,000,000 
3,127,000,000 
3,142,000,000 
3,158,000,000 
3,176,000,000 
3,195,000,000 
3,213,000,000 
1,614,000,000 
3,245,000,000 
3,267,000,000 


3,110,000,000 
6,237,000,000 
9,379,000,000 j 
12,537,000,000 
15,713,000,000 ! 
18,908,000,000 j 
22,121,000,000 
23,735,000,000 
26,980,000,000 
30,247,000,000 



a Gage heights refer to lake datum, the zero of which is approximately at the elevation of the gate 
sills, or 1,021.30 feet above mean sea level. 



MOOSE RIVER BASIN. 

Moose River and its series of lakes, comprising Brassua Lake and 
Long, Wood, Attean, and Holeb ponds, afford some excellent oppor- 
tunities for storage of water. The natural and artificial conditions 
in the vicinity of these ponds are in general favorable for their utiliza- 
tion for storage without great cost, but at present only one of them 
(Long Pond) is controlled by a dam, and this is utilized solely for 
log-driving purposes. (See PL V, B p. 128.) The following descrip- 
tions of the Moose River lakes and ponds are based on data obtained 
by the United States Geological Survey during 1905-6. as previously 
explained. 

BRASSUA LAKE. 

Brassua Lake is approximately rectangular in shape, running north- 
west to southeast, about 5.5 miles long and 1.4 miles in maximum 
width. Its greatest depth is about 35 feet, in the extreme north- 
western part of the lake; the more shallow portions lie at the south- 
eastern extremity along Miseree Sands. It has an area of 5.55 
square miles at an elevation of 1,043.0 feet above mean tide. The 
.shores are wooded and as a rule are high, the low areas being around 
the entering streams — Miseree Stream at the southeast, Moose River 
at the south, and Brassua Stream at the northern extremity. No 
dam now exists at the outlet of the lake. 



134 



WATEE RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



This lake could readily be raised 10 or 15 feet, or even more, above 
the present low-water level, without doing any damage except to tim- 
ber standing on the flooded area, but as this is mostly young growth 
the total damage would be small. There are several good sites for a 
dam at the outlet of the lake. As a rule the river bed here is rocky 
or of gravel and in places rather rough. 

A dam with crest at elevation 1,056 feet, placed near the outlet, 
with a total length of about 850 feet and a maximum height of 20 to 25 
feet would afford about 18 feet head of water. 

About 1.3 miles below the outlet, just below the United States 
Geological Survey gaging station, is a site for a dam which would not 
only afford lake storage but would develop a. fall of about 25 feet and 
fktod. out the rough section of the river intervening, which causes 
considerable trouble in log driving. A dam here would be about 
1,000 feet in total length and about 35 feet in maximum height, if its 
crest were set at elevation 1,056 feet. 

The following table gives the area and approximate storage capac- 
ity of Brassua Lake at various elevations: 



Area and rapacity of Brassua Lake at. different elevations. 
[Drainage area at outlet, 675 square miles.] 



Eleva- 








tion 
above 


Area of 
water 


Capacity of sec- 
tion. 


Total capacity 
above elevation 


mean se<< 


surface. 


1,038 feet. 


level. 








Feet. 


Sq. miles. 


Cubic feet. 


Cubic feet. 


1,038 


4.45 






1,039 


4. 66 


"127 ,"666," 666" 


'"'127,' 666^666" 


1,040 


4.87 


133,000,000 


260,000,000 


1,041 


5.08 


139,000,000 


399,000,000 


1,042 


5.30 


145,000,000 


544, 000, 000 


1,043 


5.55 


151,500,000 


695,500,000 


1,044 


5.80 


158, 500, 000 


854, 000, 000 


1,045 


(i. 05 


165,000,000 


1,019,000,000 


1,046 


6,35 


173,000,000 


1,192,000,000 


1,047 


6. 65 


181,000,000 


1,373,000,000 


1,048 


7.00 


190,500,000 


1,563,500,000 


1,049 


7 37 


200,000,000 


1,763,500,000 


1,050 


7. 85 


212,000,000 


1,975,500,000 


1,051 


8. 37 


236, 000, 000 


2,211,500,000 


1,052 


8. 85 


240,500,000 


2,452.000,000 


1,053 


0.20 


252,000,000 


2,704,000,000 


1,054 


9.50 


261,000,000 


2,965,000,000 


1 , 055 


9.80 


2!i9,000,000 


3,234,000,000 


1,056 


10.12 


278,000,000 


3,512,000,000 


] , 057 


10. 45 


287,000,000 


3,799,000,000 


1,058 


10. 70 


295, 500, 000 


5,094,500,000 



LONG POND. 



Long Pond runs approximately from northwest to southeast and 
is long, narrow, and irregular in shape. Its extreme length is about 
10 miles, 8 miles being the pond proper and the remainder the former 
river channel, in which water is held by the dam. During low water 
there is a fall of perhaps 2 or 3 feet between these two portions. 
The width of the pond varies from 300 feet at the Lower Narrows to 



WATER STORAGE. 135 

1 \ miles opposite the mouth of Parlin Stream. Its maximum depth 
is about 35 feet, and it has a pond surface 1 of 4.S square miles at an 
elevation of 1,159 feet. 

The shores are wooded, as a rule, with some bordering farm land 
toward the northern extremity. Around the upper end the ground 
is low and marshy; the remainder of the shore rises gradually. The 
Canadian Pacific Railway runs along the entire southern shore, being 
but little above the pond in elevation. The lowest portion of the 
track is just west of Parlin Stream, where the elevation is about 1,165 
feet; at several other places the elevation is from 1,166 to 1,170 feet. 

The existing dam is an old timber-crib structure, 385 feet in total 
length. It has two wing walls, one 43 feet and the other 170 feet 
long, and the dam proper is 172 feet long, with 14 sluices and gates. 
(See PI. V, B, p. 128.) The elevation of the bottom of six sluices is 
about 1,157 feet; of the log sluice, 1,152.2 feet; and of the remaining 
sluices, about 1,151.2 feet. The elevation of the wing wall on the 
south, at which water will go to waste, is about 1,160 feet. The dam 
is now used for holding back water in the spring for a short time during 
the log-driving season; after that the gates are open and free flow 
takes place. 

On account of the proximity of the Canadian Pacific Railway, per- 
haps no increase in the height of the dam is warranted, but to utilize 
the storage a higher summer level could be maintained. The present 
low-water level is about 1,152 feet at the dam, or probably about 
1,154 or 1,155 in the pond proper. In the spring the water is main- 
tained for a short time in the pond at an elevation of over 1,160 feet, 
and an elevation of 1,160 feet could probably be maintained without 
doing much damage. If the present average low-water level is con- 
sidered as elevation 1,155 feet, and the average area 4.5 square miles, 
the capacity at elevation 1,160 feet would be about 625,000,000 
cubic feet. It is probable that this quantity could be considerably 
increased by dredging at the narrows and lowering the gate sills at 
the dam. The drainage area at the outlet of the pond is 520 square 
miles. 

WOOD AND ATTEAN PONDS. 

Wood Pond is situated in the town of Jackman at an elevation at 
low-water level of about 1,157 feet. It is connected with Long Pond 
by about 7 miles of very crooked river, in winch the fall is about 2 
feet under average conditions. The pond is irregular in shape, 3.8 
miles in extreme length and If miles in maximum width. A con- 
siderable portion of it is more than .30 feet in depth. The shores are 
wooded and steep, with practically no bordering flat land. 

Attean Pond is connected with Wood Pond by about three-fourths 
of a mile of river and under normal conditions is at the same level 
as Wood Pond. It will thus be noted that Long, Wood, and Attean 



136 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



ponds are all at about the same elevation. Attean Pond is very 
irregular in shape, 5 miles long, 2 miles in maximum width, and about 
30 feet in maximum depth. It contains many islands. The shores 
are wooded and high for the most part, the lowest land, which is 
under cultivation, being along the river connecting Wood and Attean 
ponds. 

The Canadian Pacific Railway runs along a portion of the eastern 
shore of Wood Pond, crosses Moose River at its entrance into that 
pond, and then follows the northern shore of Attean Pond. Its lowest 
elevation is about 1,174 feet, just south of the bridge on Moose River. 

A dam can be placed at the outlet of Wood Pond. Here the 
banks are high and of gravel, and the two ponds could be easily 
raised 10 feet by a dam 550 feet long. It is probable that water 
could not be drawn lower than about elevation 1,057 feet, owing to 
backwater influence from the river below; this would make a high- 
water elevation of 1,067 feet. Damage would be done to timber on 
the flooded land, and also to some farm land at the head of Wood 
Pond. 

The drainage area of Wood Pond at its outlet is 320 square miles, 
and of Attean Pond 270 square miles. The following table gives the 
areas and capacity of Wood and Attean ponds at different elevations: 

Area and capacity of Attean and Wood ponds at different elevations. 



Eleva- 
tion 
mean sea 
level. 


Area of 
water sur- Rapacity of 
face. section. 


Total capacity 

above elevation 

1,157 feet. 


Feet. 
1,153 
1,154 
1,155 
1,156 
1,157 
1,158 
1,159 
1,160 
l.lftl 
1,162 
1,163 
1,164 
1,165 
1,166 
1,167 
1,168 


Sq. miles. 
6.0 
6.6 
7.1 
7.3 
7.5 
7.7 
7.9 
8.0 
8.0 
8.2 
8.4 
8.6 
9.0 
9.4 
10.0 
11.1 


Cubic feet. 


Cubic feet. 


















211,900,000 
217.500,000 
223,000,000 
223,000,000 
225,800,000 
231, 400, 000 
237,000,000 
245,300,000 
256, 400, 000 
270, 400, 000 
295,500,000 


211,900,000 

429,400,000 

652,400,000 

875,400,000 

1,101,200,000 

1,322,600,000 

1,569,600,000 

1,814,900,000 

2,071,300,000 

2,341,700,000 

637,200,000 



HOLEB POND. 



Holeb Pond, in the town of Holeb, is about 1 mile from Moose 
River, to which it is connected by Holeb Stream. It is irregular in 
shape, 3f miles long and 1J miles in maximum width. The shores 
are wooded and high, except around the brooks and inlets entering 
the pond. The elevation of the low-water summer level is about 
1,231 feet, and the area of the pond at this elevation is about 1.70 
square miles; at elevation 1,241 feet the area of the water surface 



WATER STORAGE. 137 

would be about 2.8 square miles. The Canadian Pacific Railway 
runs along' the southern shore and crosses Hole!) Stream just below 
the point where it leaves the pond, at an elevation of about 1 ,246 feet. 

During the spring freshets, when Moose River is high, the back- 
water due to a ledge about 8 miles below Holeb Stream sets back to 
Holeb Pond, and at times has flooded the railroad tracks. This 
backwater causes the pond to act as a natural storage basin for a 
short time in the spring. 

The only suitable place for a dam would be at the Canadian Pacific 
bridge, and could one be built here and an elevation of the lake 
surface of 1,241 feet maintained, the capacity of the lake above 
elevation 1,231 feet would be about 627,000,000 cubic feet. The 
drainage area of Holeb Pond at its outlet is about 24 square miles. 

ROACH RIVER BASIN. 

Roach River, with its three connected ponds, affords some oppor- 
tunity for storage, although not as good as Moose River on account 
of its much smaller drainage area. 

LOWER ROACH POND. 

The present dam at Lower Roach Pond is as high as the surface 
of the surrounding ground will admit, and could not be raised with- 
out considerable expense because of the lowland. This dam con- 
trols about an 8-foot head, and, with an average area of 4.9 square 
miles, the present capacity is about 1,093,000,000 cubic feet. At 
present the summer pond level is but little above minimum low 
water, and a higher level could be maintained without doing any 
damage. It is probable, too, that this pond could be drawn down 
considerably lower by dredging and lowering the outlet. The drain- 
age area at the outlet of the pond is about 85 square miles. 

MIDDLE ROACH POND. 

On Middle Roach Pond is a dam now controlling 6 feet of head. 
The average area of the pond is 1 square mile, and with the present 
dam the capacity is 167,000,000 cubic feet of water. The land is 
low around the dam, but with nashboards an increase in height of 
about 2 feet could be obtained without doing any material damage. 
This increase would add 67,000,000 cubic feet to the capacity. 



138 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - 



SUMMARY OF STORAGE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. 

In the following table is a summary of the present and available 
storage in the upper portion of the Kennebec basin: 

Summary oj principal storage in Kennebec headwaters. 



Present stor- Available stor- 
age, age. 



Cubic feci. [ Cubic feet. 

Moosehcad Lake -. 23. 735, 000, 000 30, 247, 000, 000 

Brassua Lake •. 3, 512, 000, 000 

Long Pond 025, 000, 000 025, 000. 000 

Wood and Attean ponds 2,341,700,000 

Holeb Pond ' 027, 000, 000 

Lower Roach Pond 1, 093, 000, 000 1, 093, 000, 000 

Middle Roach Pond .- 107, 000, 000 i 234. 000, 000 



25, 620, 000, 000 38, 079, 700, 000 



STORAGE BELOW MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 



MOXIE POND. 

Moxie Pond, situated in The Forks and East Moxie townships, is 
about 4 miles from Kennebec River, to which it is tributary b} r Moxie 
Stream. It is long and narrow, about 8 miles in extreme length and 
three-fourths in maximum width, running approximately north and 
south. It has an area at low water of about 2.6 square miles. The 
shores are in general fairly high and steep, except near each end of the 
pond where there is considerable low ground. The shores are wooded, 
but mostly with small growth. 

A timber-crib dam about 450 feet long controls a head of about 9 
feet, at which level (about 969 feet above tide) the area of the water 
surface is about 3.0 square miles. This dam is used at present solely 
for log-driving purposes. The storage capacity of the pond is about 
705,000,000 cubic feet. The outlet can be cut down about 2 feet and 
the dam raised 3 feet without great expense, and a total head of 14 
feet obtained, corresponding to about 1 , 100,000,000 cubic feet capacity. 
To more nearly control the run-off from this drainage basin (80 square 
miles at the mouth of the pond) a dam 18 or 20 feet high would be 
required, furnishing a storage capacity of about 1,600,000,000 cubic 
feet. The most serious obstacle to raising the level of Moxie Pond 
any considerable amount is the proximity of the Somerset Railway 
extension, and the necessary changes involved in grading, etc., would 
add largely to the expense. On the other hand, the large amount of 
available water power on Moxie Stream, which has a fall of about 370 
feet in practically 2 miles, makes any increase in the storage capacity 
of Moxie Pond of twofold value. 



WATER STORAGE. 139 

PIERCE POND. 

Pierce Pond is located principally in Pierce Pond Township, about 
3.5 miles west of Kennebec River, to which it is tributary by Pierce 
Pond Stream. It is very irregular in shape, being practically two 
ponds connected by a thoroughfare. It runs approximately north 
and south, and is 5 miles in extreme length, a little over a mile in 
maximum width, and in places rather deep. It has an area of about 
2.3 square miles and the surface is approximately 1,125 feet above 
mean tide. The shores of the pond are wooded, mostly with young 
growth, and in the main are high with steep banks, but there are a few 
low places of small area. 

A timber-crib dam, in rather poor condition, about 385 feet in total 
length, affords a head of 10 feet and a storage capacity of approxi- 
mately 620,000,000 cubic feet. 

The drainage area tributary to Pierce Pond is only about 18 square 
miles and any additional storage over the present amount is of doubt- 
ful value, although it could be obtained without great outlay. The 
thoroughfare between the two sections of the pond could be cut down 
with little expense, so that the northern part, in which at present there 
is a height of about 3.5 feet not utilized, would drain down within a 
foot of the outlet level. Pierce Pond would make an excellent storage 
reservoir if a greater area were tributary to it. The relative position 
of Pierce Pond with reference to Dead River is discussed on page 129. 

DEAD RIVER BASIN. 

Some very good opportunities exist for storage of water in the Dead 
River drainage basin, although as a rule the lakes and ponds do not 
have a large tributary area. 

FLAGSTAFF LAKE. 

Flagstaff Lake is in the town of Flagstaff, about half a mile north of 
Dead River, to which it is tributary. It is approximately rectangular 
in shape, running southeast and northwest, 2.5 miles in extreme length 
and 0.9 mile in maximum width, with an area of water surface of 
about 1.4 square miles, at an elevation of 1,100 feet above mean tide. 
It is a shallow lake, being not over 10 feet in maximum depth at 
medium stages. The shores are in general rather low. 

A rough timber and bowlder-filled dam, situated about 2,300 feet 
down the outlet stream, controls a head of 12 feet, although consider- 
ably less than this amount is actually obtained, owing to the position 
of the gates. Power is used at this dam for running a sawmill. The 
storage capacity of Flagstaff Lake, with a depth of 12 feet and a water- 
surface area of 1.4 square miles, is about 470,000,000 cubic feet. This 
dam could not be raised more than 3 feet without flooding a part 
3697— irr 198—07 10 



140 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - 

of the village of Flagstaff. A dam could, however, be placed 500 
feet below the lake, or 1,800 feet upstream from the present dam, 
where the channel is about 100 feet wide and the stream has a 
rocky bed. With an increase in level of 10 feet a large storage capac- 
ity could be obtained, probably as much as 2,000,000,000 cubic feet. 
The drainage area at the outlet of Flagstaff Lake is about 50 square 
miles. The possibility of utilizing this lake as a storage basin for flow 
from the main river should be further investigated. 

WEST CARRY POND 

West Carry Pond is in the town of Carrying Place, about 4 miles 
east of Dead River, to which it is tributary. It is regular in shape, 
about 2 miles in extreme length and 0.8 mile in maximum width. In 
places it is more than 80 feet deep. It has a water-surface area of 
approximately 1.3 square miles, at an elevation of 1,250 feet above 
mean tide, or about 180 feet above Dead River. The shores are high 
and wooded. 

A timber-crib dam at the outlet, 600 feet in total length, controls a 
head of about 10 feet, which would correspond to a storage capacity of 
about 360,000,000 cubic feet. This level could be easily raised 10 feet 
or more, but the tributary drainage area is only 15 square miles, and it 
is stated that water has never flowed over the present dam, so that no 
changes seem warranted. 

SPRING LAKE. 

Spring Lake, in T. 3, R. 4, lies about 1 mile west of Dead River, to 
which it is tributary. It is long and narrow, with two deep bays, 2.6 
miles in total length, 0.75 mile in maximum width, and about 60 feet 
in maximum depth. The water-surface area is about 1 . 1 square miles, 
at an elevation of about 1,260 feet above mean tide, or 260 feet above 
Dead River. The shores are high and wooded. 

No dam is situated at the outlet of this pond, although a head of 10 
feet could be readily controlled. The drainage area is only about 10 
square miles, and probably this lake will be of little value for storage 
unless the topography is such that adjacent streams can be readily 
turned into it. 

DEAD RIVER DAM. 

The Dead River dam was built in the autumn of 1905 by the Dead 
River Log Driving Company. It is situated about 1,400 feet above 
Grand Falls and half a mile above the entrance of Spencer Stream. It 
is a timber-crib structure having a total length of about 320 feet, with 
two log sluices and twenty gates. It is used solely for log driving and 
affords a head of 13 feet, flooding the river back to the foot of Long 
Falls. This, however, is only for a short time in the spring. 



WATER STOBAGE. 141 

SPENCER PONDS. 

The Spencer ponds are situated mainly in Hobbstown, about 5 
miles north of Dead River, with which they are connected by Little 
Spencer and Spencer streams. They are known as Lower Basin, 
Upper Pond, and Fish Pond, and are connected by narrow thorough- 
fares. They are long and narrow, running approximately north and 
south. The total length is 6 miles and the maximum width, in the 
lower basin, 0.8 mile. The area of water surface is about 2.6 square 
miles, at an elevation of about 1,150 feet above tide, or 190 feet above 
Dead River at Spencer Stream. The shores are wooded and generally 
steep and high, except at the north end. 

A timber-crib dam approximately 105 feet long at the outlet of 
Lower Basin controls a head of about 12 feet, although a bar in the 
stream above the dam prevents the utilization of the last foot of stor- 
age. This could be easily removed and would result in a storage 
capacity with the present dam of approximately 870,000,000 cubic 
feet. It is practicable to raise the level of these ponds 5 feet or more, 
depending on the quantity of water available. A total head of 16 
feet would afford a storage capacity of about 1,500,000,000 cubic feet. 
The drainage area at the outlet of Lower Basin is about 46 square 
miles. 

SPENCER STREAM DAM. 

The Spencer Stream dam is a log-roll dam affording a head of about 
9 feet, situated about 4 miles up Spencer Stream from the entrance of 
Little Spencer Stream. It makes several small ponds that are very 
quickly filled, affording frequently three or four heads per day during 
the log-driving season. 

UPPER DEAD RIVER. 

No additional data for Dead River above Flagstaff are available 
other than those given in the summary table on page 142. It is prob- 
able that considerable opportunity exists for storing water in this part 
of the river, and Chain of Ponds, Jim Pond, and Tim Pond appear to 
be worthy of investigation in this respect. 

SUMMARY OF STORAGE. 

The following table, summarizing the storage in the Kennebec basin, 
is taken mainly from Wells's report a and such corrections and addi- 
tions have been made as are possible with the data at hand. In gen- 
eral, the areas of water surface in the lower part of the basin, as given 
by Wells, are approximately correct, but those in the middle and 
upper parts are too large. Corrections of Wells's figures are based on 
the topographic sheets or the results of surveys by the United States 
Geological Survey. 

a Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1869, pp. 94-97. 



142 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Summary of storage in Kennebec basin. 
CONNECTED WITH MOOSE RIVER. 





Approxi- 
mate area. 


Present 
storage. 


Additional available storage. 


Brassua Lake : 


Sq. miles. 
5.55 
1.5 

2. 75 
■■' 5 
3.3 
1.35 
4.5 

2 

1 


Feet. 
None 


Fret. 
10-15. 


Miseree Pond 

Parlin Pond 


2 or more 

5, formerly... 

8 


Can be raised. 
3. 


Long Pond t 




Wood Pond 




10. 


Little Big Wood Pond 


7 


10. 




10 by dam at outlet of Wood 

Pond 
Can be raised by a dam at 

Holeb Falls. 
The other can be raised 6 

feet. 


Holeb Pond. 


do 

6 (one pond).. 


Thorndike Ponds (2) 


' 


26.95 





CONNECTED WITH DEAD RIVER. 



Spencer Ponds 

Pond in T. 5, R. 7 

Great Pond a 

King and Bartlett Pond 

Spring Lake 

Flagstaff Lake 

Carrying P]ace Pond (the largest) 

Jim Pond, T. 1, R. 5 

Tim Pond, T. 2, R. 4 

Chain of Ponds (3) 




CONNECTED WITH CARRABASSETT RIVER. 



Fahi Pond 


0.6 

.4 
2.4 
1 

.35 

'.5 

.75 
.4 
1 
.5 
.2 
.3 
.3 


4 


4. 




4 

4 




Embden Pond 


12. 




Several. 










8. 




Dam 






Dam 




Butler Pond 






4. 


Tufts Pond 


Several. 




8 

Dam 


Do. 




Do. 


Carrying Place Pond (middle) 


do 


Do. 




9.1 





CONNECTED WITH SANDY RIVER. 



Bog Pond 

Clear Water Pond 

Norcross Pond 

Chesterville Ponds (6) 



Wilton Pondb. 
North Pond . . . 



Taylor Pond 

Sandy River Ponds (4). 

Lufikill Pond 

Sylvester Pond 



1 
1.75 

.35 
2 

1.25 

1 

.2 
1 
1.25 

.3 

10.1 



8 

Dam. 





Dam 



4 or 5 can be had on four 

ponds. 
Can raise 2 feet and lower 

outlet 3 feet. 
Can raise dam and lower 

outlet. 

Several. 



« It is uncertain whether this pond exists as given by Wells. 
b Called Wilson Pond by Wells. 



WATER STORAGE. 



143 



Summary of storage in Kennebec basin — Continued. 

CONNECTED WITH WESSERUNSETT STREAM 





Approxi- 
mate area. 


Present 
storage. 


Additional available storage. 


Harden Lake 

Wentworth Pond 


Sq. miles. 
3 

} » 

.75 
.6 


Feet. 

7 

/None 

\....do 

None 

6 


Feet. 
3. 
10 


Bakers Pond 


Can be made a good reser- 
voir. 
9. 


WCeks Pond ; 










5. 35 





CONNECTED WITH SEBASTICOOK RIVER. 



China Lake 


6.1 

.85 

.*95 
4.25 

1.75 
3 

.7 
2.5 
7.5 

.6 

.6 

.8 
2.5 

.35 

.4 

.9 
1.1 
9.5 

.35 

.35 

.35 


6 




Pattee Pond 


6 

2.... 




Lovejoy Pond 

Sandy Pond 




Twenty-five Mile Pond 


2, by lowering outlet 
4, on 3.50 square miles. 


Carlton Bog 






10. . 


Skinner Pond 












4 

8 . . . . 


4. 










Palmyra Ponds (2) 

Stuarts Pond 






Indian Pond, with flowage 

Little Indian Pond 








Rogers Pond 

Mill Pond 


Can have, a high dam. 


4 






Stafford Pond 






Starbird Pond 














48.2 





CONNECTED WITH MESSALONSKEE STREAM. 





,4 

4.2 
12.7 
.9 
.7 
.35 
2.6 
3.6 


4-5 


4, with large flowage. 


Long Pond 


1-2 








Ellis Pond... 


8 




McGrath Pond 




Little Pond 




East Pond 












. 




30.45 





CONNECTED WITH COBBOSSEECONTEE STREAM. 



Pleasant Pond 


1. 1 

'.5 
.2 

.9 

8.4 

.8 
2.2 
2.5 
.5 
1.1 
.3 
.3 
.3 


4 


3 by higher dams and 3 by 


Purgatory Pond (first) 


3 


cutting down the ' Rips" 
and '' Hazards" ledge. 
1 The three Purgatory ponds 


Purgatory Pond (second) 


Dam 


> can be raised 8 feet and 


Purgatory Pond (third)... . 




J drawn down 4 feet. 


Cochnewagon Pond 


7 


0. 




4 . 


(?) 0. 




4 


Can draw down and add 6 


Narrows Pond 


3 


feet. 




3. 


Lake Maranacook 







Carlton Pond 




Greeley Pond 




Sanborn Pond 


Can be flowed. 


Desert Pond 






Jamies Pond a 










20.9 





a Called Jimmy's Pond by Wells. 



144 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, 



Summary of storage in Kennebec basin — Continued. 
CONNECTED WITH KENNEBEC RIVER ABOVE AUGUSTA. 





Approxi- 
mate area. 


Present 
storage. 


Additional available storage. 


Weber Pond 


Sq. miles. 

1.9 
1.6 
2 

.95 
3.2 

. 75 
1.6 

.5 
1 
1 

2.6 
1 

..5 

.2 
2.3 
1 
1.25 

.6 
1.5 
115. 
5 

1.5 
1.5 

.75 
1.5 
1.25 


Feet. 

6 

8 


Feet. 


Threemile Pond 




Sibley and Morrill ponds 

Long Pond ; 




10, on Morrill. 






Austin Ponds (5) 


All can have dams. 


Robinson Pond 


4 




Pleasant Pond 


8. 


Mores Bog Stream Pond (Carritunk) 

Otter Ponds (2) 






Chase Ponds (3) 




Mosquito Pond 


12. 


Moxie Pond 


9 


5 or more. 




8 . 






2. 




7 . 


2 ■ 




10. . 









High dam. 






12. 




12 










7.5... 


2. 




8 


4. 


Middle Roach Pond 


6 


2 




Poor dam 

No dam 

4 




Tomhegan Pond . . . 


6. 


Spencer Pond . . . 




West Outlet Ponds (3) 


Dam feasible. 










152. 45 





CONNECTED WITH KENNEBEC RIVER BELOW AUGUSTA. 



Nequasset Pond 

Togus Pond 

Small ponds in Augusta 
Gardiner Ponda 




"Called Great Swamp in Dresden by Wells. 

Summary of areas of principal lakes and ponds in Kennebec basin. 

Square 
miles. 

Moose River 26. 95 

Dead River : 19. 15 

Carrabassett River 9. 10 

Sandy River 10. 10 

Wesserunsett Stream 5. 35 

Sebasticook River 48. 20 

Messalonskee Stream -. 30. 45 

Cobbosseecontee Stream 20. 90 

Kennebec River above Augusta ' 152. 45 

Kennebec River below Augusta 4. 00 

Total (152 lakes and ponds) 326. 65 

Total as given by Wells 357. 15 

Wells gives a total lake and pond surface area in the Kennebec 
basin of about 450 square miles. It is probable, in view of such par- 
tial corrections as have been made in the foregoing tables, that the 
total area of lakes and ponds is not over 420 square miles, or 1 square 
mile to each 14.2 square miles of total drainage area. 



WATER STORAGE. 145 

EFFECT OF PRESENT STORAGE ON FLOW. 

The measurements of flow in the Kennebec basin by the United 
States Geological Survey have been carried on since about 1001; 
records of flow at Waterville since 1892 and records of height of water 
surface of Moosehead Lake since May, 1895, have been kept by the 
Hollingsworth & Whitney Company, so that some idea can be derived 
as to the amount of storage obtained at this lake and its effect on the 
flow of Kennebec River. 

The following table gives the monthly mean run-off as observed at 
Waterville, North Anson, and The Forks and the estimated run-off 
without storage in Moosehead Lake. The corrections were obtained 
for any given monthly flow by computing the quantity of water corre- 
sponding to the change in lake level during the month, reducing this 
to an equivalent mean flow in second-feet, and dividing this result by 
the drainage area at the point considered. This correction was added 
to the observed run-off if the lake level rose during the month and 
subtracted if the lake level fell. The results thus obtained are not 
strictly the run-off that would have resulted had there been no storing 
of water in Moosehead Lake, as during the time of storage some water 
evaporates that would appear as run-off if no. water were held back. 
In this form, however, the results obtained are suitable for computa- 
tions regarding storage, as evaporation is thus taken into account on 
the present water-surface area, and as the increase in this area due to 
raising the level for additional storage is not generally of large per- 
centage value we may consider that for all practical purposes allow- 
ance has been made for evaporation from the water surface of the 
present storage reservoirs (mainly Moosehead Lake; see table on p. 
133) . From any new reservoirs, such as Brassua Lake and Attean and 
Wood ponds, there would be an increased amount of evaporation due 
to the water being held for a longer time than is done at present; but, 
on the other hand, the ground storage of water in the vicinity of all 
these lakes and ponds would be greatly increased, and it is probable 
that these two factors would largely offset each other. In the follow- 
ing estimates of additional storage capacity it will be considered that 
evaporation from water surface of the storage reservoirs has been 
taken into account in the figures used for run-off : 



146 



WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Effect of storage of water in Moosehead Lake on flow at Waterville, North Anson, and 

The Forks. 





Flow in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. 


Month. 


Waterville (drainage 
area 4,270 square 
miles). 


North Anson (drain- 
age area 2,790 square 
miles). 


The Forks (drainage 
area 1,570 square 
miles). 


• 


Observed 
flow. 


Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 


Observed 
flow. 


Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 


Observed 
flow. 


Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 


1895. 


0.48 

.42 

.47 

5.60 

2.24 

1.50 

.82 

..63 

.42 

.29 

1.31 

1.41 

1.01 

.66 

3.07 

6.42 

3.99 

1.29 

1.25 

.74 

.80 

.86 

2.12 

.64 

.84 

.87 

.93 

5.94 

6.30 

3.04 

3.07 

1.71 

1.07 

.62 

1.33 

1.25 

.75 

.80 

2.64 

6.98 

5.88 

2.34 

.92 

.73 

.61 

.95 

1.21 

.61 

.55 

.55 

.75 

5.62 

4.98 

2.06 

1.19 

.77 

.43 

.30 

.53 

.64 
























■ 




















2.62 
.80 
.59 
.38 




















July 








August 










-.04 

.41 

1.84 

1.94 

1.23 

.53 

3.24 

6.99 

3.68 

.90 

.88 

.32 

.73 

1.01 

2.79 

.63 

.82 

.70 

.89 

6.79 

6. 53 

2.65 

2.94 

. 1.35 

.67 

.56 

1.47 

1.62 

.74 

.69 

2.35 

8.02 

5.92 

1.83 

.36 

.36 

.54 

1.11 

1.54 

.75 

.48 

.37 

.71 

6.41 

5.22 

1.54 

1.08 

.47 

.06 

.15 

.54 

.74 































December 








1896. 





























































July : 


















































December 










1897. 




























































July 




























































1898. 




























































July 




























































1899. 
January 



















































June 











July... 




































■ 














December 







I 





WATER ST0EA6E. 



147 



Effect of storage of water in Moosehead Lake on flow at 

The Forks Continued. 



Waterville, North Anson, and 





Flow in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. 


Month. 


Waterville 
area, 4,27 
miles). 


(drainage 

squar e 


North Anson (drain- 
age area 2,790 square 
miles). 


The Fork 
miles). 


3 (drainage 

70 sq u a re 




Observed 
flow. 


F. stimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 


Observed 
flow. 


F stimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 


Observed 
flow. 


Estimated 

flow 
without 
storage. 


1900. 


0.56 

2.12 

2.14 

6.66 

6.62 

2.35 

1.35 

.98 

.66 

.72 

1.49 

.96 

.74 
.58 
1.13 
9.63 
3.55 
1.93 
1.20 
.98 
.66 
.68 
.56 
2.79 

.90 
.89 
6.73 
5.19 
3.95 
3.57 
1.83 
1.18 
.99 
1.23 
1.06 
1.02 

.94 
.93 
4 54 
3.85 
1.70 
1.57 
1.22 
.91 
.59 
.45 
.34 
.32 

.23 
.22 
' .89 
3.50 
4 85 
1.94 
1.25 
•1.10 
1.00 
1.10 
.79 
.64 


0.57 

2.50 

2.28 

7.50 

6.87 

1.96 

1.20 

.53 

.26 

.65 

1.88 

.96 

.59 

.42 

.90 

11.24 

3.42 

1.52 
.75 

1.02 
.34 
.40 
.41 

3.38 

1.07 
.74 
7.01 
6.09 
3.98 
3.47 
1.39 
.93 
.96 
. 1.23 
1.31 
.94 

.94 
.64 
5.28 
3.*92 
1.63 
1.32 
.82 
.69 
.16 
.19 
.22 

















































.... 












July . 










\ugust 

September 














































1901. 

January 

February 






















April 

May 


























July 

August 

September 































1.01 
.89 


0.22 








.47 










1902. 


























2.08 
6.37 
6.05 
6.11 
3.86 
1.87 
1.04 
.91 


2.83 


April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 


5.29 
4 99 
4.58 
2.66 
1.50 
1.25 
1.31 
1.30 


6.67 
5.03 
442 
1.91 
1.12 
1.21 
1.31 
1.68 


8.82 
6.13 
5.83 
2.52 
1.18 
.96 
.91 












1903. 










February 














2.08 
5.32 
2.26 
2.72 
2.93 
1.78 
1.21 
.71 
.44 


4 08 


April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 


4 22 
2.62 
2. 06 
1.45 
1.31 
1.00 
.70 
.52 
.36 

.25 

.24 

.33 

2.67 

5.10 

2.76 

1.88 

1.46 

1.29 

1.46 

1.09 

.99 


4 33 
2.51 

1.67 
.85 
.97 
.35 
.32 
.32 


5.52 
2. 06 
2.05 
1.85 
1.18 
.05 
.00 
.09 






1904. 










February 


















April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December 










6.36 
1.62 
.10 
.71 
1.12 
1.36 
.74 
.42 


7.42 

2. 27 
1.50 

.87 
1.46 
1.86 
1.02 

.64 


3.22 
415 
3.60 
1.89 
1.35 
.10 
.85 


7.34 
3.28 
2.92 
.83 
1.66 
.72 
.73 



148 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASTN. 



Effect of storage of water in Moosehead Lake on flow at Waterville, North Anson, and 

The Forks — Continued. 



Month. 



1905. 



January. . . 
February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October. . . 
November. 
December. . 



Flow in second-feet per square mile of drainage area. 



Waterville (drainage 
area 4,270 square 
miles). 



Observed 
flow. 



January. 
February 

March 

April 

May 

June 



190G. 



0.72 

• . 62 

1. 23 

3.16 

2.46 

1.57 

1.09 

.75 

. .70 

.41 

.54 



.75 
. 53 
.54 
4.02 
5.22 
2.99 



Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 



0.14 
.34 
1.37 
3.99 
3.07 
1.35 
.71 
.32 
.47 
.21" 
.40 
.35 



.75 

.62 

.54 

4.62 

6.50 

2.84 



North Anson (drain- 
age area 2,790 square 
miles). 



Observed 
flow. 



0.95 

.74 

1.47 

3.74 

3.12 

2.52 

1.97 

1.04 

.71 

.43 

.48 

.91 



.60 
.44 
.44 
2.55 
4.75 
2.67 



Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 



0.07 
.32 
1.68 
5.01 
4.06 
2.19 
1.39 
.38 
.36 
.12 
.27 
.70 



.60 

.58 
.44 
3.44 
6.71 



The Forks (drainage 
.area 1,570 square 
miles). 



Observed 
flow. 



1.06 

2.76 

3.44 

2.59 

1.32 

.80 

.55 

.54 



4.75 
3. 65 



Estimated 

flow 

without 

storage. 



3.32 
4 43 
2.85 
1.57 
.16 
.18 
- .01 
.15 



8.24 
3.25 



The effect of present storage in Moosehead Lake is clearly shown by 
the above table, the maximum spring flow being considerably less than 
would have been the case if no water had been held back. During the 
summer and fall months the flow has been very materially helped out 
by the stored water. From December, 1903,. to February, 1904, 
inclusive, and again during January, 1906, practically all the lake 
storage was exhausted and the flow through the lake was probably a 
natural one. 

WATER AVAILABLE IN KENNEBEC HEADWATERS. 



GENERAL DISCUSSION. 

The figures of run-off in the table last given furnish a fairly satisfac- 
tory basis for an estimate of the quantity of water available in the 
Kennebec headwaters. For the ordinary year there is enough run-off 
from that portion of the Kennebec basin which is tributary to Moose- 
head Lake to fill the lake and to provide a good flow during the late 
summer and fall, but there will occasionally be a year — perhaps two 
or more years in succession — when this will not be true. It is there- 
fore necessary to consider the run-off over a series of years in order 
to see what flow may occur during the low-water season and to ascer- 
tain what quantities of water must be stored to insure any given flow 
at all times. 

The following estimates and conclusions are based primarily on the 
flow at Waterville, as these data comprise the only records available 



WATER STORAGE. 



149 



that extend over a considerable term of years. The records of flow at 
the other gaging stations, however, furnish a means of comparing the 
Waterville flow with that in other parts of the basin, and enable rea- 
sonably good estimates of the flow at Moosehead Lake Outlet to be 
made. 

A comparison of the flow from different parts of the Kennebec basin 
will first be made for the months of July to October, inclusive, as 
records are more generally available for these summer months. The 
following table gives the run-off from various portions of the basin 
and the ratio to it of the flow at Waterville : 

Run-off in second-feet per square mile at various points in Kennebec basin compared with 

run-off at Waterville." 

JULY TO OCTOBER, INCLUSIVE, 1903-1905. 



River and station. 


Drainage 
area. 


Average 

run-off per 

square 

mile. 


Ratio of run- 
off at Water- 
ville to that 
at given sta- 
tion. 




Sq. miles. 
680 
•85 

1,570 

1,570 
870 

2,7£0 
340 
650 

4,270 


Second-feet. 

} ™ 

1.01 

\ .93 

.87 

} ■« 

.65 






0.84 




.64 






Dead at The Forks 


. 70 












.97 




1.00 







MAY TO OCTOBER, INCLUSIVE, 1902-1905. 



Kennebec at The Forks 

Kennebec at North Anson. 
Kennebec at Waterville. . . 



1,570 


2.15 


2,7£0 


1.90 


4,270 


1.46 



0.68 
.77 
1.00 



YEARS i:C4-5. 



River and station. 


1 [ 
Draime-e < Average run- 
^.p? g Year - off per square 
area " mile. 


Ratio of run- 
off at Water- 
ville to that 

at given sta- 
tion. 


Kennebec at North Anson , 


Sq. miles. 
2,790 

4,270 


[1904 

41905 

[Mean . . . 

(1904 

U905 

I.Mean . . . 


Second-feet. 
1.71 
1.38 
1.54 
1.52 
1.06 
1.29 


0.89 


Kennebec at Waterville 


.83 
1.00 
1 00 




1.00 



a In this table the run-off at The Forks, North Anson, and Waterville on Kennebec River is cor- 
rected for storage in Moosehead Lake, as previously explained. 

The above table clearly indicates that the run-off per square mile 
of drainage area is considerably greater in the upper part of the basin 
and that on the main river the increase is fairly uniform toward the 
north. 

The flow on Kennebec River at The Forks may be taken as fairly 
representative of that at Moosehead Lake Outlet, as the outlet is 



150 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - 

only about 23 miles above The Forks and the respective drainage 
areas are 1,240 and 1,570 square miles. 

The average flow at Waterville for the four summer months, 1903- 
1905, is 0.64 of that at The Forks, and for the six months May to 
October, inclusive, 1902-1905, it is 0.68 of that at The Forks. Prob- 
ably for the whole year (see ratios for North Anson) this ratio would 
be somewhat higher, and it will be assumed that the unit run-off at 
Waterville is 0.75 of that at Moosehead Lake outlet. 

The method used for computing the amount of water available on 
the Kennebec headwaters is that used by W. Rippl a and adopted 
by Desmond FitzGerald in a report to the city of Boston on the 
11 storage capacity of the Sudbury River and Lake Cochituate water- 
sheds," modified for different conditions by Walter IT. Sawyer, C. E. 6 
Rippl's method is adapted for the storage of water for municipal 
purposes, where water is taken from the reservoir and led to the 
point of consumption with no further addition to its quantity. On 
the Kennebec, however, between Moosehead Lake and the points 
along the river where power is used, there is a large tributary drain- 
age area that must be taken into account. Another requirement 
must also be kept in mind on this river, viz, the use of the water to 
drive logs, so that it must not fall below a certain amount during 
the driving months anywhere on the river below Moosehead Lake 
outlet. The amounts of water used for this purpose during 1904- 
1906 are given on page 164. 

The following table shows the water available for storage in Moose- 
head Lake from 1902 to 1906. The computations are based on a 
minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 
second-feet from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season 
(May, June, and July). 

a Proc Inst. Civil Eng., vol. 71, 1882-83, pp. 270-278. 

b Storage of Water on Androscoggin River, 1905, unpublished. 



WATER STORAGE. 
Water available for storage in Moosehead Lake. 



151 



Month. 



Jan. 1, 1893, to 
Dec. 31,1901... 



Run- 
off in 
sec- 
ond- 
feet 
per 
square 
mile at 
Water- 
ville. 



Run- 
off in 
sec- 
ond- 
feet 
per 
square 
mile at 
Moose- 
head 
Lake. 



1902. 
January . . . 
February . . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November . 
December. 



January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August. — 
September.. 

October 

November . 
December a . 

1904. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September . 

October 

November . 
December . . 

•1905. 
January . . . 
February. . 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 
October.,.. 
November . 
December . . 



1906. 
January . . . 
February . 
March 

April 

May 

June 



1.07 

.74 

7.01 

6.09 

3.98 

3.47 

1.34 

.93 

.96 

1.23 

1.31 

.94 



.64 
5.28 
3.92 
1.63 
1.32 



.19 
.22 
.32 



.14 

.34 

1.37 

3.99 

3.07 

1.35 

.71 

.32 

.47 

.21 

.40 

.35 



.62 

.54 

4.62 

6.50 

2.84 



1.42 
.99 
9.33 
8.10 
5.30 
4.62 
1.78 
1.24 
1.28 
1.64 
1.74 
1.25 



1.25 

.85 

7.03 

5.21 

2.17 

1.76 

1.10 

.92 

.21 

.25 

.29 

.43 



a. 23 


.31 


a. 22 


.29 


a. 89 


1.18 


3. 50 


4.66 


6.36 


8.46 


1.62 


2.16 


1.00 


1.33 


.71 


.94 


1.12 


1.49 


1.36 


1.81 


.75 


1.00 


.42 


.56 



.19 

.45 

1.82 

5.31 

4.08 

1.79 

.94 

.43 

.62 

.28 

.53 

.47 



1.00 
.82 
.72 
6.15 
8.64 
3.78 



Dis- 
charge 

at 
Water- 
ville, 
in sec- 
ond- 
feet. 



Dis- 
charge 

into 
Moose- 
head 
Lake, in 
second- 
feet. 



4,570 


1,760 


3,160 


1,230 


29,800 


11,570 


26, 000 ■ 


10,050 


17,000 


6,580 


14,820 


5,740 


5,720 


2,210 


3,970 


1,540 


4,100 


1,590 


5,250 


2,040 


5,590 


2,160 


4,010 


1,550 



4,010 

2,740 

22,550 

16, 730 

6,960 

5,630 

3,540 

2,950 

680 

810 

940 

1,370 



940 
3,800 
14,950 
27, 150 
6,920 
4,270 
3,030 
4,780 
5,800 
3,200 
1,790 



600 

1,450 

5,850 

17,050 

13, 120 

5,760 

3,030 

1,370 

2,010 

900 

1,710 

1,490 



3,200 
2,650 
2,310 
19, 720 
27,800 
12,130 



1,550 

1,050 

8,720 

6,460 

2,690 

2,180 

1,360 

1,140 

260 

310 

360 

530 



390 
360 

1,470 
5,790 
10,500 
2,680 
1,650 
1,160 
1,850 
2,240 
1,240 
690 



240 

550 

2,260 

6, 590 

5,070 

2,220 

1,160 

530 

770 

350 

660 

580 



1,240 

1,020 

890 

7,020 
10, 700 
4,690 



Dis- 
charge 
between 

Moose- 
head 
Lake 
Outlet 

and 
Water- 
ville, in 
second- 
feet. 



2,810 

1,930 

18, 230 

15,950 

10,420 

9,080 

3,510 

2,430 

'2,510 

3, 210 

3. 430 

2,460 



2,460 

1,690 

13,830 

10,270 

4,270 

3,450 

2,180 

1,810 

420 

500 

580 

840 



590 
580 

2,330 
9, 160 
16,650 
4,240 
2, 620 
1,870 
2,930 
3,560 
1,960 
1,100 



360 

900 
3, 590 
10, 460 
8,050 
3,540 
1,770 

840 
1,240 

550 
1,050 

910 



1,900 

1,630 

1,420 

12, 100 

17, 100 
7, 440 



Neces- 
sary 
dis- 
charge 
from 
Moose- 
head 
Lake, 
in sec- 
ond-feet. 



690 

1,570 





3,000 

3,000 

3,000 

1,070 

990 

290 

70 

1,040 



1,040 
1,810 


3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
1,690 
3,080 
3,000 
2,920 
2,660 



2,910 
2,920 
1,170 


3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
1,630 
570 


1,540 
2,400 



3,140 
2,600 


3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
2,660 
2,260 
2,950 
2,450 
2.5C0 



1,540 
1,870 
2,080 

3,000 
3,000 



10 



Surplus (+) or 

deficit ( — ) at 

Moosehead Lake. 



Second- 
feet. 



+ 1, 

+11, 
+10, 

+ 3, 



+ 1, 
+ 2, 



+ 510 

- 760 
+ 8,720 
+ 6,460 

- 310 

- 820 

- 1,640 

- 550 

- 2,820 

- 2,600 

- 2,560 

- 2,130 



- 2,520 

- 2,560 
+ 300 
+ 5,790 
+ 7,500 

- 320 

- 1,350 

- 470 
+ 1,280 
+ 2,240 

- 300 

- 1,710 



2,900 
2,050 
2^260 
6,590 
2,070 
780 
1,840 
2,130 
1,490 
2,600 
1,790 
2,010 



300 

850 

1,190 

7, 620 
7,700 
1,690 



Billion 
cubic 
feet. 



+ 2.77 

- .78 
+30 
+26.05 
+ 9.28 
+ 7.10 

- 2.04 
+ 1.22 
+ 1.55 
+ 4.53 
+ 5.42 
+ 1.32 



+ 1.32 

- 1.97 
+22. 60 
+16. 72 

- .80 

- 2.12 

- 4.25 
-1.42 

- 7.31 

- 6.97 

- 6.63 

- 5.52 



- 6.53 

- 6.63 
+ .78 
+15. 00 
+19.42 

- .83 

- 3. 50 

- 1.22 
+ 3.32 
+ 5.80 

- .78 

- 4.43 



- 7.51 

- 5.31 
+ 5.85 
+17. 18 
+ 5.36 

- 2.02 

- 4.77 

- 5.52 

- 3.86 

- 6.74 

- 4.63 

- 5.20 



- 2.20 

- 3.08 
+19. 72 
+19.94 
+ 4.38 



a No records at Moosehead. Actual run-off figures used. 



152 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - 

Column 2 contains the mean monthly run-off at Waterville in 
second-feet per square mile of drainage area. 

Column 3 shows the run-off at Moosehead Lake in second-feet per 
square mile of drainage area. It is obtained by multiplying column 
2 by 1.33, as the run-off per square mile on the area tributary to 
Moosehead Lake is 1.33 times that on the entire basin above Water- 
ville. 

Column 4 gives the discharge in second-feet at Waterville. It is 
obtained by multiplying the run-off in second-feet per square mile 
at Waterville (column 2) by 4,270, the area of the drainage basin at 
Waterville. 

Column 5 gives the discharge in second-feet into Moosehead Lake. 
It is obtained by multiplying the run-off in second-feet per square 
mile at Moosehead Lake (column 3) by 1,240, the area of the drainage 
basin of Moosehead Lake. 

Column 6 gives the discharge in second-feet between Moosehead 
Lake Outlet and Waterville. It is obtained by subtracting the dis- 
charge into Moosehead Lake (column 5) from the discharge at Water- 
ville (column 6.) 

Column 7 shows the discharge necessary at Moosehead Lake Outlet 
to give a flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville throughout the year 
and a flow of 3,000 second-feet at Moosehead Lake Outlet during the 
log-driving season (May, June, and July). When the discharge 
between the outlet and Waterville is greater than 3,500 second-feet, 
it will not be necessary to release any water from the lake; when the 
flow between the lake and Waterville is less than 3,500 second-feet, 
the amount necessary is determined by subtracting the flow between 
Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville (column 6) from 3,500; dur- 
ing the log-driving season (May, June, and July) a discharge of 3,000 
second-feet is necessary at the outlet. 

Column 8 shows the surplus ( + ) or deficit ( — ) at Moosehead Lake, 
a surplus indicating water available for storage and a deficit indicating 
a withdrawal from Moosehead Lake. The figures are obtained by 
subtracting the necessary discharge from Moosehead Lake (column 7) 
from the discharge into Moosehead Lake (column 5) . 

Column 9 is the equivalent of column 8 expressed in billions of cubic 
feet. 

Column 10 shows the total surplus water, in billions of cubic feet, 
available for storage during any given month under the given assump- 
tions of minimum flow, etc. The initial value (314.50) represents the 
total quantity available January 1, 1902, if all the surplus water had 
been stored since January, 1893. The other values in column 10 are 
obtained by adding or subtracting respectively the surplus or deficit 
shown in column 9. The values in this column are used in plotting 
the "mass curve" (PL VI). 



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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



PAPER NO. 198 PL. VI 




L- IB93 _+_ I894 _4_ 



I896 _*_ I897 _*_ I898 _*_ 1899 _fc_ 1900 % 1901 ^ 1902 ^ 1903 a 1904 _*_ 1905 _*. 1906 



STORAGE-MASS CURVE FOR MOOSEHEAD LAKE. 

minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville, and a flow of 3,000 second.feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving f 
(May, June, and July). 



WATER STORAGE. 153 

DISCUSSION OF MASS CURVES. 

PI. VI is a "mass diagram" for the total period embraced by the 
Waterville records (1893-1906). It is made up from a table of which 
the table on page .151 is a portion, by plotting the values given in 
column 10 as ordinates and the time in months as abscissas. The 
features of this diagram of especial importance are as follows: 

(1) For the interval of time between any two dates represented on 
the axis of abscissas, the surplus or deficiency is obtained by subtract- 
ing the ordinate corresponding to the earlier date from the ordinate 
corresponding to the later date; if this difference is positive it repre- 
sents a surplus; if it is negative it represents a deficienc}^. An ascend- 
ing part of the curve, therefore, shows a period during which the quan- 
tity of available water is increasing, and a descending part of the curve 
indicates a period during which the quantity of available water is 
decreasing. 

(2) The crests and hollows of the curve indicate those instants of 
time when supply and demand are equal. 

(3) If a horizontal line is drawn from any of the low points of the 
curve back to a rising line the maximum ordinate scaled from the 
horizontal line to the curve will show the amount in billions of cubic 
feet that would have to be stored to provide the assumed flow during 
the period of drought covered by the horizontal line. 

(4) The period during which this greatest ordinate occurs is there- 
fore the critical one, and all the surplus of supply over demand during 
parts of this period must be stored to meet the deficiency during the 
remainder of it. 

PL VI shows that the period which includes the maximum ordinate 
extends from, about October, 1902, to February, 1904, and that the 
maximum ordinate falls in April, 1903. This maximum ordinate 
(A-B, PI. VI) corresponds to 48.2 billion cubic feet, which is the 
amount of storage required to provide at all times from April, 1903, to 
February, 1904, a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at Waterville, 
and during May, June, and Jury a minimum flow of 3,000 second-feet 
at Moosehead Lake Outlet for the purpose of log driving. 

The effect of modifying the assumed conditions of minimum flow at 
Waterville is shown by fig. 6. These mass curves start for conven- 
ience with April, 1903, and represent minimum flows of 3,000, 3,500, 
and 4,000 second-feet at Waterville and a flow of 3,000 second-feet 
from Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season (May, June, and 
July). With the exception of the curve for 3,500 second-feet mini- 
mum flow, which is the same as PL VI, the quantity of available water 
as shown by these curves is not correct as a total for the entire period 
beginning in 1893, because the computations for the different mini- 
mum flows are not carried back to the beginning of the period. How- 



154 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



ever, the amount available between any two dates is correctly shown 

and the maximum ordinate is found as before. Fig. 6 gives the fol- 
lowing data: 




Fig. 6.— Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on various minimum flows at Waterville and a 
flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and July). 



Storage necessary for flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during log-driving 
season and for various minimum flows at Waterville. 



n„ „ ,+ ordinate 

flow at in fie- 6 

Waterville. m nfe " °' 


Storage 
required. 


Second- 
feet. 

3,000 \ D 
3,500 A-C 
4,000 A-B' 
1 


Billion 

cubic feet. 

39. l 

48.2 

69.0 



WATER STORAGE. 



155 



An inspection of Hg. 6 indicates that with an assumed minimum 
flow of more than about 3,700 second-feet the maximum ordinate is 
defined by an abscissa drawn through the mass curve at March, 1906, 
instead of March, 1904 (that is, A-B' instead of A-B), so that above 




4,000 second- feet flow 
from Moosehead Lake 
during log-driving pen'od 



• 903 -+— 1904 -slf- «905 -*- 1906 

Fig. 7.— Storage mass curves for Moosehead Lake, based on a minimum flow of 3,500 second-feet at 
Waterville and various flows from Moosehead Lake during log-driving period (May, June, and 
July). 

this minimum flow the required storage will increase much more 
rapidly. 

The effect of modifying the amount of water used for log driving is 
shown by fig. 7. These mass curves start with April, 1903, as those in 
fig. 6, but they represent a minimum flow at Waterville of 3,500 sec- 
3697— irr 198—07 11 



156 



WATEK RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, 



ond-feet, and flows of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, and 4,000 second-feet from 
Moosehead Lake during the log-driving season (May, June, and July). 
From this diagram the following data are obtained: 

Storage necessary for 3,500 second-feet minimum flow at Waterville and for various flows 

during log-driving season. 



Assumed 

quantity 

for log 

driving. 


Maximum 
ordinate 
in fig. 7. 


Storage 
required. 


Second* 
feet. 
1,000 
2,000 
3,000 
4,000 


A"-E 
A'-D 
A -C 
A -B' 


Billion 
cubic feet. 
41.1 
42.7 
48.2 
61.0 



If 3,750 second-feet or more are considered for log driving the neces- 
sary storage period is much increased. If 4,000 instead of 3,000 sec- 
ond-feet are used, the storage period is about three years instead of less 
than one year, and the amount of storage is represented by A-B' 
instead of A-B. 

The following table is based on the results previously given, as well 
as on additional mass curves and tables not shown. In all cases the 
assumptions regarding minimum flow and flow during the log-driving 
period are such that the shorter period of required storage, ending 
with February, 1904 (see PL VI, figs. 6, and 7), furnishes the maxi- 
mum ordinate or amount required. 

Storage necessary, in billion cubic feet, for various minimum flows at Waterville and at 
Moosehead Lake Outlet during log-driving season. 



Flow at 




Minimum flow at Waterville. 
















Lake Outlet 












during log- 












driving sea- 
son (May, 


2,000. 


2,500. 


3,000. 


3,500. 


3,750. 


June, and 












July). 












Second-feet. 















16.3 


24.1 


32.0 


41.1 


46.1 


500 


16.3 


24.1 


32.0 


41.1 


46.1 


1,000 


16.3 


24.1 


32.0 


41.1 


46.1 


1,500 


16.3 


24.1 


32.3 


41.4 


46.1 


2,000 


16.3 


24.5 


33.6 


42.7 


47.3 


2,500 


17.6 


26.7 


35.7 


44.8 


49.4 


3,000 


21.6 


30.1 


39.1 


48.2 




3,500 


24.9 


34.0 


43.0 


52.1 




4,000 


28.8 


37.9 















The data in the above table have been plotted in fig. 8. Quan- 
tities of water available in billion cubic feet have been plotted as 
abscissas and minimum flows at Waterville in second-feet as ordi- 
nates. The slanting lines indicate the effect of different flows during 
the log-driving season. They are obtained by connecting points that 
represent the storage necessary for the various assumed minimum 
flows at Waterville, where the same flow is used for log driving. It 



WATER STORAGE. 



157 



will be noted that the lines representing a flow of 2,500 second-feet 
and over for log driving are straight and parallel; those representing 
2,000 and 1,500 second-feet are straight and intersect the limiting 
line, marked to 1,000 second-feet. The effect of different flows 
for log-driving purposes on required storage is clearly shown by this 
diagram, and, as would be expected for any minimum flow for log 
driving below, in general, about 1,500 second-feet, there is little or 
no change in storage required, because (1) either the quantity re- 
quired for log driving is less than the amount needed to supply the 




50 
cubic feet 



Fig. 8. 



20 30 4-0 

Necessary storage in billion 
-Diagram showing storage required in Moosehead Lake ior various minimum flows at Water- 
ville and for various quantities used log-driving period (May, June, and July). 



deficiency in flow between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville 
for a given month, as in July, 1903, or (2) there is a surplus flow into 
Moosehead Lake during the month as regards either the assumed 
flow for log driving or the quantity required to make up the deficiency 
in flow between Moosehead Lake Outlet and Waterville, as in May 
and June, 1903. As these two months are at the beginning of the 
period when water has to be stored, the effect is simply to raise the 
point A (fig. 7) and all points after it to February, 1904, inclusive, 
by the amount of the difference between the assumed minimum flows 



158 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



for log driving— hence the maximum ordinate remains the same in 
value. 

The running together of the lines representing to 2,000 second- 
feet (fig. 8) for the lower values of minimum flow at Waterville is 
occasioned by the relatively high flow into Moosehead Lake in 
August, 1903, as compared with all later months to February, 1904, 
inclusive, so that, when less than 1,500 to 2,000 second-feet are used 
for log driving, a surplus is available at Moosehead Lake in August, 
the high point A (fig. 7) will occur in August instead of July, and 
thereafter, for lower values of log-driving flow, the maximum ordinate 
will remain the same in value. 



APPLICATION OF RESULTS OF MASS CURVE COMPUTATION. 

With the present storage of about 25.6 billion cubic feet in Moose- 
head Lake and Long and Roach ponds (see p. 138), fig. 8 indicates 
that when different quantities are used for log driving the minimum 
flows and the corresponding horsepower at Waterville are as follows: 

Minimum flow and corresponding horsepower at Waterville with storage of 25.6 billion 
cubic feet and various flows for log driving. 







Minimum 
net horse- 
power (75 


Flow at 




per cent effi- 


Moosehead 




ciency) at 


Lake Outlet 


Minimum 


Waterville, 


for log-driv- 


flow at 


correspond- 


ing (May, 


Waterville. 


ing to the 


June, and 




23-foot fall 


July). 




at Hollings- 

worth & 

Whitney • 

dam. 


Second-feet. 


Second-feet. 




1,000 


2,600 


5,100 


2,000 


2,560 


5,020 


3,000 


2,250 


4,410 



The mean monthly flow at Waterville has been as low as 921 second- 
feet (February, 1904), and has been below 2,250 second-feet (the 
minimum flow with 3,000 second-feet for log driving) many times. 
(See table of low-water flow at Waterville during 1903-4, p. 120.) Evi- 
dently the present storage has not been carefully utilized, and prob- 
ably the amount of w T ater used for log-driving purposes has exceeded 
an average of 3,000 second-feet for the three months considered. 

With a storage of 38 billion cubic feet on Moosehead and Brassua 
lakes and Attean and Wood ponds (as given on p. 138) the results 
shown by fig. 8 are as follows: 



WATER STORAGE. 



159 



Minimum flow and corresponding horsepower at Waterville with storage of 38 billion 
cubic feet and various flows for log driving. 







Minimum 






net horse- 






power (75 


Flow at 




per cent effi- 


Moosehead 




ciency) at 


Lake Outlet 


Minimum 


Waterville 


for log driv- 


flow at 


correspond- 


ing (May, 


Waterville. 


ing to the 23- 


June, aiid 




foot fall at 


July). 




Rollings- 
worth & 
Whitney 
dam. " 


Second-feet. 


Second-feet. 


■• 


1,000 


3,340 


6,530 


2,000 


3,240 


0,350 


3,000 


2,940 


5,760 



In order to show the flow at Waterville during the entire period 
1902-1906, if present storage and additional storage capacity had 
been properly utilized, fig. 9 has been prepared. This shows the fol- 
lowing conditions: (1) Actual flow; (2) estimated flow without stor- 
age in Moosehead Lake; (3) estimated flow with present storage fully 
utilized, and a flow of 3,000 second-feet from Moosehead Lake during 
the log-driving period; and (4) estimated flow 7 with a storage of 38 
billion cubic feet and a flow 7 of 1,000 second-feet from Moosehead 
Lake during the log-driving period. 

The advisability of carefully regulating the flow from Moosehead 
Lake and other storage reservoirs and of limiting the quantity let out 
for log driving to perhaps 1,000 second-feet is clearly shown by fig. 9 
and the preceding tables. With a storage of 38 billion cubic feet, not 
less than about 6,500 net horsepower would be available at Water- 
ville dam in another such series of dry years, and even with the 
present storage, 5,100 horsepower should be available at all times. 

Other water powers along the river w r ould benefit in about the same 
proportion. The effect of this regulation on the flow at Moosehead 
Lake Outlet is indicated by fig. 10, which shows (1) the estimated 
flow at the outlet of Moosehead Lake without storage, and (2) the 
estimated flow at the outlet with enough storage to give a flow of 1,000 
second-feet during the log-driving months and a minimum flow of 
3,340 second-feet at Waterville. As indicated on this figure, there 
would be usually one or two months in the year when no w^ater would 
be let out of the lake. These w r ould in general, however, be the early 
spring months, when the run-off all along the river is large; so that 
even under this assumption the flow in this part of the river w T ould be 
fully as great as at present. Moreover, the storage possibilities of 
Moxie and Pierce ponds and the Dead River Lakes have not been 
considered in these computations. The proper regulation of storage 
on these ponds will provide enough water to maintain the required 



160 WATER RESOURCES 'OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 




3- 3 -g 



^s» 



1 i» 

> » s 



d -c> 



I i 



o 



+ o «> 

+ i a 



+ <u o 

I a s 



\33|-puooas 



WATER STORAGE. 



161 



minimum flow on the lower river, and as a result sufficient water to 
provide for future power developments above The Forks can be 
released from Moosehead Lake at all seasons. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

The foregoing computations and results are not to be considered 
absolute or final. A longer series of dry years or a more severe distri- 
bution of drought would require more storage to provide the minimum 
flow, as indicated. But it is reasonably certain that as such a series of 
dry year has occurred, it may do so again, and it may be concluded 
that at least the quantity of storage as computed here will be needed. 
All the additional storage that can readily be obtained in Moosehead 
and Brassua lakes and Long, Attean, and Wood ponds can be used to 



15,000 



<n 5,000 



- 








- 


- 










h 


-LJU/I 1 1 I 1 1 -J t\ 




°-r«i is/i i i i i nm i 


"sljxiA i i n rii 


„,l ,) IVl 1 , 



1905 



1306 



Estimated flow without storage In 
Moosehead Lake. 



Estimated flow with storage of 38 
billion cubic feet in Moosehead Lake, 
a minimum flow of 3,3i0 second-feet at 
Waterville, and a flow of 1,000 second- 
feet from Moosehead Lake during log- 
driving period (May, June, and July). 

Fig. 10.— Diagram showing estimated flow from Moosehead Lake with and without storage. 

advantage, and it is probable that a storage in addition to that men- 
tioned would be desirable. In order to assist in the regulation of flow 
on the main river, as well as to aid in development of the power on the 
tributary streams, additional storage on the lakes in the Dead River 
basin and on Moxie and Pierce ponds is only second in importance to 
that in and above Moosehead Lake. 

Two essentials must be kept in mind, however, or much of the effect 
of additional storage will be lost : 

(1) Water must not be wasted in log driving. 

(2) The flow from Moosehead Lake and other principal reservoirs 
must be carefully regulated and watched. 

All reservoirs should always be kept as nearly full as possible, and 
water should be retained as far upstream in the storage system as pos- 



162 WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. „ 

sible. The quantity of water let out should not be greater than that 
needed to furnish the required flow on the river at such points as 
Waterville and The Forks. 

DOG driving and lumbering. 

GENERAL STATEMENT. 

The forests of Maine constitute one of her most important natural 
resources, and, as previously stated, about one-third of the lumber 
used for pulp and paper in the State comes down the Kennebec 
waters. The annual u drive" in the main river usually amounts to 
about 150,000,000 feet B. M., and a large part of the population in the 
Kennebec Valley, especially near the headwaters, are engaged in 
handling the logs, from the stump to the finished product of the mill, 
or in furnishing the supplies and equipment needed to carry on this 
industry. 

The logs are hauled from the cuttings and piled along the banks of 
the stream during the winter. On the breaking up of the ice in the 
spring these piles or landings are rolled into the stream and the logs 
floated downstream with the current. Boats are used in towing the 
logs across lakes or where the current is not strong enough to carry 
them along. On many of the smaller streams there are dams which 
impound the water, and the head thus obtained is used in sluicing and 
carrying the logs down to the larger streams. (See PI. \,B (p. 128), 
for a typical dam of this kind.) After the " drive" is over, the gates 
are left open and the flow becomes a natural one. These dams are 
necessary on the smaller streams, as the channels are so obstructed 
with bowlders and small islands that it requires a large amount of 
water to force the logs downstream. In a general way the same con- 
ditions exist on the larger tributaries and on the main river, although 
the difficulty in driving is here caused usually by a short stretch of 
narrow and rough channel or by gravel bars. PI. VII, B, shows a por- 
tion of the main river just below Madison, where log jams very fre- 
quently occur, and PI. VII, A, shows one of the worst jams in recent 
years just above the railroad bridge at Madison. About 30,000,000 feet 
of logs were piled up, filling the river to the bottom and raising the 
upstream water level several feet. 

Since about 1830 the Kennebec Log Driving Company has con- 
trolled the drives in the main river. Other similar associations are 
the Moose River Driving Company and the Dead River Driving Com- 
pany, and from the reports of these three companies a large part of the 
following data is compiled. 



U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEV 



WATER-SUPPLY PAPER NO. 198 PL. VII 




A. LOG JAM IN KENNEBEC RIVER ABOVE MADISON, ME. 




B. KENNEBEC RIVER BELOW MADISON, ME. 



LOG DRIVING AND LUMBERING. 163 

TIME OF DRIVING. 

The smaller tributary streams are driven just as soon as the ice goes 
out of them in the spring — usually about the latter part of April. 
The Moose River drive usually reaches Moosehead Lake in the latter 
part of May, and at about the same time the Dead River drive enters 
the Kennebec. Moosehead Lake is clear of ice, usually, at least, by 
May 10, and from that time until perhaps about August 1, depending 
on the season, water is let but of Indian Pond (which is used as a regu- 
lating basin) for varying periods each day. The times when the rear 
of the drive has left Moosehead Lake and reached Riverside boom 
(about 5 miles above Augusta) for the six years 1900 to 1905 are given 
below : 

Dates on which rear of drive left Moosehead Lake and reached Riverside boom. 



Year. 


Left Reached 
Moosehead, Riverside 
Lake. boom. 


1900 


June 23' August 27. 


1901 


July 3 ! August 9. 

June 15 . . . Auerust 15. 


1902 


1903. 


July 5 

July 2. ... 
July 24 . . . 


Serjtember 9. 


1904. . 


September 8. 


1905 


August 27. 





WATER USED IN DRIVING. 

The period during which water is let out of Indian Pond dam lasts 
usually from about May 1 to August 15, although the most water is 
used during June and July. No record is kept of the flow at this 
dam or of the length of time the water runs out, although a man is 
stationed there to control the flow according to the needs of the 
drive. An inspection of gage readings at The Forks gaging station 
shows that the duration of the season during which water is let out 
for log driving is approximately as follows : 

Length of period during which, water is released for log driving. 

1902 May 10 to August 6. 

1903 April 26 to August 23. 

1904 May 14 to August 16. 

1905 May 1 to September 3. 

1906 : May 1 to August 10. 

An estimate of the flow at Moosehead Lake Outlet during the last 
three years is presented in the subjoined table, based on (1) the 
measured flow of Moose and Roach rivers; (2) the evaporation and 
precipitation on the lake; (3) the change in the lake level during a 
given month. The flow at The Forks gaging station is also given for 
comparison. 



164 



WATER RESOURCES OF KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. 



Estimated monthly discharge, in second-feet, of Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake and 
at The Forks, May to August, 1904-1906. 





May. 


June. 


July. 


August. 




1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


1904. 


1905. 


1906. 


Moosehead 

Lake 

The Forks 


900 
5,060 


3,000 
4,330 


2,700 
7,440 


4,300 
6,510 


3,900 
5,410 


4,100 
5,720 


2,300 
5,650 


3,000 
4,060 


3,900 
4,310 


2,300 
2,970 


2,000 
2,070 


2,400 
2,740 



The present amount of water let out at Indian Pond dam during 
the log-driving season is' apparently about as follows, by months: 
May, 3,000 second-feet; June, 4,000 second-feet; July, 3,000 second- 
feet; August, 2,000 second-feet. 

QUANTITIES OF LOGS DRIVEN AND COST OF DRIVING. 

The following table shows the amount and cost of the four prin- 
cipal drives for the six years 1900-1905. Except for the Moose 
River drive the amount of tax per thousand feet B. M. of logs is also 
given and the amount of logs to which this tax was applied, the latter 
figure taking into account the difference in distance driven, which 
varies for the different mills along the river. The full tax is for the 
following distances : 

(1) On Kennebec River from The Forks to Riverside boom (about 
5 miles above Augusta), 91 miles. 

(2) On Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake Outlet to The Forks, 
24 miles. 

(3) On Dead River from North Branch to The Forks, 43 miles. 

It must be kept in mind that these figures cover, in addition to the 
cost of driving itself, the other charges arising in carrying on this 
work, such as cost of dams, improvement of channel, booms, etc., as 
well as executive charges. As many important improvements have 
been made during these six years, such other expenses have been 
heavy, and the unit costs of driving are therefore higher than if a 
longer series of years were considered. 

Amount and cost of log driving on Kennebec River and tributaries, 1901-1905. 



Year. 


Kennebec River from The Forks to Riverside 
boom. 


Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake Outlet 
to the Forks. 


Amount 
driven. 


Amount 
taxed. 


Total cost. 


Tax 

per M. 


Amount 
driven. 


Amount 
taxed. 


Total cost. 


Tax 
per M. 


1900.... 
1901.... 
1902.... 
1903.... 
1904.... 
1905.... 


FeetB. M. 

147,424,579 
136,063,291 
133,772,610 
146,413,732 
163,894,303 
132,025,401 


Feet B. M. 
136,418,020 
125,744,768 
122,655,300 
135,098,090 
150,476,608 
121,274,346 


$54,567.20 
50,297.90 
55, 194. 85 
67,549.07 
51,162.05 
43,658.76 


$0.40 
.40 
.45 
:50 
.34 
.36 


Feet B. M. 
83.297,162 
91,765,535 
86,391,882 
95,763,334 

112,702,582 
97,655,501 


Feet B. M. 
83,297,162 
78,953,778 
74,707,784 
83,078,837 
99,907,353 
82,844,976 


$4,997.83 
11,843.07 
11,206.15 
12,461.82 
9,990.76 
9,112.96 


$0.06 
.15 
.15 
.15 
.10 
.11 



LOG DRIVING AND LUMBERING. 



165 



Amount and cost of log driving on Kennebec River and tributaries, 1901-1905 — Cont'd. 





Dead River. 


Moose River. 


Year. 


Amount 
driven. 


Amount 
taxed. 


Total cost. 


Tax 
per M. 


Amount 
driven. 


Total cost. 


1900 


FeetB.M. 
47,208,011 
39,730,456 
44,215,878 
45,081,154 
38,023,533 
25,294,441 


FeetB.M. 
40,790,202 
32,862,021 
34,705,043 
33,705,719 
31,314,718 
22,070,364 


814,276.57 
11,501.71 
13,882.39 
13, 482. 28 
10,960.17 
9,931.68 


$0.35 
.35 
.40 
.40 
.35 
.45 


FeetB.M. 
30,495,221 
30,699,729 
35,403,382 
41,636,226 
45,386,208 
41,936,725 


$10,370.70 
13,151.59 
13,3,6.61 


1901 


1902 


1903.. 


18,884.88 
17,619.09 

18,212.36 


1904... 


1905 





From the above table we can obtain the cost of driving per mile- 
thousand, considering the amounts taxed and the distances as previ- 
ously given, and approximately the. cost per ton-mile, considering 
1,000 feet B. M. to weigh 3,500 pounds. For Moose River the dis- 
tance given is computed and is an average one from Moosehead Lake, 
the various amounts and distances driven being taken into consid- 
eration. 

Cost of log driving on Kennebec River and tributaries, 1901-1905. 





Distance. 


Average 
tax per M. 


Cost of 


driving. 


Drive. 


Per mile- 
thousand. 


Per ton- 
mile. 


Kennebec River from The Forks to Riverside boom . . 
Kennebec River from Moosehead Lake to The Forks . 
Dead River 


Miles. 
91 
24 
43 
17 

9 


$0.41 
.12 
.38 


$0. 0045 
.0050 
.0089 
.024 

.013 


CO. 0026 
.0028 
.0051 


Moose River 


.014 


Moosehead Lake (Moose River to lake outlet, logs 
towed by boat) 


a. 12 


.0074 







a Contract price for ten years. 

It appears that the cost of log driving per ton-mile varies from about 
one-fourth to 1J cents,, depending on the distance driven and difficul- 
ties experienced. The average freight rate in the United States at 
present is about 0.8 cent per ton-mile, and for the New England group 
of railroads 1.20 cents per ton-mile. Under exceptionally favorable 
circumstances rates as low as 0.2 cent per ton-mile have been granted 
for coal transportation from the coal fields to tide water. Rates dur- 
ing 1906 for log transportation on the new Somerset Railway exten- 
sion are of interest in this connection, and are given below through the 
courtesy of Hon. William T. Haines: 

Cost of transportation of logs by rail. 



Logs shipped from Moscow to-^ 


Average 
distance. 


Charge per 
thousand 
feet B. M. 


Cost of trar 

Per mile- 
thousand. 


isportaticn. 

Per ton- 
mile. 


Bingham 

Solon 

North Anson 


Miles. 

12 i $1.75 
20 2.00 
20 a I. 50 


$0. 146 
.100 
.052 


SO. 080 
.057 
.030 









a This price involves reshipment as manufactured lumber on Somerset Railway. 



166 WATER RESOURCES OE KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN. - 

The average freight rate on the Somerset Railway for 1904 was 2.74 
cents per ton-mile. 

The cost of water transportation of logs is thus seen to be very low, 
and for many years the bulk of the logs will probably be river driven, 
where it can be done, although there is unquestionably much timber 
that will have to be taken out by rail. 

IMPROVEMENTS IN LOG-DRIVING FACILITIES. 

During the five years 1901-1905 the Kennebec Log Driving Com- 
pany has spent on the Kennebec the following amounts for items relat- 
ing especially to channel improvements. About one-half of the cost 
of main dams has been paid by the Kennebec Water Power Company. 

Amounts spent for improving channel of Kennebec River, 1901-1905. 

Removing gravel beds for channel $1, 100 

Blasting out rock for channel , : 2, 200 

Building and repairing piers 4, 700 

Building and repairing side dams, or "bumpers" 1, 200 

Building and repairing main dams 65, 000 

In 1896 the late Sumner Hollingsworth, engineer for the Hollings- 
worth & Whitney Company, reported to the Kennebec Water Power 
Company on the general subject of channel improvement of the upper 
Kennebec, advocating the beginning of such work, so that eventually 
the drive in this part of the river could be made with a flow of 1,000 
second-feet from Moosehead Lake. Some of the worst places have 
been improved, but much remains to be done in removing bowlders 
and building log bumpers- before the drive can be made oh so small a 
flow. On Dead River from the Dead River dam to The Forks very 
large quantities of water are required in driving, as the bed of the 
river is extremely rough. Much work could be done here to advantage 
in removing bowlders, etc. 

Fred T. Dow, engineer for the Kennebec Water Power Company, in 
a report made during 1906, advocates a systematic plan of improve- 
ment of both the Kennebec River and Dead River channels, to be 
completed during the next eight or ten years, and calls especial atten- 
tion to the necessity of checking freshet flow as far as possible by 
storage reservoirs to prevent the washing of high banks and the 
subsequent formation of new gravel bars. 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



By George C. Whipple. 



INTRODUCTION. 

In 1903 and 1904 appraisals were made of the water supplies of 
the cities of Waterville and Augusta, Me., in connection with a 
transfer of those works from private companies to so-called " water 
districts/'' which virtually stood for the municipalities. In these 
appraisals the quality of the water supplied by the private compa- 
nies played an important part, especially as both cities had been 
visited by severe epidemics of typhoid fever during the winter of 
1902-3. Waterville was at that time supplied by the Maine Water 
Company with water from Messalonskee, but the company had also 
the right to use water from the Kennebec. Augusta was supplied 
with Kennebec River water by the Augusta Water Company. 

In order to obtain sufficient evidence as to the quality of these 
water supplies, many samples of water were collected from Messa- 
lonskee and Kennebec rivers in the vicinity of these two cities and 
also from a number of the tributary streams and neighboring ponds. 
In connection with the typhoid epidemics, numerous samples of well 
water were analyzed, both in Waterville and Augusta, and in con- 
nection with the search for new sources of supply, which have since 
been introduced at both places, analyses of water from various local 
lakes and ponds were made. This body of analytical data, taken 
together, serves to give a fairly accurate picture of the quality of 
the Kennebec River water in its middle portion, as well as that 
of some of the lakes and streams of its drainage basin. Moreover, 
the Kennebec itself, lying in the central part of the State and flow- 
ing, as do most of the Maine rivers, in a general southerly or south- 
easterly direction from the Canadian boundary to the Atlantic Ocean, 
is in regard to the general quality of its water typical of the large 
rivers of the State. 

The analytical records extend over a period of but one year, dur- 
ing which the general stage of the water was below the average. 
This fact should be remembered in considering the results. The 
average color of the water, for instance, as shown by the figure 
given, is probably somewhat lower than it would be under ordinary 

167 



168 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVEK WATEK. 

conditions, and this is also true, though in a less degree, of the tur- 
bidity. The hardness of the water, on the contrary, as here given 
is probably above the general average for an ordinary year. 

The general topographic and geologic characters of the Kennebec 
River drainage area are discussed elsewhere in this paper (pp. 4-9), 
but in connection with the results of the analyses it is well to recall 
that the basin is densely wooded in its upper portion and that its 
lower portion is more open and given to cultivation. Taken as a 
whole, the percentage of cultivated land on the watershed is very 
small. The rock formations are largely granitic and there are no 
deposits of limestone. The soil is mainly glacial drift. There are 
comparatively few deposits of clay, although these are not entirely 
absent. An important feature of the drainage area is the large per- 
centage of water surface. An inspection of the map will show that 
it is essentially a lake country. Most of the population is concen- 
trated near the river banks, especially at points where there are 
good water powers. Exclusive of the river towns, the population of 
the basin is extremely small. 

The river is used very largely for logging, and during the driving 
period logs pass in an almost continuous mass from Moosehead Lake 
to Gardiner. There are numerous manufacturing establishments at 
the centers of population. Most of these are pulp and paper mills, 
sawmills, and cotton mills. The sewage from the cities, the manu- 
facturing wastes from these establishments, and the log driving on 
the river constitute the three principal sources of pollution of the 
water. Below Augusta the river is a tidal estuary, and the effect of 
the sea water is at times very noticeable. The water of the river is 
used by several of the towns and cities along its banks, and great 
quantities of ice are cut in the lower reaches and shipped to places 
farther south. The quality of the water is, therefore, a matter of 
very great importance to many people. 

In studying the quality of the water of this river it will be con- 
venient to look first at its normal or natural quality, especially in 
regard to such physical characteristics as turbidity, color, taste, and 
odor, and afterwards to take up the sources of pollution and their 
effects. 

WATER EXAMINATIONS. 

All the analyses were made substantially in accord with the stand- 
ard methods of water analysis adopted by the American Public 
Health Association. 

TURBIDITY. 

The turbidity of the water of Kennebec River at Waterville and 
August? is shown in the tables on pages 172-177. From these it will 
be seen that the turbidity has varied at different times from 2 to 60 on 



EXAMINATION OF WATER. 169 

the silica scale. During the early part of 1903 very few observations 
were made, and there is good reason to believe that in the spring of 
that year the turbidity considerably exceeded the maximum amount 
observed, probably reaching 200 or 300 for short periods. During 
the spring of 1904, when the river was at an unusually low stage for 
that season of the year, the maximum turbidity did not exceed 15. 
The average turbidity for the year was 9. From the middle of 
August, 1903, until the middle of March, 1904, daily observations 
were made at Augusta, and the results for that period are therefore 
much more reliable than the scattering figures obtained during the 
first half of 1903. The average turbidity at Augusta for the period 
stated was 6. During August, September, and a part of October it 
seldom exceeded 5. In the latter part of December, however, it 
increased and for over a week remained higher than 15. After the 
river froze over in the winter the turbidity again fell, and the water 
remained comparatively clear. At this time a large proportion of 
the suspended matter found was of organic origin ; some of it evidently 
consisted of fragments of wood pulp discharged from the pulp and 
paper mills. This was indicated by the stringy appearance of the 
suspended matter when allowed to settle quietly in a bottle; but a 
more positive test was given with a microscope, which showed un- 
mistakably the presence of fragments of wood fiber. 

The turbidity of the water in Messalonskee Stream, which flows 
into the Kennebec just below Waterville, was at times greater than 
that of the Kennebec itself. This is shown by the figures given in 
the table on pages 177-181. After rains the turbidity of this water 
increases very rapidly, even in a few hours. The Messalonskee drains 
a chain of lakes, and its natural water would be very clear were it not 
for a small tributary which cuts through a number of clay deposits 
and which becomes very turbid after a heavy rain. This brook also 
receives the surface wash from numerous farms, which adds to its 
turbidity. 

Besides the clay and the organic sediment already mentioned, the 
suspended matter of the Kennebec after heavy rains consists of river 
silt, which has a comparatively high coefficient of fineness and settles 
rapidly as soon as the velocity of the water has decreased. In certain 
reaches of the river, therefore, deposits of river silt have been formed. 
Sedimentation has been favored by the numerous dams along the 
stream, which cause long stretches of backwater. Between Water- 
ville and Augusta the mud deposits are extensive, and because of the 
large amount of sewage discharged at Waterville they become foul 
and ill smelling at times of low water. Without doubt this settling 
of the river sediment in the long stretch of backwater behind the 
Augusta dam had an important effect on the quality of the water 



170 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 

supply of Augusta when it was taken from the river. These deposits 
are referred to again in connection with the subject of pollution 

(p. 188). 

COLOR. 

Like that of most of the rivers in Maine, the Kennebec River water 
has a deeply stained appearance at certain seasons of the year. The 
variations in color are shown in the tables on pages 172-177. From 
these tables it will be seen that the color of the river water varied 
during the period covered by the observations from 15 to 108, and 
that the average color of the water was 37. The maximum color 
occurred in June. From that time until the latter part of the year 
the color steadily decreased. In December arid January an increase 
in color accompanied the rise of turbidity, but the maximum did not 
exceed 43. During the winter when the streams were frozen the color 
dropped rapidly and remained between 20 and 30 for several months. 

The figures given in the tables all refer to the apparent color of the 
water, but the removal of the suspended matter by filtering through 
coarse filter paper did not ordinarily reduce the color by more than 
10 or 15 per cent. Filtration through a Berkfeld filter, however, 
removed approximately one-third of the color, indicating that a con- 
siderable part of it was due to organic matter in an extremely fine 
state of division. A second filtration through a Berkfeld filter did 
not show a subsequent removal of color to any extent. It may be 
said, therefore, that approximately two-thirds of the color was due 
to dissolved organic matter and that the balance was due to organic 
matter in a colloidal or finely divided state of suspension. 

The source of the color is to be sought chiefly in the swampy areas 
lying in the upper portions of the basin, where leaves, roots, twigs, 
the bark of fallen logs, and vegetable mold are continually being 
leached by the standing water. After a period of storage in these 
swampy areas, these leachings are washed into the streams at times 
of rain and add their quota to the color of the water. It will be 
noticed that the maximum color occurs in the spring, after the snow 
and ice have disappeared and the swamps have discharged their con- 
tents into the rivers. As the brooks dry up in summer, the amount 
of coloring matter contributed by them decreases, and the color of 
the river water falls. There is a secondary maximum in the fall or 
early winter due to the autumnal rains; but during the fall of 1903, 
which was exceptionally dry, this maximum was inconspicuous, 
although there was a slight increase in color early in September. 
During the winter the river and small tributary streams freeze, and 
the amount of water which the latter contribute decreases very greatly 
and sometimes ceases entirely, the streams meantime being fed 
largely by ground water. The result of this is that in the winter the 
color of the wate^ reaches its lowest point. 



EXAMINATION OF WATER-. 



171 



It has been thought by many that some of the color snown by the 
water of the river in early summer may be attributed to the logs 
which are floated down the river, the bark obtaining its initial extrac- 
tion during the early months of the year. In order to determine to 
what extent this was a factor, some experiments were made in a 
laboratory temporarily installed at Waterville by Dr. Ernest C. 
Levy. Samples of bark from logs recently cut were put into jars 
with 1,500 c. c. of colorless spring water. These were allowed to 
stand and the colors were read at the end of five days and again at 
the end of twenty-five days. In each sample the bark was attached 
to the wood. The following figures show the results obtained: 

Effect of baric on color of water. 



Kind of wood. 



Bark 
surface 
(square 

centi- 
meter). 



Color (parts per million) 



After 5 
days. 



After 25 
days. 



Per liter for each 
100 square centi- 
meter of bark 
surface. 



5 days. , 25 days. 



Per gallon of water 
per square foot of 
bark. 



5 days. 25 days. 



Fir. 

White pine... 

Spruce 

Juniper 

Norway pine. 

Hemlock 

Cedar 



40 

70 
90 
90 

110 
140 
140 



Average . 



63 



40 


102 


110 


188 


160 


172 


200 


242 


240 


2.50 


260 


319 


300 


239 


187 


216 



102 
236 
308 
536 
600 
667 



247 
455 
416 
591 
605 
772 
580 



247 
578 
. 753 
1.320 
1,465 
1,630 
1,685 



448 



524 



From the above figures it will be seen that cedar and hemlock are 
the most active of the fir trees of Maine in giving color to water. In 
round numbers, it may be said that 1 square foot of bark will increase 
the color of 1,100 gallons of water by one unit of the ordinary scale 
of measurement after an exposure of one month. The ordinary log 
of the Kennebec River drives has about 70 square feet of bark sur- 
face. Therefore one log would increase the color of 77,000 gallons 
of water one unit after standing in it for about a month. Further 
calculations show that 1,000 feet B. M. of lumber will increase the 
color of 616,000 gallons of water about one unit during the same time. 
Inasmuch as the average flow of Kennebec River is about 3,500,000,000 
gallons per day, it would require 50,000 logs a day to increase the 
color of the river water by one point. This is four or five times the 
number of logs floated per day from April to July. Therefore it will 
be seen that this factor is entirely negligible in the consideration of 
the color of the Kennebec water. If, however, the logs stand in the 
water of swamps for more than this length of time, there is a chance 
that they might give a slight color to the river water. 
3697— irr 198—07 12 



172 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC KIVEK WATER. 



ODOR. 

The water of the Kennebec River has at all times a swampy or 
peaty odor and taste, usually described by the term " vegetable;" 
but during the spring, when the color of the water is high, the odor 
becomes more distinct. It is due in great measure to the same 
organic compounds which give to the water its color, and represents 
the effect of the natural leaching of the decaying organic matter in 
the various swamps scattered over the drainage area. 

In addition to this natural swampy taste, the water of the river at 
certain points below the centers of industry has at times a very 
marked taste, due to the discharge of sewage and manufacturing 
wastes into the stream. This is further discussed under the heading 
"Pollution" (pp.. 194-195). 

During the period covered by the analyses no odors due to algse 
or other microscopic organisms were observed. 

RESULTS OF EXAMINATIONS. 

Results of examination of Kennebec River water above Waterville. 



January 19... 
February 16.. 
February 27 . . 

March 12 

March 18 b 

March 21 

March 28 

April 4 

April 14 

April 18 

April 28 

May 12 

May 23 

June 3 

June 14 

June 15 

June 16 

June 17 

June 23 

July 14 

August 5 

August 17 

August 20 

August 22 

August 25 

August 27 

August 29 

September 1 . . 
September 14 . 
September 15. 
September 18. 
September 22. 
September 26. 
September 30. 



Date. 



1903. 



Average 

Per cent giving positive test. 



Turbid- 
ity. 



Parts per 
million. 
2 



Color. 



Parts per 
million. 
37 



100 
108 
100 
96 
56 
40 
50 
38 
36 



Bacteria 
per cubic 
centi- 
meter. 



400 

2,750 

3,500 

4,400 

2,350 

1,800 

605 

635 

660 

470 

240 

1,100 

640 

1,500 

15,000 



6, 800 



1,900 
110 



600 
250 



220 
145 
900 
185 
320 
300 
380 
220 
185 



Bacillus coli. a 



In 0.1c. c. In 1 c. c. In 10 c. c 



1,631 



a Plus sign indicates the presence and minus sign the absence of this organism. 
b This sample was taken at Fairfield. 



EXAMINATION OF WATER. 



173 



Results of examination of Kennebec River water at intake of Augusta waterworks. 

AUGUST, -1903. 





Turbid- 

ity. 


Color. 


Odor.a 


Bacteria 
per cubic 
centi- 
meter. 




Bacill 


us coli. 




Day. 


In 0.01 

c. c. 


In 0.1 C.C. 


in 1 c.c. 


In tOc.C 


20 


Parts per 
million. 
2 
5 
3 
2 
2 
2 

3 


Parts per 
million. 
29 
32 
42 
38 
38 
37 
45 


lv 


280 
260 
305 
475 
225 
290 
360 






25 




+ 

+ 




+ 
+ 


+ 


27 






+ 


28 

29 

30 

31 


2v3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v3w 


+ 

+ 








Average 

Per cent giving posi- 




3 


36 


2v 3w 


313 

















33 


33 


66 























SEPTElk 


IBER, 1903. 










1 


4 
3 
3 
3 
4 
3 
3 
4 
3 
3 
3 
3 
3 
4 
2 
3 
4 
3 
5 
3 
4 
3 
3 
2 
3 
3 
5 
5 
2 
3 


36 
44 
42 
43 
45 
41 
42 
39 
42 
42 
37 
39 
32 
33 
33 
33 
33 
33 
34 
34 
34 
32 
32 
34 
33 
33 
29 
32 
32 
32 


2v3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
3v 3w 
2v 3\v 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
lv 3w 
lv 3w 
lv 3w 
lv 3w 
lv3w 
lv3w 
lv 3w 
lv3w 
lv 3w 
lv3w 
lv3w 
2v3w 
2v 3w 
2v 3w 
2v3w 


740 
490 
210 
405 
390 
300 
230 
260 
365 
380 
260 
235 
410 
610 
235 
315 
420 
345 
540 
585 
615 
370 
590 
830 
605 
735 
720 
480 
405 
455 




_ 

+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 


+ 

. + 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 




2 




+ 


3 




+ 


4 




+ 








6 

7 

8 




+ 
+ 
+ 


9 

10 


+ 
+ 


11 

12 


+ 

— 
1 


+ 


13 




14 




15 




16 . 




17 




18 




19 




20 




21 




22 




23 




24 . 




25 





26 




27 





28 .. 




29 




30 









Average 

Per cent giving posi- 


3 


36 


2v3w 


451 








5 


33 


80 


82 

















»v= Vegetable odor; w=woody odor (due to paper-mill wastes); g=grassy odor. The intensity 
of the odor is indicated by the following scale: 1, Very faint— an odor that would not ordinarily be 
detected by the average consumer, but that could be detected in the laboratory by an experienced 
observer; 2, faint — an odor that the consumer might detect if his attention were called to it, but that 
would not otherwise attract attention; 3, distinct— an odor that would be readily detected and that 
might cause the water to be regarded with disfavor; 4, decided— an odor that would force itself on 
the attention and might make the water unpalatable; 5, Very strong — an odor of such intensity that 
the water would be absolutely unfit to drink, a term to be used only in extreme cases. 

b Plus sign indicates the presence and minus sign the absence of the organism. 



174 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



Results of examination of Kennebec River water at intake of Augusta ivaterworks — Cont'd. 

OCTOBER, 1903. 





Turbid- 
ity. 


Color. 


Odor.a 


Bacteria 
per cubic- 
centi- 
meter. 




Bacillus coli. 




Day. 


In 0.01 
c.c. 


In 0.1 c.c. 


In 1 c. c. 


In 10 c.c. 


2 


Parts per 
million. 
3 
2 
5 
6 

t 

6 
5 
5 
5 
4 
6 
7 
5 
8 
7 
4 
6 
6 
6 
6 
7 
5 
4 
5 
6 
5 
5 
5 
4 


Parts per 
million. 
34 
33 
33 
34 
28 
32 
28 
28 
31 
33 
30 
30 
32 
31 
31 
31 
29 
30 
30 
30 
29 
28 
28 
29 
30 
27 
28 
30 
30 
30 


2v 3w 

lv 2w 


310 
290 
315 
510 
295 
415 
410 
375 
360 
340 
450 
350 
345 
420 
980 
585 
945 
630 
330 
410 
760 
1,040 
685 
535 
725 
820 
820 
540 
410 
575 


- 


4- 


4- 




3 


+ + 

+ 4- 

- . 4- 

+ 

- 4- 
+ ' 4- 
+ 4- 
+ + 

- 4- 

- + 
+ 




4 










6 


lv 2w 
lv2w 
lv2w 
lv2w 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2vlw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2vlw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2vlw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2vlw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 








8 




9 




10 




11 




12 




13 




14 




15 




16 




17 




18 




19 




20 




21... 


+ 
4- 


+ 

+ 
+ 
4- 




22 




23 




24 




25 


- 4- 

- 4- 
+ 4- 

- + 

- 4- 




26 




27 




28 




29 




30 




31.. 












Average 

Per cent giving posi- 
tive test 


5 


30 


2v lw 


532 








33 


80 






1 







NOVEMBER. 1903. 



1 


5 
5 
5 
5 
4 
6 

10 
10 
10 
12 
10 
9 
5 
6 
8 
8 


30 
30 
30 
29 
29 
29 
33 
32 
31 
31 
32 
33 
31 
32 
33 
32 
32 


2v lw 
2v lw 
2v lw 


725 
720 
700 


- 


+ 

+ 

— 

- 

+ 

4- 
+ 


- 

+ 

+ 
+ 
4- 
4- 




2 . 




3 .. 




4 


2v lw ; 600 
2v lw 475 
2v lw i 385 
2v lw ' 570 
2v lw 520 




5 




6 




7 




8 


4- 


9 


2v lw 580 
2v 2w i 625 




4- 


10... 


4- 


11 


2v 2w ; 590 
2v2w ' 655 
2v 2w ; 695 
2v2w 500 
2v 2w 350 
2v 2w ! 830 
lv 2w 175 




- + 


12 




4- 4- 


13 


4- 


14 .. 




+ , + 


15 




— 4- 


16 





4- + 


17 




— + 


18 5 


30 2v 2w 750 
33 2v 2w 650 




4- + 


19... 6 




4- 4- 


20 4 

21 5 


30 
33 
33 


2v 2w 750 

' 2v 2w 830 

2v 2w 595 




- 4- 
+ 4- 


22 5 




4- + 


24... 




860 
845 

(«) 
(a) 
(a) 
(a) 




- 4- 


25..... 1 

26 

27 




+ 1 .+.... 







28... 


6 30 

7 32 
4 , 33 


2v 2w 




+ 


- 4- 


29 




4- + 


30 






4- + 










Average 

Per cent giving posi- 


7 31 


2v 2w I 624 


- 22 


56 


100 




1 1 ■ 1 









a Plates liquefied because of poor lot of gelatin. 



EXAMINATION (IF WATER. 



175 



Results of examination of Kennebec River water at intake of Augusta waterworks — Cont'd. 

DECEMBER, 1903. 




Average 
Per cent giving posi 
tive test 



JANUARY. 1904. 



Average 

Per cent giving posi- 
tive test 



2v2g 
2v2g 



2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 



2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2w 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v2g 
2v 2w 
2v2w 
2v 2w 
2v 2w 
2v 2w 
2v2w 
2v 2w 
2v2w 



283,500 
1,555 
11,700 
43,500 
51,000 
39,500 
30,500 
40,000 
41,000 
40,000 
56,500 
38,000 
20,500 
37,000 
23,000 
9.000 
19,500 
10,000 
'14,500 
12.000 
10,000 
9,000 
21,500 
15,000 
22,000 
20,000 
14.000 
18,500 
18,500 
24,500 
18.000 



30 ' 2v 2g 



32.750 



48 



176 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



Results of examination of Kennebec River water at intake of Augusta waterworks — Cont'd. 

FEBRUARY, 1904.™ 





Turbid- 
ity. 


Color. 


Bacteria 

°*"" i P cent, b - iC 
meter. 


Bacillus coli. 




Day. 


l »° c 01 In 0.1 c.c. Inlc.c. 


In 10 c.c. 


1 

2 


Parts per Parts per 
million, i million. 

4 21 
8 i 22 

5 • 22 

6 18 
4 21 
4 ! 22 
4 ! 22 
4 j 22 

7 j 22 

4 26 
2 ! 26 

2 i 22 
.6 27 

3 23 
-5 1 28 

5 25 


2v 2w 17, 500 
2v 2w 24, 500 
2v2w 29,000 
2v 2w 25, 500 
2v 2w 28, 500 
2v2w 28,000 
2v2w 20,000 
2v 2w , 20, 500 
2v 2w 19, 000 
2v2w ! 21,000 
2v2w i 23,000 
2v2w | 29,000 
2v2w 21,500 
2v2w 24,000 
2v 2w 25, 000 
2v2w 30,000 


1 

■ i t 


+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


3 




4 


+ + 


5 




6 




7 . 




10 . 


— + 


17 

22 


+ + 


23 


+ + 


24 




25 




+ 


26 




27 




28 


+ + 






Average 

Per cent giving posi- 


4 23 


2v2w , 24,466 




! L3 40 


47 




■ 







MARCH, 1904. 



1 


3 

2 
10 


20 

27 
22 


2v2w 
2v2w 
2v2w 


24,500 
20,500 
20,000 
26,000 
22,000 
20,500 
20,000 




+ 


_ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 




2 




+ 


3 




+ 


4.. 






5.. 












6... 


3 
8 
4 
15 
15 
15 
12 
12 
15 
12 
12 
8 
10 


29 
27 
22 
25 
25 
27 
25 
25 
27 
31 
32 
35 
31 


3v3w 

2v2w 
2v2w 
2v2w 
2v 2w 
2v2w 
2v 2w 
2v 2w 
2v 2w 
2v2w 
2v 2w 
2v2w 
2v2w 




+ 




7 




+ 


8 




+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 


+ 


9 




+ 


10 


( 6 ) 

(») 
20,000 

CO 

24,000 
21,500 
19,500 

8,000 
22,000 




+ 


11 






12 . 




+ 


13.. 






14... 




+ 


15 






16 






17 




+ 


18 




+ 








Average 

Per cent giving posi- 


10 


27 


2v2w 


20, 654 






1 




44 


55 


55 















a The records during this month were interrupted by the illness of the collector. 
b Plates liquefied. 



EXAMINATION OF WATER. 



177 



Summary, by months, of results of examination of Kennebec River water above Waterville 

and a I An (just a. 



ABOVE WATERVILLE. 



Month. 



1903. 
February . . . 

March . . 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September.. 



Num- 
ber 
of 
sam- 
ples. 



Turbidity (parts 
per million ). 



Color (parts per 
million) . 



Mini- Maxi- ' Aver- ; Mini- 
mum, mum. age. mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



108 



Bacteria per cubic cen- j i . 
timeter (parts per 
million). 



Mini- 
mum. 



2,750 
605 
240 
640 

1,500 



145 
185 



Maxi- 
mum. 



3,500 

4,400 

660 

1,100 

15,000 



600 

900 



Aver- 
age. 



3,125 . 

2,284 
500 
870 

6,300 
110 
315 
252 



AUGUSTA. 



1903. 

August 

September.. 

October 

November. . 
December. . 



1904. 

January 

February . . . 
March 



Summary of period 
Apr. 1, 1903, to 
Mar. 21, 1904 



29 


45 


36 


225 


475 


32 


45 


36 


230 


830 


27 


34 


30 


290 


1,040 


29 


33 


31 


175 


860 


15 


40 


32 


1,180 


37, 450 


23 


42 


30 


1,555 


283, 500 


18 


28 


23 


17,500 


30,000 


20 


35 


27 


8,000 


26,000 



313 14 

451 15 

532 13 

624 15 

'.927 17 



32, 750 18 

24,466 16 

20,654 12 



9 



108 



37 



145 j 283,500 7,875 



13 



Results of examination of Messalonslcee Stream at pumping station of Maine Water 

Company, Waterville. 



FEBRUARY, 1903. 



Day. 



Average 
Per cent giving positive test 



Turbidity 
(parts per 
million) . 



Color 
(parts per 
million) . 



Bacteria 
per cubic 
centimeter. 



3 . 


j 


4... ... 


3 j 28 


5 




6 


13 28 


9 




10 




11 




12 




13 




14 




16 




17 




18 




19 




20 




21 






370 
200 
230 
265 
360 
375 
278 
248 
1,370 
2,800 
1,100 
655 
500 
385 
430 
260 
770 
330 
440 
350 
370 
590 
H.! 



Bacillus coli. 



In 0.1c. c 



In 1 c. c. In 10 c. c. 



a Plus sign indicates the presence and minus sign the absence of this organism. 
b Average of seven observations. 



178 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



Results of examination of Messalonskee Stream at pumping station of Maine Water 
Company, Water ville — Continued. 



MARCH, 1903. 



Day. 


Turbidity 
(parts per 
million). 


Color 
(parts per 
million) . 


Bacteria 
per cubic 
centimeter. 


Bacillus coli. 


InO.lc. c. 

+ 
+ 

X 

+ 
+ 

— 

_ 


Inl c. c. 


InlOc.c. 


1 


40 
8 
5 
3 
4 
5 

45 
8 

75 

10 
6 
3 
2 
2 
4 
5 
3 
3 
4 

15 
2 
2 
4 
3 
2 

45 


28 
32 
32 
30 
30 
28 
28 
28 
26 
28 
30 
32 
32 
30 
32 
34 
28 
34 
32 
34 
32 
30 
30 
30 
28 
40 


28, 000 

10,000 

3,900 

1.365 

620 

720 

11,050 

7,300 

25,500 

3,700 

1J700 

875 

1,150 

1,000 

950 

590 

770 

950 

950 

1,150 

745 

420 

435 

400 

240 

3,100 


+ 
+ 

+ 

t 

_ 

+ • 
+ 

+ 

+ 

E 

+ 
+ 

+ 

+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 




2. 




3. 


4- 


4. 


4- 


(i. 


4- 


7 




9 


4- 


10 




11 


_ 


12 


4- 


13 


4- 


14 




16. 


4- 


17. 


4- 


18. 




19. 


+ 


20. . 


I 


21 


4- 


23 


4- 


24 


4- 


25 


4- 


26. 


4- 


27. 


4- 


28. 


4- 


30. . . 


4- 


31 


4- 








' 12 


31 


4,138 








23 


62 


69 













APRIL, 1903. 



1 


2 
1 
1 
4 
2 
1 
4 
5 
4 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
2 
3 

1 

2 
1 
2 
3 
2 
1 
4 
3 


36 
30 
30 
30 
30 
30 
28 
30 
30 
30 
26 
28 
28 
28 
30 
28 
28 
28 
28 
30 
30 
28 
26 
28 
32 
28 


500 
410 
425 
445 
220 
450 
480 
1,325 
180 
164 
210 
97 
265 
175 
250 
275 
190 
170 
310 
410 
375 
540 
410 
880 
1,450 
1,225 


II 1 ! + 1 1 1 1 J + 1 + 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 


+ 1 ++++ I ++ I +++ 1 1 + 1 ++ I ++++++ 


4- 


2 


4- 


3. . 


4- 


4 


4- 


6 


4- 




4- 


8. 


4- 


9 

10. . 


+ 
4- 


11. . 


4- 


13 


4- 


14 


4- 


15 




16. . 


4- 


17. . 


4- 


18. . 


4- 


20 

21 

22 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 


23 

24 

25 

27 

28 

29. 


30 


Average 

Per cent giving positive test 


2 


29 


455 






15 


73 


92 














EXAMINATION OF UA'I'Kli. 



179 



Results of examination of Messalonskee Stream at pumping' station of Maine Water 
Company, Waterville— ( 'ontinued . 



MAY, 1903. 





Turbidity 
(parts per 


Color 


Bacteria 
per cubic 


Bacillus 


coli. 


Day. 














million). 


million). 


centimeter. 


In 0.1c. c. 


Inlc. 


c. In 10c. c. 


l 


22 
2 




32 
28 


1,425 
3,100 


+ 


+ 

+ 


+ 


2 - ---. 


+ 


4 


2 




28 


1,150 


— 


+ 


+ 


5 


4 




30 


2,900 


— 


— 


+ 


6 


6 

4 




28 
30 


4,150 
2,000 


_ 


+ 
+ 


+ 


7 


+ 


8. 


2 
15 
10 




30 
30 
30 


2,650 
2,800 
1,300 


- 


+ 
+ 


+ 


9 


+ 


11 


+ 


12 


8 




30 


1.350 


— 


+ 


+ 


13 - 


2 




30 


2,200 


+ 


+ 


4- 


14 


2 




30 


925 


— 


+ 


+ 


15 


2 




28 


940 


— 


+ 


+ 


16 







30 


1,200 


— 


— 


— 


18 


2 




30 


550 


— 


— 


+ 


20 


8 




32 


1,000 


+ 


+ 


+ 


21 


2 




24 


"20.000 


— 


+ 


+ 


22.: 







30 


720 


— 


— 


+ 


23 


6 




28 


600 




— 


— 


25 - 


3 




34 


510 




+ 


+ 




2 




26 


475 




+ 


+ 


28 


3 




28 


410 




+ 


+ 


29 


2 




30 


685 


_ 


— 


+ 


30 


1 




30 


650 


— 


+ 


+ 



Average 

Per cent giving positive test. 



29 



2,237 



92 



JUNE, 1903. 



2 


32 


6185 


2 


30 


1,010 


3 


28 


850 


6 


26 


800 


4 


28 


830 


1 


28 


500 


5 


30 


1,750 


2 


30 


2,350 


3 


30 


2,900 


2 


28 


1,600 


c39 


c42 


c 15, 050 


26 


60 


41,400 


8 


64 


5,500 


3 


36 


3,500 


2 


34 


2,700 


2 


34 


970 


2 


30 


1,250 


2 


26 


810 


1 


26 


290 


4 


30 


1,250 


2 


28 


960 


2 


30 


360 


2 


30 


410 


3 


34 


290 


5 


26 




3 


30 


170 



+ 

t 



Average 

Per cent giving positive test . 



3.507 



S5 



100 



a Considerable amount of trash from bridge building on Western avenue. 

b Pump not running. 

c Average of two observations. 



180 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



Results of examination of Messalonskee Stream at pumping station of Maine Water 
Company, Waterville — Continued . 



JULY, 1903. 



Average 

Per cent giving positive test. 





Turbidity 


Color 


Bacteria 


Bacillus coli. 


Day. 


(parts per 


(parts per 


per cubic 














million) . 


million). 


centimeter. 


In 0.1c. c. 


In 1 c. c. 


In 10c. c. 


1 


3 


30 


360 


_ 


+ 


+ 


2 


5 


26 


510 


— 


+ + 


3 


6 


26 


500 


— 


+ + 


6 


3 


28 
26 


290 " 


+ 
+ 


4- ■ 4- 


7 


4- + 


8 


2 
10 


26 

28 


310 
345 




+ + 


9 


4- + 


10 


.6 


28 


270 


+ 


+ + 


11 


8 


28 


320 




+ 


13 


2 


28 


230 


— 


+ 


+ 


14 


2 


28 


•350 


+ 


+ 


+ 


15 


3 


28 


580 


— 


— 


— 


16 


1 


28 


800 


+ 


+ 


+ 


17 


3 


28 


650 


— 


— 


4- 


20 


2 

7 


26 

28 


280 
1,850 


+ 


+ 
+ 


+ 


21. 


+ . 


22 


10 


28 


3,850 


+ 


+ 


4- 


23. . 


3 


28 


2,750 


+ 


+ 


+ 


24. . . 


60 

7 


60 
28 


28, 500 
3,200 


+ 


4- 
+ 


+ 


25 


+ 


27 


4 


28 


450 


— 


+ + 


28 


8 


28 


1,450 


— 


4- + 


29 


4 


28 


1,600 


4- 


+ 4- 


30 : 


2 


30 


950 


+ 


+ + 


31 


3 


26 


925 




4- 


4 



2,138 



96 



AUGUST, 





5 
4 
3 
4 
6 
5 
7 
3 
4 
3 
2 


26 
28 
26 
28 
26 
26 
28 
28 
28 
28 
30 


60 

775 

2,500 

600 

760 

700 

210 

605 

650 

1,000 

1,300 

22, 500 

2,450 

1,300 

4,000 

2,000 

220 

350 

790 

3,050 

500 

150 


+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

4- 
+ 

+ 

+ 
4- 

4- 
4- 


_ 

+ 
+ 

t 

+ 
4- 
+ 

+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 




4 


+ 




+ 


6 


+ 


7 


+ 


8. 


+ 


9. 


+ 


11. 




12. 


+ 


13 


+ 


15 


+ 


18 


+ 


19 


3 
2 
4 
3 
2 
3 
2 
2 
2 
2 


26 
28 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 
26 


+ 


20. 


+ 


21... 


+ 


22 


+ 


24 


+ 


26 


+ 


27. 


+ 


28. . 


+ 


29... 


+ 


31 


+ 








3 


27 


2,112 










41 


64 


91 













EXAMINATION OF WATKK. 



181 



Results of <ra>ni nation of Messalonskee Stream at pumping station of Maine Water 
( \mipany, Waterville — ( V>nt i rmod . 



SEPTEMBER, 1903. 



Day. 


Turbidity 

(parts per 
million) . 


Color 
(parts per 
million). 


Bacteria 
per cubic 
centimeter. 




Bacillus coli. 


In 0.1c. 


c. Inl c. c. 


InlOc.c. 


1 


2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
3 


26 
26 
24 
24 


325 
555 

685 


+ 
+ 
+ 

+ 
+ 


+1+1 +++++ 1 ++++ 1 1 


+ 


3 


+ 


4 


4- 


5 


+ 




130 
130 
300 
470 
-415 


+ 


8. 


26 
26 
26 
24 


+ 


9. 


4- 


10. . . 


+ 


11 


+ 


12 




200 
175 
400 
355 
360 
385 
250 




14 


1 


24 


+ 


16 


+ 


17 







+ 


22. 






+ 


26... 








30 






+ 










Average 


2 


25 


342 






Per cent giving positive test 


3 


7 75 


88 













— i-O 



/-— 2 



CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, 

The water of Kennebec River at all points above the Augusta dam 
is soft. In fact, all of its chemical constituents are extremely low. 
This is to be expected from the general character of the basin, which 
contains no beds of limestone and 
few deposits of clay or minerals 
readily soluble in water. 
. The results of the chemical anal- 
yses of the Kennebec water at 
Waterville and Augusta are given in 
the tables on pages 182-183. These 
results show that at Waterville the 
total solids in the water seldom 
exceeded 50 parts per million. Of 
this amount about 20 parts per 
million represented hardness made 
up of carbonates and sulphates in 
nearly equal proportions. The alka- 
linity varied from 8 to 12 and the 
incrustants from 7 to 9 parts per 
million. The amount of iron was 
rather small. fig. n.- 

Above the Edwards Company's 
dam at Augusta the amount of chlorine in the water is low at all 
points, but it is less at the upper end than in the lower reaches of 
the stream. This is chiefly because of the pollution of the river, 
which increases downstream, but it is also due to the fact that the 
normal chlorine of the drainage basin becomes greater as the seacoast 
is approached. 




. ^±^ — »° 



-Diagram showing use of nornu 
chlorine isochlors. 



182 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



The studies of the normal distribution of chlorine in the waters of 
the State made by D. D. Jackson a show that the isochlor of 0.7 part 
per million passes through the geographic center of the Kennebec 
basin and that the normal chlorine varies from 0.4 part per million at 
the upper end of the stream to 6.0 parts per million at the mouth. 
Between these two points the normal chlorine gradually increases. 

It must not be assumed, however, that the normal chlorine of the 
river at any particular point is the same as that shown by the isochlor 
which passes through that point. It is shown rather by the isochlor 
which passes through the geographic center of the basin above it. 
Thus the diagram shown in fig. 11 represents an imaginary drainage 
basin divided into portions of equivalent area (A, B, C, and. D) and 
gives the isochlors. The figures which truly represent the normal 
chlorine of the river water at the points a, b, c, and d are not 1.5, 2.5, 
3.5, and 4.5, as might at first be thought from an inspection of the 
isochlors, but at a the normal chlorine is 1.0, the result obtained by 
integrating all the normals for the subdivision A above it; at c the 
normal is 1.5, the result obtained by integrating the normals for the 
regions A and B; and so on, until at d, the mouth of the stream, the 
normal chlorine is found to be 2.5 parts per million instead of 5.0, as 
would be obtained if the reading were taken directly from the isochlor. 

Chemical' analyses of Kennebec River water above Waterville, January 19 to August 17, 

1903. 

[ Parts per million, unless otherwise stated.] 



Date of collec- 
tion. 



January 19 . 
March 12... 
April 18.... 

May 23 

June 23 

August 17 . . 



2v. 
3v. 
3v. 
3v. 
3v. 
3v. 2m. 



Nitrogen as- 



Albuminoid 
ammonia. 



0. 092 
.118 
.104 
.104 
.142 



= .2 

3 



0.004 
.096 
.004 
.022 
.008 



0.096 
214 

LOS 
126 
150 
122 



Average..' 14 43 .109 .027 .136 .014 .001 .03 48.5 .7 20.2 9.810.3 

I 



0.002 
.018 
.010 
.016 
.028 
.012 



0.000 
.001 
.001 
.000 
.000 
.002 



0.05 
.05 
.10 
.00 
.00 
.00 



46.0 
66.0 
49.0 
43.0 
39.0 
48.0 



31.0 12.0 
17.0 9.0 
17.0 8.0 

18. 11. 
19.0 9.0 

19. 10. 



19. 
8.0 
9.0 
7.0 

10. 
9.0 



0.15 



. 20 



ftft, 



_ bo- 



o o o 



si 






300 
3,000 

800 
40 
60 
65 



121 711 



a The normal distribution of chlorine in the natural waters of New York and New England: Water- 
Sup, and Irr. Paper No. 144, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1905. 
b Scale for odor is given on p. 173. 



EXAMINATION OF WATER. 



183 



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184 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



On this basis the following approximate figures have been obtained 
for the normal chlorine of the Kennebec River water at various 
points, and side by side with these is given the normal chlorine for 
the local water sources at the same points. 



Normal chlorine in Kennebec River basin. 
[Parts per million.] 



Place. 


Taken 

from 

nearest 

isochlor. 


Calculated 
from iso- 
chlors over 

whole 

basin. 


Solon 


0.6 
.75 
1.0 
2.0 
3.0 


43 


Skowhegan 


.46 


Waterville 


.52 


Augusta 


.63 


Richmond 


.70 







The absence of mineral matter makes the Kennebec water excel- 
lent for use in boilers and in connection with paper making and 
many other industries where chemicals are used. The low alka- 
linity, however, is something of a disadvantage in purifying the 
water by the mechanical system of filtration, in which alum is em- 
ployed as a coagulant, as it necessitates the occasional use of soda. 

The suspended matter in the Kennebec water was largely organic, 
except after heavy rains, when, as already pointed out, it was com- 
posed chiefly of river silt. The amount of dissolved organic matter 
corresponds well with that usually found in waters of similar color. 

No analyses of the water were made at points above all sources of 
pollution, but the analyses made at Waterville, above which the 
amount of pollution is comparatively small, represent a near ap- 
proach to natural conditions. The free ammonia was very low, indi- 
cating that decomposition of organic matter was inactive ; the amounts 
of nitrogen as nitrites and nitrates were also very small. 

MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS. 

The numbers of microscopic organisms in the river water were 
found to be very small, although they were higher than in many 
other streams. These higher numbers may have been due to the 
fact that the basin contains so many lakes, in which these organisms 
find favorable conditions for development. The results of the 
microscopical examinations are given in the accompanying tables. 
The amorphous matter varied considerably at different times, as 
described under the heading " Turbidity" (p. 169). It consisted very 
largely of broken-down organic matter, in which vegetable filaments 
and fragments of wood fiber were conspicuous. This woody fibrous 
matter was much more abundant at Augusta than at Waterville, 
probably on account of the waste products from the Hollingsworth 
& Whitney paper mill at Winslow. 



EXAMINATION OF WATER. 



185 



Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at Waterville. 

1903. 



[Standard units per cubic centimeter.] 



Organism. 


January 19. 


March 12. 


April 


18. 


May 23, 


June 23. 


August 17. 


Synedra 


16 


10 




10 
25 
15 

5 




""4o" 

"56" 




8 
15 




Tabellaria 


' 












Melosira 

Cyclotella 





15 









Closterium 




5 




5 


25 


40 
10 

"55" 1 


10 


Cladothrix 

Anthophysa 


28 


12 
34 




15 
69 


"is" 


135 

25 






40 












Total organisms 

Amorphous matter 

Vegetable fiber 


44 
300 

8 


76 
3,000 




112 

800 


95 
40 


235 i 
60 ' 


170 

65 











Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at intake of 
Augusta ivaterworks, 1908-4- 

[Standard units per cubic centimeter.] 



Organism. 


August.. 1903. September, 1903. October, 1903. 


25. 


31. 


8. 


14. 


21. 6'. 


13. 


19. 


26. 


Diatomacese: 


5 
5 
5 
5 
10 




10 


35 


1 
1 


10 


10 




Cyclotella 


I 


10 


15 

is" 






1 






Synedra 


15 


225 


5 

1 


35 


20 


40 




15 


20 


20 


25 


40 


"io~ 


130 










Ghlorophycese: 

Staurogenia 

Draparnaldia 


10 
40 












15 




















25 
40 
20 


























40 


40 


























10 




25 




Cyanophycese: 

Microcystis 


25 


"25" 


65 


25 


50 




25 


25 




Ccelosphaerium 






25 


25 
















40 






Fungi and schizomycetes : 
Crenothrix 


40 


35 










i 




50 


165 


55 70 


105 


110 CO 


Protozoa: 


10 
25 
20 






Dinobryon 




25 
















Anthophysa 




95 ! 25 




20 




10 










; 


10 1 5 




Synura 


1 


40 .. 


Rotifera: 


■ 25 


1 










Total organisms a 

Amorphous matter f> 

Vegetable and wOody fiber. . 


200 | 90 240 615 1 200 

375 ! 100 65 625 \ 500 

65 ' 55 65 60 


145 1 300 
185 400 


300 240 
1,005 675 








- 





a Average, 224. 



h Average, 346. 



186 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



Microscopic organisms in samples of water from Kennebec River collected at intake oj 
Augusta waterworks, 1903-4 — Continued. 



Organism. 


November, 1903. 


December, 1903. 


Januai 


y, 1904. 


Febru- 
ary, 
1904. 




2. 


9. 


16. 


1. 


7. 


21. 


12. 


26. 


17. 


Diatomaceae: 


10 




10 


10 




10 


15 


25 


5 


Navicula 


10 




5 
10 
10 


250 


10 




15 




10 


5 


5 


Tabellaria 






20 












5 




Meridion 






5 








Cyanophyceae: 

Microcystis 




40 
50 















Fungi and schizomycetes : 
Leptothrix 

Protozoa: 


105 


25 
40 


145 


50 


30 


60 




615 








40 




10 




25 
10 




Cryptomonas 














i 












Total organisms a 

Amorphous matter b 


140 
415 


385 
500 


85 
375 


195 
270 


70 
210 


50 
180 


85 
120 


60 
65 


635 
170 



a Average, 224. 



& Average, 346. 



BACTERIA. 



The number of bacteria in the water of Kennebec River at Water- 
ville varied during the course of the observations from 110 to 15,000 
per* cubic centimeter. In general, the high figures were found at 
times of large stream flow. Not enough analyses were made to give 
a fair annual average. 

No attempt was made to determine the prevailing species of bac- 
teria in the water, but many presumptive tests were made to show 
the presence of Bacillus coli. Laboratory experiments at Waterville 
showed that under the local conditions this test gave a very fair indi- 
cation of the actual presence of this organism, a result which is not 
everywhere obtained. Positive indications of the presence of B. coli 
were shown in 94 per cent of the 10 c. c. samples tested at Waterville, 
81 per cent in the 1 c. c. samples, and 30 per cent in those of 0.1 c. c. 
The results of these observations are given in the tables on pages 172- 
177. 

EFFECT OF TIDES ON QUAEITY OF THE WATER BELOW 

AUGUSTA. 

The lower part of Kennebec River may be considered a narrow tidal 
estuary, in which the tide ebbs and flows to the foot of the Edwards 
Company's dam at Augusta. Under ordinary conditions of stream 
flow the water is fresh nearly to the mouth of the river, but at times 
brackish water extends nearly to Augusta. Yet the public water 
supply of Richmond is obtained from the river. 

Few analyses of the river water at points below Augusta have been 
made, but one series of analyses made at Richmond through a course 
of tides serves well to illustrate the variations which take place in 
the chlorine content of the water at different stages of the tide. 



EFFECT OF TIDES ON QUALITY OF WATEE. 



187 



December 9, 1903, the flow of the river at Winslow was 1,351 second- 
feet, which is extremely low. Samples were collected at the surface 
and at the bottom of the river opposite the Richmond steamboat 
wharf and tested for chlorine. The elevation of the water surface 
was also read from the gage of the United States Coast and Geodetic 
Survey on the steamboat wharf. The results of these analyses are 
given in the subjoined table, and are also shown by fig. 12. From this 
diagram it will be seen that the chlorine in the water varied from 50 



800 



600 



E 

i- 400 

















X ^ N 


ELEVATION OF WATER 








\ 


U. S. Coast Survey gage on / 
\ steamboat wharf / 












V / 










Ebb -ti 


le x F 


ood tide 






/ 
/ j 












i 

i / 
i / 
1 1 


/ / 












if 


























/ 

1 1 
1 








\ 














CHLC 


RINE 


/ 










^^^^C 


__^^ 











Fig. 12.— Fluctuations of chlorine in Kennebec River water at Richmond, December 9, 1903. 

to 870 parts per million between low and high tide. As a water tastes 
brackish when the amount of chlorine exceeds 150 parts per million, it 
will be seen that the river water and consequently the public water 
supply of Richmond on the date mentioned was noticeably brackish 
for about two-thirds of the time. The diagram also shows that the 
time of minimum saltness occurred just after low tide, and the time 
of maximum saltness just after high tide. It is interesting to observe 
further that there was a conspicuous under run of sea water on the 
3697— irr 198—07 13 



188 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC KIVEK WATER. 



flood tide; thus when the tide was running in, the water at the bottom 
of the river was salter that at the surface. This is a phenomenon 
common to all tidal estuaries. 

On February 5, 1904, two samples of water were collected from the 
river at 4.30 p. m., when the tide was running in. The surface water 
contained 136 parts of chlorine per million, and the water at the 
bottom contained 194 parts per million. To judge from the stream 
flow between December 9, 1903, and February 5, 1904, there is good 
reason to believe that throughout the winter the public water supply 
at Richmond was more or less brackish. 

Chlorine in water of Kennebec River, elevation of water surface, and direction of current at 
Richmond, Me., December 9, 1903. 



Hour. 


ChloriiK 
per m 

Surface. 


i (parts 
iilion) . 

Bottom. 


Gage 
height 
(feet) .« 


Direction of 
current. 


6 a. m '. 


610 
510 
450 






Downstream. 


7 a. m 






Do. 


8 a. m 


420 




Do. 


8.30 a. m 


2.15 


Do. 


9 a. m 


240 


230 


Do. 


9.30 a. m 


1.15 


Do. 


10 a. m 


110 


120 


Do. 


10.30 a. m ..... 


—0.10 




11 a. m 


80 


80 


No current. 


11.30 a. m.. . . 


—0.05 




12m 


50 


60 




12.30 p. m 


1.38 


Upstream. 


1 p. m 

1.30 p. m 


50 


70 




Do. 




100 


95 






2.30 p. m. . 


3.25 






250 


280 


Do. 


3.30 p. m 


4.70 




4 p. m 


480 


510 


Do. 


4.30 p. m 


5.60 




5 p. m 


670 


740 


Do. 


5.30 p. m 


5.90 




6 p. m 


830 


870 


Do. 


6.15 p. m 


5.40 













a Read on gage of United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 



POLLUTION. 



SOURCE AND CHARACTER. 

The general pollution of the Kennebec River water at various 
points is usually measured by the density of population dwelling on 
the drainage area above those points, because either directly or indi- 
rectly the waste products of life and industry are washed into the 
river and carried to the ocean. Although this is true, the greatest 
effect on the quality of the water is produced by that part of the 
population which discharges sewage and manufacturing wastes 
directly into the river or its tributaries. This is more liable to be the 
case where the population is concentrated in villages and cities than 
where it is widely scattered, because compact settlements are more 
likely to be provided with sewers, which discharge, with or without 
purification, into some watercourse. The division of the total popu- 



POLLUTION. 



189 



lation into the classes "rural," "village," and "urban" furnishes a 
convenient and, on the whole, satisfactory basis for estimating its 
probable influence on the water. In the present discussion these 
classes are defined as follows: Rural, communities having fewer than 
1,000 inhabitants; village, communities having between 1,000 and 
4,000 inhabitants; urban, communities having more than 4,000 
inhabitants. 

On this basis the population per square mile has been determined 
for the drainage areas of the principal tributary streams of the Ken- 
nebec and at various points along the main stream. The results are 
shown in the following table and in fig. 13 : 



Drainage area and population of Kennebec basin at various points. 





Dis- 
tance 

in 
miles. 


Drain- 
area. 


Populacion. 


Population per square 
mile. 




Rural. a 


Vil- 
lage^ 


Ur- 
ban, c 


Total. 


Ru- 
ral.a 


Vil- 
lage, b 


Ur- 
ban, c 


To- 
tal. 


Moosehead Lake, at outlet 

Between Moosehead Lake and 





Sq. m. 
1,240 

330 


1,730 
210 










1,730 
210- 


1.6 

0.6 











1.6 
0.6 














1,570 


1,940 





j 1,940 


1.2 








1.2 










24 


870 
350 


1,130 
250 






1,130 

' 250 


1.3 
0.7 










1.3 


Between Dead River and Car- 


0.7 








Total above Carrabas- 




2,790 


3,320 


o 


3,320 


1.2 








1.2 










60 


395 
35 


3,370 
610 



1,380 


3,370 
1,990 


9.0 

18.0 



39.0 






9.0 


Between Carrabassett River 
and Sandy River 


57.0 


Total above Sandy 
River 


3,220 


7,300 


1,380 


■• 


8,680 


2.2 


0.4 





2.7 




68 


670 
380 


6,820 
3,520 


6,330 
6,760 




5,180 


13, 150 
15, 460 


10.0 
9.0 


9.0 

18.0 



14 


19.0 


Between Sandy River and 


40.0 








Total above Waterville. 


98 


4,270 


17, 640 


14, 470 


5,180 


37,290 


40 


3.8 


1.2 


8.7 




99 


210 
970 

130 


2,450 
11,580 

950 


2,940 
13, 760 

.2,060 





10,480 


5,390 
25, 340 

13, 490 


12.0 
12.0 

7.3 


14.0 
14 

16.0 






80.0 


26.0 




26.0 


Between Waterville and Au- 




103.0 








Total above Augusta. . . 


116 


5,580 


32, 620 


33,230 


15, 660 


81,510 


5.8 


5.9 


2.8 


14 4 


Cobbosseecontee Stream 

Between Augusta and Merry- 


122 


240 
150 


5,470 
1,840 


3,070 
7,940 




10, 690 


8,540 
20, 470 


22.0 
12.0 


12.0 
53.0 



71.0 


36.0 
136.0 












Total above mouth of 
Kennebec River 


141 

1 


5,970 


39,930 


44,240 


26, 350 


110,520 


6.7 


7.5 


44 


18.5 



a Communities with less than 1,000 inhabitants. 
b Communities with 1,000 to 4,000 inhabitants, 
c Communities with more than 4,000 inhabitants. 
d Omitting the Messalonskee and Sebasticook. 
e Omitting the Cobbosseecontee. 



For the first 60 miles of its course the river is practically unpolluted. 
There are no cities or important villages, the population being mainly 
in lumber camps and a few settlements of summer visitors. The 
rural population per square mile is very low. Along the middle 



190 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



course of the river there are numerous villages, and lower down are 
the cities of Skowhegan, Waterville, Augusta, and Gardiner. In all 
( there are on the Kennebec drainage area 115 cities, towns, ancTvillages, 
with population as follows : 

Population %n towns in Kennebec basin. 



Population. 


Number 
of com- 
munities 


0-1, 000 

1,000-2.000 

2, 000-5, 000 

5,000-10.000 

10,000-20,000 


86 

16 
9 
2 

2 

115 



The distribution of these communities over the drainage area is 
shown in fig. 14. 

The greatest amount of pollution is contributed by the cities and 



Moosehead Lake 



Dead River 



Carrabassett River 
Sandy River 



Sebasticook River 
Messalonskee 
Stream 



Cobbosseecontee 
Stream 



Merry meeting 
Bay 




drainage area Jn square miles Popula tion 

FlG. 13.— Diagram showing drainage area and population above various points on Kennebec Kiver. 

towns located directly on the river and its main tributaries. These 
cities are Madison, Skowhegan, Pittsfield, Newport, Waterville, 
Augusta, Gardiner, and Richmond, and all of them discharge sew- 
age directly into the stream. At the Augusta waterworks hearing 



POLLUTION. 



191 



it was estimated that about 13,000 people discharged sewage into 
the river above the intake. The ordinary dry-weather flow of the 
stream at this point was considered as 0.25 second-foot for % each 1,000 




Fig. 14. — Map showing principal sources of pollution in Kennebec River basin and normal isochlors. 

persons contributing sewage. This represents a substantial dilution 
of sewage — enough to prevent visible nuisance. It does not, how- 
ever, render the water safe for drinking. 



192 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



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POLLUTION, 



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194 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 

The manufacturing wastes emptied into the stream at various 
places are a more important factor in the general pollution of the 
stream than are the city sewers, if the use of the water for drinking 
purposes is disregarded. Woolen mills, paper mills, and various 
other industries are located at the developed water powers and many 
of them contribute large quantities of spent liquors of a highly objec- 
tionable character. Some idea as to the quantity of these discharged 
wastes may be had from the accompanying table, which, however, 
includes only those above the waterworks intake at Augusta and 
only those located in the largest cities and towns. These manufac- 
turing wastes form about 1 per cent of the flow of the stream at low 
stages. ' . 

The two most important sources of pollution are the paper mills of 
the Great Northern Paper Company at Madison and those of the Hol- 
lingsworth & Whitney Company at Winslow, both of which discharge 
several million gallons a day of wash water and spent liquors. At 
Madison the sulphite process is used ; the Winslow mills use both the 
sulphite and the ground-pulp processes. 

In the sulphite process the disintegration of the wood fiber is accom- 
plished by the use of the acid sulphites of calcium and magnesium, 
which are manufactured by burning sulphur and carrying the fumes 
into an "acid tower," packed with crushed lime or limestone, water 
being allowed to trickle down as the fumes ascend. The bisulphite 
solution runs out at the bottom of the tower and is pumped to the 
digesters, where the chipped wood to be treated is closely packed. 
Digestion under high pressure is. continued for several hours, and the 
contents are then delivered into a pit, from which the waste liquor 
drains away to the river, leaving the fiber behind. This waste liquor 
has the appearance of molasses, but is much thinner. It has a sul- 
phurous, acrid) woody odor. It generally contains from 0.5 to 1 per 
cent of sulphurous acid and often contains 10 to 15 per cent of solid 
matter, a part of which is fine wood fiber. The chemical constituents 
of the soluble portion of this spent sulphite liquor are extremely com- 
plex and are not well known. No attempt has been made to utilize 
the liquor or to purify it before letting it run into the river. After it 
has drained away, the sulphite pulp is carried to washers, when it is 
washed and sifted and ultimately worked into a " blanket," in which 
condition it is ready for paper making. The washings from this pulp 
contain considerable amounts of wood fiber and of course some of the 
sulphite liquor. The wash water after screening is allowed to run into 
the river. At Madison between 5 and 6 tons of sulphur are burned a 
day and at Winslow about 8 tons ; the amounts of lime are about 7 
or 8 tons a day at each place. Each plant discharges from 100,000 to 
150,000 gallons a day of spent sulphite liquor and from 1,500,000 to 
2,000,000 gallons of sulphite wash water. At the Hollingsworth & 



POLLUTION. 195 

Whitney plant there is in addition about 3,000,000 gallons a day of 
ground- wood wash. 

Ground-wood pulp is made by pressing short lengths of logs against 
a rough stone grinder kept wet with water. The pulp thus produced 
is merely washed and screened and deposited as blankets. The wash 
water contains a large amount of wood fiber and extractive matter, 
but, on the whole, it is much less objectionable than the sulphite wash. 
In addition to the wash water from the pulp manufacture there is a 
considerable quantity of wash water from the paper machines; this 
also contains more or less wood fiber. Altogether, about ten per cent 
of the wood pulp manufactured may be considered as passing off into 
the stream as waste. 

At Fairfield the soda process is used. In this process the wood is 
cut into chips and digested in a liquor, which consists chiefly of caustic 
soda made by cooking soda ash with limestone. The spent liquor 
from this process is subjected to a recovery treatment, which con- 
sists of evaporating the liquor in digesters and adding lime. As a 
result of this treatment much of the soda can be used over again; 
the waste produced is chiefly calcium carbonate. During the process, 
however, about 12 per cent of the soda is lost. The pulp from the 
digesters is washed, drained, and worked into the usual blanket form. 

At the cotton mills there is comparatively little waste of an objec- 
tionable character, although small amounts of the spent bleach liquor 
are added to the stream. At the gas works more or less tar and oily 
wastes are discharged. At the woolen mills the waste products are 
rather 'objectionable. They consist of the spent preparatory liquor, 
which contains bichromate of potash, lactic acid, spent dyestufTs, such 
as logwood and various aniline dyes, and large quantities of potash 
soap. There are in Waterville a few ironworks which discharge acid 
wastes. 

Log driving on Kennebec River deserves important mention in con- 
nection with the subject of pollution. In 1903 the logs driven on the 
river amounted to nearly 150,000,000 feet B. M. They consist chiefly 
of spruce, poplar, and pine, cut on the drainage basins of Moosehead 
Lake and Dead River. The run usually lasts from April to July, and 
during this time from 100 to 500 men are constantly employed along 
the stream. 

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION. 

The effect of pollution of the river at Waterville on the quality of 
the water as used at Augusta was studied with some care in connec- 
tion with the appraisal of the Augusta waterworks. It was a common 
belief among the water consumers in Augusta that they could taste in 
the city water the paper-mill waste supposed to be put into the river 



196 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 

by the mills at Waterville. As there were various sources of pollution 
at Waterville, no attempt was made to discriminate between them so 
far as they affected the water at Augusta, but some experiments and 
calculations were made to show the relative importance of the Water- 
ville sewage and the wastes from the Hollingsworth & Whitney Com- 
pany's plant. 

It will be convenient to consider the effect of some of these sources 
of pollution on the various characteristics of the water. 

EFFECT ON TURBIDITY. 

That the paper-mill discharges at Waterville and at other points on 
the river influence the turbidity of the water at Augusta was very 
evident from the microscopic examinations of the sediments in the 
samples collected at the Edwards Company's dam. These were found 
to contain an abundance of woody fiber, which evidently came from 
the fine pulp that had escaped through the screens at the paper mills. 
Fibers of linen and wool were also discerned, but in much smaller 
numbers. When it is considered that about 10 per cent of the wood 
fiber is wasted in the process of paper making, it will readily be under- 
stood that the quantity of waste material put into the river is very 
great. Much of this fiber forms deposits in the bottom of the stream 
and on twigs, waterweeds, etc., along the shore, and these may be seen 
by an inspection of the river. At times of high water, however, the 
deposits are washed away and carried downstream to settle again at 
some lower point, but ultimately to reach the ocean. 

EFFECT ON COLOR. 

The effect of the sulphite waste on the color of the river water is 
probably small. A sample of it taken at the Hollingsworth & Whit- 
ney Company's plant had a color of 320. At times of average flow 
this would be diluted by about 272 parts of water. Therefore, under 
average conditions, the sulphite wash would increase the color of the 
water by less than 2 on the platinum scale. Under the most severe 
conditions of minimum, flow, however, when the dilution would be 
only 1 in 20, this effect on the color would be very noticeable. At 
such times, however, the works are often shut down on account of 
lack of power, so that these extreme conditions of pollution would 
seldom prevail. 

EFFECT ON ODOR. 

That the people of Augusta were correct in thinking that the sul- 
phite wastes from the Hollingsworth & Whitney paper mills at Wins- 
low affected the taste of their water supply was demonstrated by 
experiments made in the State hygienic laboratory at Augusta. A 



POLLUTION. 



197 



sample of sulphite waste liquor was diluted with distilled water to 
various degrees to ascertain at what dilution the odor of the waste 
became unnoticeable. The original liquor had a strong odor suggest- 
ive of wood and sulphurous acid. Its color was 320; its acidity 1,500 
parts per million. This odor was still marked when the sample was 
diluted 1 to 500 , and it could be detected until the dilution reached 
1 to 25,000, which was placed as the limit. A sample of wash water 
from the grinder lost its woody odor when diluted 1 to 500. 

The effect of the discharge of sewage in Waterville on the odor of 
the river water could be detected for several miles down the stream, 
but after a time the odor became masked by the stronger odor due to 
the sulphite wastes. 

EFFECT ON CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. 

The effect of the stream pollution on the chemical quality of the 
river water between Augusta and Waterville is noticeable in the 
analyses, although not conspicuously large. The average amount of 
chlorine increased from 0.7 to 1.06 parts per million; the alkalinity 
increased from about 10.0 to 15.0 parts. Comparatively few chem- 
ical analyses were made of samples collected up and down the river 
on the same date, so that strict comparisons of the effect of pollution 
are not available. 

, EFFECT ON BACTERIA. 

One effect of the discharge of sewage at Waterville was to increase 
considerably the numbers of bacteria in the water. This was clearly 
shown by numerous samples collected up and down the river between 
Waterville and Augusta. Two series of bacterial counts, made at 
intervals of 1 mile between Waterville and Augusta on November 23, 
1903, and February 26, 1904, were especially interesting. The first 
series was taken when the river was open; the second when the sur- 
face was covered with ice. The results obtained are shown in the 
following table: 

Bacteria per cubic centimeter in the water of Kennebec River at various points between 
Waterville and Augusta before and after the river was frozen. 



Distance 

below Water- 
ville sewer. 


Novem- 
ber 23-24, 
1903 
(river 
open) . 


Feb- 
ruary 26- 
27, 1904 

(river 
closed) . 


Distance 
below Water- 
ville sewer. 


Novem- 
ber 23-24, 
1903 
(river 
open) . 


Feb- 
ruary 26- 
27, 1904 

(river 
closed) . 


Miles. 
Just below... 
1 


30,000 
2,300 
4,200 
3,650 
2,520 
2,040 
1,830 
1,650 
1,420 


22,000 
20,000 
36,000 
40,000 
43,000 
28,000 
30,500 
29,000 
19,500 


Miles. 
9 


1,475 

1,645 

1,245 

1,130 

1,200 

910 

1,025 

875 

860 


25,000 
30,500 
20,000 
31,000 
31,000 
32,000 
38,000- 
34,000 
25,000 


10 


2 


11 


3 


12 


4 


13... 


5 


14 


6 


15 


7 


16 


8 


al7 







a Augusta intake. 



198 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 

In November, the river being open, the number of bacteria gradually 
decreased from 30,000 per cubic centimeter immediately below the 
outlet of the Waterville sewer to 860 at the intake of the Augusta 
waterworks. In February, on the contrary, the number of bacteria 
remained substantially the same throughout the district, being 22,000 
per cubic centimeter at a point just below the Waterville sewer and 
25,000 at the Augusta intake. From the standpoint of the self-puri- 
fication of streams these figures offer an interesting comparison and 
may help to tnrow some light on the fact, often noticed, that stream 
pollution appears to be most dangerous to water supplies during the 
winter months. The summary of analyses given in the table on p. 177 
shows that with the freezing over of the river there was a rapid dete- 
rioration in the bacterial condition of the Augusta water supply. 
The approximate average numbers of bacteria per cubic centimeter 
during the different months from August, 1903, to March, 1904, were 
as follows : 

Average number of bacteria per cubic centimeter in water of Kennebec River, August, 

1903, to March, 1904. 

August : 300 

September 450 

October 525 

November 625 

December 7, 900 

January 33, 000 

February 25, 000 

March 21, 000 

The effect of the Waterville sewage on the quality of the river 
water was also convincingly shown by the presence of large numbers 
of Bacillus coli in the water at Augusta. During the eight months 
from August, 1903, to March, 1904, 72 per cent of the samples tested 
with 10 c. c. of water gave positive tests for Bacillus coli, 62 per cent 
with 1 c. c, and 36 per cent with 0.1 c. c. 

Evidence more convincing even than these figures that the water 
of Kennebec River below Waterville is unfit for domestic use without 
purification is furnished by the typhoid-fever statistics for Augusta, 
which are given below. 

TYPHOID FEVER EPIDEMIC OF 1902-3. 

INTRODUCTION, 

That the contamination of Messalonskee and Kennebec rivers was 
the direct cause of the typhoid-fever epidemics which occurred in 
Waterville and Augusta during the winter of 1902-3 seems to have 
been established beyond question. The following account of these 
epidemics is quoted from a paper presented to the New England 



TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 199 

Waterworks Association in February, 1905, by George C. Whipple 
and Dr. E. C. Levy: a 

The recent appraisals of the waterworks of Waterville and Augusta, Me., necessi- 
tated a careful study of the typhoid-fever epidemic which swept through the Kenne- 
bec Valley during the winter and spring of 1902-3. At the time when this epidemic 
occurred the plan of municipal ownership through the agency of "water districts" 
had been suggested and the law had been pronounced constitutional by the courts. 
The bad quality of the water supplied to these communities had much to do with this 
demand for public ownership, and the outbreaks of typhoid fever naturally hastened 
the actions which had been contemplated. The epidemic itself presented no novel 
features and its history is much the same as that of many other epidemics of typhoid 
fever due to public water supplies. Its magnitude, however, makes it deserve a 
place among the important epidemics of the country. * * * 

The city of Waterville and the neighboring towns of Fairfield, Winslow, and Ben- 
ton were, at the time of the epidemic, supplied by the Maine Water Company with 
water from the Messalonskee Stream. This stream has a watershed of 205 square 
miles above the pumping station and drains a chain of seven large lakes which have a 
combined water surface of 27.5 square miles. Upon this watershed there dwells a 
population of something over 5,000 persons, or about 27 per square mile. The upper 
portions of the watershed are comparatively unpolluted, but at the outlet of Messa- 
lonskee Lake is the town of Oakland, which has a population of approximately 2,000. 
At this place, which is only 7 miles above the pumping station of the Maine Water 
Company at Waterville, sewage is discharged from several private sewers. Along the 
stream are a number of mills, the most important of which are the Oakland and Cas- 
cade woolen mills, the mills of the Dunn Edge Tool Company and the Emerson & 
Stevens Company. They contribute not only a considerable amount of fecal matter, 
but wool washings, dyestuffs, and other kinds of manufacturing wastes. The Messa- 
lonskee River between Oakland and Waterville flows rapidly during the first half of 
its course and then somewhat more slowly as it feels the effect of the backwater of the 
waterworks dam. The time required for the water to flow from Oakland to Waterville 
is often only a few hours. The Maine Water Company had also the right to use the 
water of the Kennebec River. This water has been seldom used, although just prior 
to the epidemic it was pumped into the city for a short time because of a fire which 
occurred at Colby University. During the dry spell of last autumn (1904) it was again 
used, as the flow of the Messalonskee became insufficient to operate the pumps. 

As might be naturally expected from the surroundings, the water at the pumping 
station of the Maine Water Company showed decided indications of pollution. Under 
ordinary conditions the water was light colored and fairly clear, but after rains it 
became turbid and heavily laden with bacteria. At all times the intestinal germ, 
Bacillus coli, was present in large numbers. 

Prior to 1901 the typhoid-fever death rate in Waterville had not been especially 
high. During 1901 and 1902, however, the rate increased to more than 80 per 100,000, 
but it was not until the autumn of 1902 that the typhoid situation became serious. 

The city of Waterville is fairly well provided with sewers, and at Waterville, Wins- 
low, and Fairfield there are a number of mills which have privies directly over the 
stream. 

About 18 miles below Waterville is the city of Augusta, the capital of the State. 
Augusta takes its water supply directly from the Kennebec River at a point just above 
the city, near the Kennebec dam. Until recently the works were owned by the 
Augusta Water Company. The river water was pumped to a reservoir, but was first 
passed through an old Warren filter, one of the first of its kind in America. This was a 
filter only in name and should have been more properly called a strainer. Analyses 

a J our. New England Waterworks Assoc, vol. 19, No. 2. 



200 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 

indicated that its bacterial efficiency was practically nil. As would be naturally 
expected, the river water at Augusta was found to be polluted. This was shown by 
the analyses which were made daily for several months, but it was even more strongly 
demonstrated by the typhoid-fever statistics of the city. 

The water of the Kennebec River just below Waterville showed at all times evi- 
dences of gross pollution. During its flow of 17 miles to Augusta its bacterial quality 
appeared to improve somewhat. In the summer this improvement was much more 
noticeable than during the winter, when the river was covered with ice. Float 
experiments which were made indicated that the time required for water to flow 
from one place to the other was about three days at times when the discharge of the 
stream was small. At times of flood this period is probably not much, if any, more than 
twenty-four hours. 

The Augusta Water Company also controlled and used a spring water supply known 
as the Devine water. In some houses this was used exclusively; in others both this 
and the river water was used. The quality of this water was poor, but better than that 
of the river. 

The sewers of Augusta discharge into the river and there are several mills along the 
shore which pollute the water. 

The town of Richmond, 15 miles below Augusta, also takes its water supply from the 
Kennebec River. The conditions there are such that the main current of the stream 
flows to the east of Swan Island, while the intake of the waterworks is located in the 
west channel. The river at Richmond is considerably affected by the tides; in fact, 
the town water is at times brackish. Thus, while the town uses the water which 
receives the sewage of Augusta, Waterville, and other cities, the tidal conditions tend 
somewhat to lessen the effect of this upstream pollution, although they increase the 
danger from local sources. 

GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE TYPHOID-FEVER EPIDEMIC. 

The typhoid-fever epidemic of 1902-3 began about the middle of November, 1902. 
It was first noticed at Waterville, where for about a month new cases were reported at 
the rate of one a day. On Christmas day there were five new cases and during the next 
week the daily number of cases was the same. Thirteen were reported on New Year's 
day. After the middle of January the number of new cases fell off, but they contin- 
ued to be reported at intervals until March. In Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton 
typhoid fever occurred at the same time. The largest number of cases was reported 
during the first two weeks of January. These four communities had the same water 
supply, namely, that of the Messalonskee River, and from the first it was evident that 
this was the cause of the epidemic. 

As the sewage of these typhoid-fever stricken communities emptied into the Kenne- 
bec River and as the water of this river furnished the supply of Augusta, it was almost 
inevitable that the epidemic should extend to that city also, and this is what actually 
occurred. During the latter part of November and the whole of December new cases 
of typhoid fever occurred daily in Augusta. It seems probable that these earlier cases 
were due to the same source of infection that caused the epidemic at Waterville, inas- 
much as the Messalonskee River, which supplied that city, discharges into the Kenne- 
bec above Augusta. It was not until about two weeks after the climax of the Water- 
ville epidemic that the serious period of the Augusta epidemic began. During the 
latter part of December and throughout the months of January and February the sew- 
age at Waterville must have been infected with typhoid-fever bacilli; and, making due 
allowances for the periods of sickness, transmission, and incubation, this time corre- 
sponded with the duration of the epidemic at Augusta. After the Waterville epidemic 
had ceased and sufficient time had elapsed for the patients to recover the epidemic 
at Augusta came to an end. 



TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 



201 



At Richmond, which is only a small village, typhoid fever did not occur until the 
middle of January, but occasional cases appeared during the next two or three months 
and were plainly connected with the epidemic of the cities above. 

The city of Gardiner is situated between Augusta and Richmond. It does not take 
its water supply from the Kennebec River, but from the Cobbosseecontee River. This 
city had no epidemic, although a number of cases of typhoid fever occurred there. 
Most of these were contracted at Augusta. The same was true also of the town of Hal- 
lowell. 

Fig. 15 shows chronologically the progress of this epidemic, together with certain 
factors which affected it. It indicates that the epidemics in the different communi- 
ties formed a connecting series and may be really considered as one epidemic, inas- 
much as they started from a common cause. In all there were about 612 cases and 53 
deaths. * * * 

TYPHOID FEVER IN WATERVILLE. 

GENERAL ACCOUNT. 

In studying the Waterville epidemic the first step taken was to secure with as much 
accuracy as possible certain information in regard to each case of typhoid fever. Printed 
forms were first distributed among the physicians, who were requested to fill them out 
and furnish any other important facts known to them in regard to each case of typhoid 
fever which they had attended. * * * 

While waiting for the return of these blanks from the physicians, the records of the 
local board of health were consulted. As fast as the returns were received from the 
physicians, each house where a case of typhoid fever had occurred was visited by an 
inspector, who examined the surroundings, checked up the data recorded upon the 
blanks, and obtained as many additional data as possible. He also secured the name of 
the person furnishing the information, in case it became necessary to call witnesses in 
court, and finally signed the completed record. Duplicate copies of the blanks were 
made with carbon paper and one of each placed in a safe to guard against possible loss. 
The results were then tabulated for study and in some instances expressed graphically. 

Data were also collected regarding the previous history of typhoid fever in the city. 
Similar data were obtained from Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton. 

Cases of typhoid fever in Waterville, Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton, January 1,1902, to 

August 1, 1903. 



Month. 



January 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September. 

October 

November.. 
December. . 



January 

February.. 

March 

April 

May 

Total 



1902. 



1903. 



Waterville. 



271 



Fairfield. Winslow. 1 Benton. Total. 



25 



1 




1 

2 

1 


..... 


1 




2 




14 


1 


10 

7 


1 






1 




1 





125 
38 
14 
7 
2 

371 



202 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 




TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 



203 



The first typhoid canvass was followed by a complete house-to-house canvass through- 
out the four places above mentioned, primarily in order to secure data in regard to the 
water used, but also to obtain information as to the distribution of typhoid fever among 
users of different classes of waters. This not only accomplished its immediate object, 
but brought to light a number of additional cases of typhoid fever which the physicians 
had failed to report, some of which might be classed as "walking cases." No case, 
however, was included .in the final compilation until it had the indorsement of the 
attending physician. 



Results of a house-to-house canvass in Waterville, Me., with reference to the character of the 
water supplies and the number of cases of typhoid fever. 



Water supply at residence. 



Maine Water Co 

Maine Water Co. and no other supply 

Maine Water Co. and well water 

Maine Water Co. and spring water 

Maine Water Co. and cistern water 

Maine Water Co., spring water, and well water 

Maine Water Co. and well, spring, or cistern water 
Supplies other than Maine Water Co 

Well water only 

Well water and spring water 

Well water and cistern water 

Spring water only 

Spring water and cistern water 

Cistern water only 

Total ! 



Number of 
persons. 


Number of 

typhoid 

cases. 


Morbidity 

rate per 

1,000. 


6,537. 


226 


34.57 


3,225 


132 


40.93 


866 


23 


26.57 


2,424 


71 


29.29 


2 





0.00 


20 





0.00 


3,312 


94 


28.38 


1,459 


21 


14.41 


1,286 


19 


14.77 


25 


1 


40.00 


13 





0.00 


108 


1 


9.26 


23 





0.00 


4 





0.00 


7,996 


247 


30.89 



Summary of a house-to-house canvass in the Kennebec water district with reference to the 
character of the water supplies and the number of cases of typhoid fever. 



Supply from Maine Wa- 
ter Co. 



No supply from Maine 
Water Co. 



Num- 
ber of 
per- 
sons. 



Num- 
ber of 
typhoid 
cases. 



Morbid- 
ity rate 
per 1,000. 



Num- 


Num- 


ber of 


ber of 


per- 


typhoid 


sons. 


cases. 


1,459 


21 


468 


2 


f 902 


19 


I a 470 


«4 


125 


1 



Morbid- 
ity rate 
per 1,000. 



Total. 



Num- 
ber of 
per- 
sons. 



Num- 
ber of 
typhoid 



Morbid- 
ity rate 
per 1,000. 



Waterville . 
Fairfield . . . 

Winslow. . 

Benton 

Total 



6,537 
1,614 

244 

152 



226 
54 

11 

2 



34.57 
33.45 

45.08 

13.15 



,547 



293 



34.28 2,954 



43 



14.41 
4.25 
21.06 
a 8. 29 
8.00 



2,082 
1,146 

277 



247 
56 



30.89 
26.89 

26.18 

10.83 



14.55 

a 8. 74 



}u. 



501 



336 



29.21 



Omitting users of Kennebec River water. 



It is not necessary to relate in detail all the steps that were taken. Studying the 
etiology of the epidemic by the method of elimination, all possible causes other than 
the public water supply were readily excluded. It could not have been caused by 
flies, because at the season of the year when the epidemic started there were no flies. 
Ice was excluded, because during the winter practically no ice was being used. Oys- 
ters were eliminated, because very few of them were consumed in the city, and because 
a very large part of the epidemic occurred among the French-Canadian laboring people, 
who seldom purchased them. Furthermore, the extended territory covered by the 
epidemic was in itself sufficient to exclude the above agencies. Milk was excluded as 
a general cause, because the data collected indicated that the cases of typhoid fever 
were not concentrated among the customers of one or a few milkmen, but were well dis- 
tributed among the dealers. The distribution was found to be roughly proportional 
3697— irr 198—07—14 



204 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



to the size of the business and the number of cows kept. It was a singular fact that 
there was no case of typhoid fever among the customers of J. W. Morrill, in whose family 
one of the initial cases of the epidemic occurred . 

Vended spring waters were excluded, because the users of this class of water suffered 
far less than others, because the spring waters gave excellent analyses, and because 
the water from no single spring or group of springs was used over the entire territory 
affected. The local wells were studied by us to some extent and quite extensively 
by Mr. Caird. Many were found to be polluted, as would be naturally expected from 




the local conditions, but there was no evidence by which infection could be traced to 
any one of them. 

Practically the only cause Left for serious consideration was the public water supply 
of the city, the cause to which everything had directly pointed from the start. The 
general distribution of the cases over an extensive territory (the various parts of which 
had in common no possible causative factor other than the water supply), as shown in 
fig. 16, the chronological sequence of the cases, the fact that in practically every 
instance the patients gave a history of Inning regularly or occasionally drunk the 



TYPHOID FEVER TN KENNEBEC BASIN. 205 

water in question, the data obtained as to the relative prevalence of typhoid fever 
among users and nonusers of this water throughout the district, and, lastly, the dis- 
covery of the actual means by which the wafer had in all likelihood become infected — 
all these things indicated with as much positiveness as is possible with circumstantial 
evidence that it was the public water supply which was the general distributing agent 
of the infection. 

For some time prior to the epidemic the character of the water supply of the city 
had been such as to lead to a quite general use of spring water, which was peddled by 
several dealers and purchased by most of those who could afford it. Well and cistern 
waters were used to a considerable extent. The water of the Kennebec River was 
used at a number of the mills and in some residences, especially in Winslow. * * * 
The morbidity rate for the epidemic period among those who used Messalonskee water 
exclusively was 42.00 per 1,000, while among those who used Messalonskee and some 
other water it was 14.55. If from the latter class there were excluded those who used 
water from the Kennebec River, which at Waterville is more or less polluted, the 
morbidity rate was found to be only 8.74. It is not to be expected that even in this 
group there would not be some who had occasionally used water from the Messalonskee 
supply, for, as a matter of fact, there were only five of the Waterville typhoid patients 
who did not remember to have used this water at any time before being taken ill. 

The figures given show emphatically that the morbidity rate was highest among 
those who used the Messalonskee water exclusively and lowest among those who did 
not use it. It must be remembered, of course, that in any epidemic there are always 
some cases, contracted by direct infection from other cases. 

In Fairfield many of the houses were supplied by water piped from a spring by a 
private company. Not a single case developed among the takers of this water. 

ORIGIN OF THE EPIDEMIC IN WATERVILLE. 

As soon as it had become evident, not only from the exclusion of other possible 
causes but from certain well-marked positive features of the situation, that the epi- 
demic was due to drinking water, a search for the actual origin of the infection of the 
public water supply was begun. Our attention naturally was first directed to Oak- 
land, as this was the only settlement of considerable size on the Messalonskee River 
above Waterville. Inquiry among the Oakland physicians elicited the information 
that there had been but one case of typhoid fever there during the preceding summer 
and fall up to the beginning of the Waterville epidemic. This case had been imported 
from Winslow. An inspection of the premises where the patient resided convinced 
us that this could not possibly have been the starting point of the Waterville epidemic. 

Very soon after the returns from the typhoid canvass began to come in, two possible 
sources of infection of the city water supply suggested themselves, and further inves- 
tigation of these rendered it reasonably certain that each of them had offered abundant 
opportunity for the infection of the Messalonskee River. 

The first of these foci was at the city almshouse, located in the suburbs of Waterville 
near the Messalonskee Stream, as shown in fig. 16. A typhoid-fever patient, Joe 
King, was admitted there on September 22, 1902. His attack was a mild one and 
confined him to bed for only a week. After leaving his bed, however, he remained 
five days longer at the almshouse, and during this latter period no attempt was made 
to disinfect either excreta or urine, which were deposited sometimes in a privy in the 
yard and sometimes in a water-closet which drained into a cesspool on the premises. 
On November 6, 1902, the privy and cesspool were cleaned and their contents spread 
upon the almshouse garden, the ground being frozen at the time. This was only a 
few hundred feet from the Messalonskee River, into which it drained. The slope of 
the intervening land was quite steep, and there was also a distinct gully which showed 
every sign of carrying a considerable and rapid flow of water across the garden and into 
the river after heavy rainfalls 



206 QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 

The second focus of infection was found about a mile outside of Waterville, on the 
other side of the stream. During 1902 there had been five cases of typhoid feA^er in the 
families of J. W. Morrill and J. C. Morrill, who lived in farmhouses situated just across 
the road from each other. In all of these cases except one a prompt diagnosis had 
been made and the fecal dejecta of the patients had been disinfected and buried daily. 
In the second case of the series, however, the patient, Mrs. Studley, had been ill 
several weeks before the diagnosis of typhoid fever was made. During this time — 
i. e., from September 1 to September 25 — no sufficient disinfection of stools was prac- 
ticed, but they were emptied directly into a privy vault. Later on, at some time 
early in November, the contents of the privy were deposited in a field at a point 
where the land sloped abruptly toward a rivulet, about 200 feet away. After flowing 
about three-quarters of a mile over a very rapid course this brook emptied into the 
Messalonskee River almost directly opposite the almshouse above mentioned, about 
1 mile upstream from the intake of the waterworks. 

Thus, early in November, 1902, there were typhoid dejecta deposited upon the sur- 
face of the frozen ground at two points above and relatively near the pumping station 
of the Maine Water Company. In each case there was a sharp slope from the point 
where the dejecta were deposited — to the Messalonskee River in the one case and in 
the other to a small rill which emptied into the river. If these were the sources of 
infection, one would expect that from this time on the occurrence of typhoid fever 
among users of the Messalonskee water would bear an intimate relation to the rainfall. 
This relation was found to exist. 

Fig. 15 shows the date of occurrence of the typhoid-fever cases, as determined by 
the date of physician's first visit — which was found to be in most cases the day when 
the patient took to bed — in Waterville, Fairfield, Winslow, and Benton, during the 
months of November, 1902, to February, 1903. The daily rainfall as recorded at 
Winslow is also shown. From this table it seems that during the early part of Novem- 
ber there was only what may be considered a normal number of typhoid cases for this 
season. The first rainfall of considerable extent after infectious material was deposited 
in the fields was on November 12, when there was 0.30 inch. This was followed by a 
small group of cases toward the end of the month. The precipitation between Novem- 
ber 23 and December 16 was snow, and this, gradually melting, probably washed small 
amounts of infectious matter into the river, which gave rise to the cases which devel- 
oped up to about December 24. On the 16th day of December there was a precipita- 
tion of 0.56 inch, rain and snow, and nine days later, December 25, the real epidemic 
may be said to have begun, with the development of 6 cases of typhoid in Waterville 
and 1 in Fairfield. From December 25 to the end of the month there were 37 cases 
in Waterville, 5 in Winslow, 3 in Fairfield, and 1 in Benton, a total of 46 cases in one 
week. 

The heaviest rainfall after the infectious material was deposited on the fields at 
Morrill's and the almshouse occurred on December 22, 1902, when there was a pre- 
cipitation of 1.73 inches. Ten days after this, or almost exactly the same interval as 
after the rainfall of December 16, there developed the greatest number of cases of any 
day during the epidemic— namely, 13 cases in Waterville, 4 in Fairfield, and 1 in Wins- 
low, a total of 18 cases. 

Throughout the two months from the last third of November until the correspond- 
ing time in January, the relation between the rainfall and the typhoid cases was mani- 
fest, as shown in fig. 15. By the middle of January the typhoid bacilli in the two 
mentioned fields had either lost their vitality, or, what is more likely, had been pretty 
thoroughly washed away; for a rainfall of 1.40 inches on January 21 was not followed 
by any serious consequences. The constant relation between rainfall and the develop- 
ment of typhoid-fever cases was in itself a strong argument in favor of the agency of 
the public water supply in causing the epidemic. 



TYPHOTD FEVER TN KENNEBEC BASTN. 207 

h\ attempting to prove the case in court there were produced as witnesses the phy- 
sician who attended the initial cases, the persons who spread the cesspool and privy 
contents on the fields, the inspector who had charge of the typhoid canvass, and the 
writers who collected the data and made the various investigations here referred to. 

Although it is impossible in a paper of this length to give details of every piece of 
evidence presented, it may be well to take notice of a plausible objection to the above 
theory which might have been brought forward. During the early part of the epi- 
demic Fairfield did not have as many cases in proportion to its population as did 
Waterville and Win slow, although supplied to a great extent by the same water. This 
was readily explained by a consideration of certain features of the distributing sys- 
tem. The reservoir of the system is located between Waterville and Fairfield and is 
supplied by a single pipe line, which branches off from the main connecting the two 
cities. From this arrangement it follows that when the consumption in Waterville 
and Winslow is less than is being pumped, both places receive water directly from the 
pumps, the excess going to the reservoir. When, on the other hand, the consumption 
is greater than the amount pumped, Fairfield and Benton receive water which has 
been stored in the reservoir. This fact was proved experimentally during our inves- 
tigations by making several series of analyses at various points in the system. The 
older water in the reservoir, which had received some sedimentation, would be theo- 
retically less infected with typhoid bacilli than the water pumped directly from the 
river; and theory, in these cases, certainly agreed with the facts. The facts also indi- 
cated that the use of the Kennebec River water at the time of the Colby University 
fire could not have been the cause of the epidemic or have materially contributed to it. 

From the standpoint of the appraisal, the point to be established was not that the 
two cases mentioned were or were not the cause of. the epidemic, but that the public 
water supply was or was not responsible for it. All the studies were incident to this 
main proposition. 

TYPHOID FEVER IN AUGUSTA. 

The methods used in studying the epidemic in Augusta were similar to those 
employed at Waterville. The house-to-house canvass was perhaps more thorough, 
but on the other hand it was made several months after the epidemic was over, when 
the facts were not so fresh in the minds of the people. The studies of the previous 
history of typhoid fever in Augusta were much more important than in the Water- 
ville case, and th problem was much more complicated because the city had two 
sources of public water supply and the number of spring waters sold was greater. 

PREVIOUS HISTORY OF TYPHOID FEVER IN AUGUSTA. 

The Kennebec River water was introduced as a source of public water supply in the 
year 1887. For sixteen years before that time the average typhoid-fever death rate 
in Augusta had been 36.5 per 100,000; for sixteen years from 1888 to 1903 the average 
rate was 85.4. In 1898 there were a number of imported cases due to the Spanish 
war, and in 1903 occurred the great epidemic, which raised the death rate to 259 per 
100,000. Excluding these two years, the average death rate during the period cover- 
ing the use of the Kennebec River water was 66.5, or nearly double what it formerly 
had been. 

At various times prior to 1903 typhoid fever had been prevalent in the city. Thus 
the board of health records for 1890 show that 75 cases of typhoid fever, besides a large 
amount of winter cholera, occurred that year. During the first thirteen weeks of 1891 
69 cases were reported. There were no typhoid-fever records kept at Waterville at 
this time, so it can not be told whether or not the disease was due to infected sewage 
from that city. Typhoid fever was also prevalent during the winter and spring of 1892 



208 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



and 1893. A report made by Capt. M. W. Wood, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, on 
June 2, 1893, states that there were about 100 cases during the early part of that year. 
Prior to the introduction of the Kennebec River water, typhoid fever in Augusta had 
been most common in the autumn, this being the normal season for the maximum of 
the disease, but after the installation of the supply from the Kennebec River the dis- 
ease became most common during the winter months. This is an abnormal seasonal 




distribution, and is most easily explained by assuming the maximum of the disease at 
Augusta to follow and to be caused by the normal autumnal maximum of typhoid fever 
in Waterville and the other cities which discharge their sewage into the river above 
Augusta. 

Both the abundance of typhoid fever and its seasonal distribution since 1888 pointed 
strongly to the pollution and infection of the river water and would have been sum- 



TYPHOID FEVER IN KENNEBEC BASIN 



209 



cient to condemn it as a source of supply even if the epidemic of 1902-3 had not 
occurred. * * * 

As in the case of Waterville, all possible agencies of infection other than water were; 
one by one excluded from consideration. The canvass showed that the morbidity 
rate for those cases on premises supplied with river water only was 53.7 per 1,000; on 
those supplied only with Devine water, 12.3; and on those supplied by wells, springs, 
or cisterns, 23.6. On those premises supplied with river water with or without supple- 
mentary sources the morbidity rate was 29.2, while on those which had no river water 
the rate was 20.6. 

Classifying the cases according to the statements of the patients as to their use of 
water it was found that of 336 cases 76 per cent admitted that they had used the river 
water prior to being taken sick, while 24 per cent of them did not remember to have 
used the water. Of the latter class, however, 65 per cent lived on premises supplied 
with water from the river. Thus only about 8 per cent of the patients interviewed did 
not remember of having used the water and were not supplied with water from the 
river, at their homes. The conclusion that the river water caused the epidemic was 
inevitable. * * * 

Population and typhoid fever at Augusta, Me., 1865 to 1903. 

[From records in the city clerk's office.] 



Yen r. 



1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
1882 
1883 
1884 
1885 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
18yo 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 



Estimated 
popula- 
tion. 



",650 
f, 675 
■,700 
•,750 
•,800 



7,925 
8,000 
8,075 
8,150 
8,225 
8,300 
8,425 
8,550 
8,665 
8,825 
9,000 
9,175 
9,400 
9,575 
9,775 
9,975 
10,175 
10, 350 
10, 527 
10,675 
10,825 
10, 950 
11,075 
11,200 
11,325 
11,425 
11,525 
11,625 
11,683 
11,800 
11,875 
11,975 



Deaths. 



Death rate per 
100,000. 



Total. Typhoid 



90 

26 

3 

1 

50 

99 

90 

95 

138 

80 

90 

131 

125 

128 

101 

115 

131 

102 

127 

80 

100 

143 

170 

151 

139 

182 

34 

315 

304 

322 

322 

316 

323 

257 

318 

289 

312 

304 

297 



Total. 



, 176. 

338.8 
39.0 
12.9 

641.0 
,268 
,143 
,198 
,725 

991 
,104 
,584 
,505 
,520 
,182 
,327 
,485 
,134 
,384 

851 

044 

462 

704 
,484 
,343 
,729 

318 
,910 
,776 

906 
,874 

790 

825 

230 

734 

472 

644 

560 

480 



Typhoid. 



156. ! 
130 



38.5 
51.2 
25.4 
75.7 
50.0 



Typhoid 
per cent 
of total 
deaths. 



13.3 
3.9 



6.0 
4.1 
2.2 
6.3 
2.9 



73.0 


4.6 


72.3 


4.8 


71.2 


4.7 


11.7 


0.99 


45.3 


3.1 


11.1 


0.98 


21.8 


1.6 


10.4 


1.0 


61.4 


4.2 


80.2 


4.7 


39.3 


2. 7 


19.3 


1.4 


152 


8.8 


46.9 


14.7 


64.7 


2. 2 


82.2 


3.0 


54.2 


1.9 


62.5 


2 2 


97.1 


3.5 


61.2 


2.2 


173.5 


7.8 


. 77.4 


2.8 


34.2 


1.4 


93.2 


3.5 


50.3 


2.0 


25.9 


10.4 



210 



QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER. 



Chronological tabic of typhoid cases and deaths in Augusta, Me., between October, 1902, 

and May 1, J 903. 



Day. Oct. 

• 


Nov. 


Dec. 


.Ian. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


1 




1 
1 
1 
1 
1+1 
2+(l) 


3 

2+1 
3 


5+1 

1 

1 

1+1+0) 

5+2 

4+3 
3 

5+1 

4+1 
2 
2 

3+1 
1 

5+/ 
1 

3+1 
3 

6+1 

(1) 

11 + 1 

5+1 
2 
2 
4 
3 
2 

3" 


1+1+d) 

2+1 
2+1 
1 
2 
1 
2+1 
1 
4 
1 




•) 


2+(l) 


2+1 


3 1 




4 1 




1 


5 1 




1 
2 

1 




6 1 












8 1 








9 ! 




1 
1 
2 
2 

1 
1 


2 
1 


1 


10 






11 1 






12 ' 




4 


3 




13 






14 '. 




1 
1 
1 


3 
.3 
2 
6+3 
3 
3 
2 


2 




15 






1G 




1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 


1 
1 
1 




17 




9 


18 








19 














1+1 




21 


1 


1 

1 




22. 


5+1 
3 

2 + 1 
6 
2 
1 
2 
2 
2 


1 
3 
1 




23. 










3 

2 




25. 






26. 




1 


1 
2 
1 


1 


27 




1 


28.. 










29 


1 


1 


3 

1 
1 








1 
1 




31 






















1+1 


14+ 1 


32+3 


^ 65+7 


89+15 


38+5 


10+1 



Total for epidemic of 1902-3, 280. Numbers in italic indicate deaths. Numbers in parentheses indicate 
that date of case is uncertain. 

Seasonal distribution of typhoid fever in Augusta. 
BEFORE INTRODUCTION OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER, 1865-1887." 



Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Average typhoid deaths. . . 2 
Average typhoid death 
rate per 100,000 1.06 

1 






4 
2.12 


1 
0.53 


3 
1.59 


4 
2.12 


5 
2.65 


10 
5.30 


11 
5.83 


23 
12.21 


6 
3.18 


4 
2.12 


AFTER INTRODUCTION OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER, 1888-1903.0 


Average typhoid deaths. . . 
Average typhoid death 
rateper 100,000 


15 

S.32 


25 
13.80 


28 
15.50 


15 

8.87 


6 
3.33 


4 
2.20 


4 
2.20 


1 
0.55 


15 

8.32 


13 9 20 
7.18 4 Q8 1 11 07 













« Average population, 8,200. 



Average population, 11,300. 



TYPHOID FEVER TN KENNEBEC BASIN. 



211 



Distribution of typhoid fever in Augusta according l<> water service. 

JANUARY 1. 1902. TO JANUARY 1, 1904. 



Water supply used. 



River only 

Devine only 

Wells, springs, and cisterns 

River and Devine 

River and wells, springs, and cisterns. 

Devine and springs or cisterns 

Unclassified 



Number 
oi per- 
sons. 


Tvphoid 


Tvphoid 


Morbiditv 


cases. 


deaths. 


per 100,000. 


2,980 


160 


16 


5,370 


408 


5 


1 


1,226 


1,441 


34 





2,359 


295 


7 


2 


2,373 


' 3,671 


105 


6 


2,860 


39 


. 





12 


o ] o 





8,846 


311 


30 


3,516 



DURING THE EPIDEMIC, NOVEMBER 1, 1902, TO MAY 1, 1903. 



River only 

Devine only 

Wells, springs, and cisterns 

River and Devine 

River and wells, springs, and cisterns . 

Devine and springs or cisterns 

Unclassified 




134 


15 


3 


1 


28 


5 


7 


2 


88 


6 














260 


29 



4,500 

735 

1,940 

2.373 

2,400 







2,940 



TYPHOID FEVER AT RICHMOND. 

The typhoid-fever records of Richmond do not extend back of 1892. The city 
clerk's records for the years 1892 to 1903, however, indicate a death rate of 42 per 
100,000 during these twelve years. 

The typhoid -fever canvass of Richmond was less complete than that of Augusta; 
but of the 19 cases which occurred between January and April, 1903, all were said 
to have used the river water, and there is little reason to believe that these cases 
were due to any other cause. 

DEATHS FROM TYPHOID IK KENKEBEC YALLET, 

1892-1903. 

The following table gives the population and typhoid statistics of 
the principal towns in the Kennebec basin from 1892 to 1903, inclusive : 

Deaths from typhoid fever in principal towns in Kennebec Valley, 1892-1904. 



Madison . . . 
Skowhegan 
Fairfield... 
Oakland . . . 
Newport . . 
Pittsfield.. 
Waterville . 
Augusta . . . 
Hallowell . . 
Gardiner.. 
Richmond . 



Population 
(U.S. census). 



Deaths from typhoid fever. 



1890. 



1.815 
5,068 
3, 510 
2,044 
1,188 
2,503 
7,107 
10, 527 
3,181 
5,491 
3,082 



2,764 
5,180 
3,878 
1,913 
1,533 
2,891 
9,477 
11,683 
2,714 
5,501 
2.049 



! Average i 
Total, | per 
1892-1902. 100,000 
1892-1902. 



1903. 



5 


21 


7 


12 


8 


19 


8 


37 


4 


26 


14 


48 


33 


35 


81 


66 


14 


45 


13 


22 


8 


28 



GAZETTEER OF RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN 

KENNEBEC BASIN. 



By B. D. Wood. 



This list of rivers, lakes, and ponds in the Kennebec drainage 
basin is based principally on data in the following reports: 

Wells, Walter, The Water Power of Maine, 1869. 

Swain, G. F., Tenth Census, vol. 16, pt. 1, 1885, pp. 83-89. 

Pressey, H. A., Water Powers of the State of Maine: Water-Sup. 
and Irr. Paper No. 69, U. S. Geological Survey, 1902. 

The best maps available have been consulted, including the topo- 
graphic sheets of the United States Geological Survey, Hubbard's 
Map of Northern Maine, and Scarborough's Map of Southeastern 
Maine. (See fig. 1, p. 3.) All areas quoted from Wells are so 
marked; others are based on either the topographic sheets or sur- 
veys of the Geological Survey, as explained on page 14.' Elevations 
above mean sea level are also from these last two sources. 

Abagadassett River; rises in Gardiner Township. Kennebeg, County; flows 
southward into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay; tidal in lower part of course. 

Alder Pond; Tps. 2 and 3, R. 5, west-central Somerset County; outlet into Dead 
River. 

Alder Stream; rises in Butler Pond, Lexington Township, Somerset County; 
flows southeastward into Gilman Pond, which discharges into Carrabassett River. 

Alder Stream; rises in a small pond in East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset 
County; flows southwestward into Moxie Pond. 

Alder Stream; rises in Alder Stream Mountain, in T. 3, R. 4, northern Franklin 
County; flows northeastward into North Branch of Dead River in the western part 
of Jim Pond Township. 

Annabessacook Lake; Winthrop and Monmouth townships, Kennebec County; 
inlets from Lake Maranacook and Narrows and Wilsons ponds; outlet into Cobbos- 
seecontee Pond; area 2.2 square miles; elevation, ]74 feet. Called by Wells ''South 
Pond." 

Attean Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlet, Moose 
River; outlet, Moose River; area about 4.5 square miles; eleA^ation. 1,158 feet. See 
pages 135-136 for further information regarding this pond. 

Austin Ponds; Bald Mountain and Mayfield townships, Somerset County; outlet, 
Austin Stream; elevation of largest pond, 1,188 feet; live ponds, with a total water 
surface of approximately 3.2 square miles (Wells). 

Austin Stream; rises in Austin Pond, in Bald Mountain Township, eastern Som- 
erset County; flows southwestward, uniting with Kennebec River at Bingham; flows 
212 



RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 213 

through Austin Ponds near headwaters; about 3.5 miles from its source it receives 

South Branch; the stream receives also a number of other brooks draining small ponds. 

Baker Brook; rises in Tomhegan Township, eastern Somerset County; flows south- 
eastward into Moosehead Lake. 

Baker Pond: T. 5. R. 6, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. 

Baker Pond; Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County: outlet. Baker Stream; 
receives drainage from Dimmick Ponds; elevation, 1.066 feet. 

Baker Stream; rises in Baker Pond. Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset 
County; flows northward into Moxie Pond. 

Barker Pond; Cornville Township, Somerset County; outlet into Moose Pond (to 
Sebasticook River); area. 0.35 square mile (Wells). 

Barnard Pond: Eustis Township, northeastern Franklin County; outlet into Tim 
Brook . 

Barrett Brook: rises in a small lake in Holeb Township, western Somerset County; 
flows northeastward into Moose River. 

Bartlett Pond; T. 4, R. 5. western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. 

Bassett Brook; rises in northern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; 
flows southward and southwestward into Chase Stream. 

Bean Brook; rises in western part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County* flows 
southwestward into Kennebec River. 

Beans Pond; eastern Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet into 
Rowe Pond; elevation, about 1,240 feet. 

Bear Brook; rises in northern part of Franklin County; flows southward, entering 
North Branch of Dead River just above Natanis Pond. 

Bear Pond: Kibby and Alder Stream townships, northern Franklin County: out- 
let into North Branch of Dead River. 

Beaver' Brook; rises in Moores Pond. T. 4, R. 7. west -central Somerset County; 
flows northward into Horse Brook, a tributary of Moose River. 

Beaverdam Brook;, rises in a small pond in New Sharon Township, Franklin 
County; flows sputhwestward into Sandy River. 

Beaver Pond; Rome Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Kidder Pond; out- 
let to Long Pond (to Messalonskee Lake); elevation, about 440 feet. 

Belgrade Stream; rises in Long Pond, in western Belgrade Township. Kennebec 
County; flows southeastward, then northeastward, into Messalonskee Lake. 

Benjamin Ponds (3); Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; outlet, to 
Little "Wood Pond (to Moose River). 

Berry Pond: Wayne Township, Kennebec County: outlet into Dexter Pond (to 
Wilsons Pond). 

Big Indian Pond; western Piscataquis County; outlet through Indian Stream to 
Indian Pond, Kennebec River; area, 0.4 square mile. 

Bitter Brook; rises in small ponds in T. 3, R. 6, western Somerset County; flows 
southward into lake at head of Enchanted Stream. 

Black Brook; rises on Mount Pisgah, central Franklin County; flows northwest- 
ward into South Branch of Dead River. 

Black Brook Pond: T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County: outlet to Kennebec 
River; area, 0.5 square mile. 

Black Stream; rises in southeastern part of Cornville Township, Somerset County: 
flows southeastward into Sebleys Pond (to Carra bassett Stream i. 

Blanchard Pond; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County: outlet into 
North Branch of Dead River. 

Bog Brook; rises in Jerusalem 'Township, Franklin County; flows northward into 
Dead River. 

Bog Pond; T. 2. R. 6. northern Franklin County: inlet from Long Pond (Dead 
River); outlet to Lower Pond; elevation. 1.260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds.'' 



214 RIVEKS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEC BASIN. 

Bog Stream; rises in northwestern part of Rome Township, Kennebec County; 
flows northward into Sandy River. 

Bombazee Brook; rises in western part of Norridgewock Township, Somerset 
County; flows northeastward into Kennebec River. 

Bond Brook; rises in eastern part of Manchester Township, Kennebec County; 
flows southeastward into Kennebec River at Augusta. 

Boynton Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet into Fahi Pond. 

Bradley Pond; Topsham Township, Sagadahoc County; outlet into Cathance 
River; elevation, about 100 feet. 

Brandy Pond; northern part of Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; out- 
let into Rowe Ponds (to Carrabassett River). 

Brassua Lake; eastern Somerset County; inlets, Brassua Stream, Moose .River, 
and Miseree Stream; outlet, Moose River; area 5.55 square miles; elevation, 1.043 
feet. See page 133 for additional information regarding this pond. 

Brassua Stream; rises in Luther Pond, Thorndike Township, central Somerset 
County; flows eastward and southward into Brassua Lake (to Moose River). 

Buker Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; Inlet from Jimmy Pond; 
outlet to Sand Pond ('to Cobbosseecontee Stream); elevation, about 175 feet. 

Burnham Pond; western Piscataquis County; outlet to Indian Pond (to Kennebec 
River) . 

Butler Ponds; Flagstaff Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Flagstaff 
Lake. 

Butler Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Alder Stream 
and Gilman Pond to Carrabassett River; area, 0.4 square mile (Wells). 

Carlton Pond; Readfield and Winthrop townships, Kennebec County; outlet to 
Narrows Pond (to Lake Annabessacook); area, 0.5 square mile; elevation, about 320 
feet. 

Carney Brook; rises in Decker Ponds, Carritunk Township, Somerset County; 
flows southward into Kennebec River. 

Carrabassett River; rises in Crocker Township, eastern Franklin County; flows 
northward, eastward, and then southeastward about 45 miles, entering Kennebec 
River at North Anson; drainage area, 395 square miles; no large tributaries; few lakes 
and ponds; considerable fall, used to some extent for power. Gaging station near 
North Anson established in 1901; drainage area at this point, 340 square miles. 

Carrabassett Stream; rises in Sebleys Pond, Canaan Township, Somerset 
County; flows south westward into Kennebec River about 10 miles above Waterville. 

Carry Brook; rises in Plymouth or Boyd Township, eastern Somerset County; 
flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake. 

Carrying' Place Ponds; central part of Somerset County; a group of eight ponds, 
three of which are of considerable size; the easternmost pond — area (Wells) about 1 
square mile — has outlet to Kennebec River; the westernmost (area 1.3 square miles) to 
Dead River, elevation 1,250 feet (barometric); and the middle pond — area (Wells) 
about 0.3 square mile — through Rowe Ponds to Carrabassett River; three small ponds 
are connected with the middle pond and one drains to the western pond; one pond, 
probably the smallest of the group, is connected with the outlet stream of the middle 
pond. West Carry Pond has a dam giving a head of about 10 feet; used for storage of 
water for log driving. See page 140 for further information regarding West Carry Pond. 

Cathance River; rises in northwestern part of Bowdoin Township, Sagadahoc 
County; flows, with abrupt turns, to the south, east, northeast, and then southeast and 
south into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay. 

Chain of Ponds; northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead 
River; includes three large ponds'and several smaller ones; area, three ponds (Natanis, 
Long, and Lower), approximately b square miles (Wells); elevation, 1,260 feet. 



RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 215 

Chase Bog Pond; southwestern Spaulding Township, Somerset County; outlet to 
Chase Pond; elevation, about 1,480 feet. 

Chase Pond; western part of Jim Pond Township, northeastern Franklin County; 
outjjgfc into North Branch of Dead River. 

Chase Ponds; northern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into 
Austin Stream; elevation of largest pond, 1,356 feet. 

Chase Stream; rises in Chase Pond, Moscow Township, Somerset County; flows 
southward into Austin Stream. 

Chase Stream; rises in Chase Stream Pond, on the south boundary of Misery 
Township, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Kennebec River. 

Chase Stream Pond; south boundary of Misery Township, eastern Somerset 
County; outlet through Chase Stream to Kennebec River; area, approximately, 0.6 
square mile (Wells). 

Chesterville Ponds; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy 
River; area, total of six small ponds, 2 square miles (Wells). 

China Lake; Vassal boro and China townships, Kennebec County; outlet into 
Sebasticook River; area, 6.1 square miles; elevation, 195 feet; used as source of mu- 
nicipal water supply for Waterville. 

Churchill Stream; rises in a small lake in Misery Township, eastern Somerset 
County; flows northeastward into West Outlet of Moosehead Lake. 

Clearwater Brook; rises in T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; flows south- 
westward into Long Pond (to Dead River). 

Clear Water Pond; Industry and Farmington townships, Franklin County; outlet 
into Sandy River; area, approximately, 1.75 square miles (Wells). 

Cobbosseecontee Pond; Winthrop, Monmouth, Manchester, and West Gardiner 
townships, Kennebec County; inlets from Purgatory Ponds, Lake Annabessacook, and 
Richard Pond; outlet Cobbosseecontee River; area, 8.4 square miles; elevation, 171 
feet; dam at outlet; used for storage of water for power. 

Cobbosseecontee Stream; drains a group of lakes aggregating 19 square miles in 
area, lying from 5 to 15 miles west of Augusta; from the largest of the lakes, Cobbossee- 
contee Pond, which has an area of 8.4 square miles, the river flows southward, eastward, 
and then northeastward, entering Kennebec River at Gardiner; drainage area, 240 
square miles; length from Cobbosseecontee Pond to Gardiner about 16 miles; river is 
extensively used for power and furnishes the municipal supply for the city of Gardiner; 
flow is very regular and furnishes one of the best examples of efficient storage in the 
country. Gaging station near Gardiner, maintained by Gardiner Water Power Com- 
pany since 1890; drainage area at this point, 240 square miles. 

Cochnewagon Pond; Monmouth Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Wil- 
sons Pond (to Lake Annabessacook); area, about 1 square mile (Wells). 

Cold Stream; rises in Cold Stream Pond, in Misery and Parlin Pond townships, 
central Somerset County; flows southwestward, then southeastward, into Kennebec 
River. 

Cold Stream Pond; Misery and Parlin Pond townships, central Somerset County; 
outlet through Cold Stream into Kennebec River; area, approximately, 1.25 square 
miles (Wells). 

Corinna Pond; Corinna Township, western Penobscot County; inlets from Dexter 
Pond; outlet into Sebasticook Lake; area, 0.6 square mile (Wells). 

Dam Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Kennebec River 
through Sevenmile Brook; elevation, about 210 feet. 

Dead River; formed by junction of North and South branches; North Branch rises 
in northern part of Franklin County and flows in a general southeasterly direction 
about 25 miles to Eustis, where it is joined by the South Branch; South Branch rises 
in mountains east of Rangeley Lakes and flows in a general northeasterly direction 
about 16 miles; from junction of two branches main stream flows eastward, northward, 



216 RIVEKS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 

and then eastward about 40 miles to its junction with Kennebec River at The Forks, 
24 miles below Moosehead Lake; total drainage area, 870 square miles; tributaries of 
North and South branches of no importance; tributaries of main river are Flagstaff 
Lake outlet, Carry Ponds outlet, and Spencer Stream (the largest); basin mostly wild 
and forested; many lakes and ponds, the most important being Flagstaff and Spring 
lakes, Carry and Spencer ponds. Gaging station at The Forks established in 1901; 
drainage area at this point, 870 square miles. 

Dead River Pond; southern part of Dallas Township, west-central Franklin 
County; inlet from Saddleback Ponds; outlet South Branch of Dead River. 

Dead River Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec 
River. 

Decker Brook; rises in southeastern part of Carritunk Township, eastern Somer- 
set County; flows southeastward and eastward into Kennebec River. 

Decker Ponds; Carritunk Township, Somerset County; outlet through Carney 
Brook to Kennebec River; elevation, about 1,260 feet. 

Deer Pond; T. 4, R. 5, northwestern Somerset County; outlet to Flagstaff Lake 
(to Dead River). 

Dexter Pond; Wayne Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Wilson Pond (to 
Lake Annabessacook) ; inlet from Berry Pond. 

Dexter Ponds; Dexter Township, Penobscot County; outlet into Corinna Pond 
(to Sebasticook Lake); area, 3 square miles (Wells). 

Dimmick Ponds (2); Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; inlet from 
Mountain Pond and several small brooks; outlet to Baker Pond; elevation of upper 
pond, about 1,460 feet; of lower pond, about 1,400 feet. 

Double Head Pond; northern part of Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; 
one small inlet; outlet southward into Purgatory Pond; elevation, about 175 feet. 

Doughnut Pond; eastern Carritunk Township, Somerset County; outlet into 
Robinson Pond; elevation, about 1,580 feet. 

Dutton Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet into Carrabassett 
River. 

East Brook; rises in Middle Carrying Place Pond, Somerset County ; flows south- 
ward, uniting with Rowe Pond Stream to form Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carra- 
bassett River. 

Eastern River; rises in Pittston Township, southeastern Kennebec County; flows 
south westward, entering Kennebec River in Dresden Township. 

East Pond; Smithfield Township, Somerset County; outlet into North Pond (to 
Messalonskee Lake); area 2.6 square miles; elevation above sea, 260 feet. 

Ellis Pond; T. 1, R. 6, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. 

Ellis Pond; Belgrade and Oakland townships, Kennebec County; inlet from 
McGrath Pond; outlet to Great Pond"; area, 0.9 square mile; elevation, 273 feet. 
Called by Wells "Richmond Pond." 

Embden Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet through Mill Stream 
to Carrabassett River; area, 2.4 square miles; elevation, 422 feet. 

Emerton Ponds; western Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into Ken- 
nebec River; elevation, about 500 feet. 

Enchanted Stream; rises in T. 3, R. 6, western Somerset County; flows south- 
eastward into Dead River. 

Fahi Brook; rises in Fahi Pond, Embden Township, Somerset County; flows 
southward and southwestward into Mill Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. 

Fahi Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet, Fahi Brook; area, 0.6 
square mile (Wells); elevation, 413 feet. 

Fall Brook; rises in southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; 
flows southwestward and enters Kennebec River at Solon. 



KIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 217 

Fifteenmile Brook; rises in Lovejoy Pond, Albion Township, Kennebec County; 
flows northward into Sebasticook River. 

Fish Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet to Kennebec River. 

Fish Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 
Lower Churchill Stream. 

Fitzgerald Pond; near Squaw Mountain, western Piscataquis County; outlet, 
Squaw Brook (to Moosehead Lake). 

Flagstaff Lake; Flagstaff Township, western Somerset County; outlet to Dead 
River; area, 1.4 square miles; elevation, approximately, 1,100 feet (barometric); 
dam commands 12 feet head; used for storage of water for log driving. See pages 
139-140 for additional information regarding this lake. 

Gander Brook; rises in Dennes Township, west-central Somerset County; flows 
southeastward into Wood Pond (to Moose River). 

Gardiner Pond; northwestern part of Wiscasset Township, Lincoln County; one 
small inlet; outlet stream flows northeastward through Gardiner Pond Swamp, thence 
northwestward and westward into Eastern River; elevation, 168 feet; area, 0.9 square 
mile. Called by Wells '"Great Swamp in Dresden." 

George Lake; Skowhegan and Canaan townships, Somerset County; outlet to 
Oak Pond and Carrabassett Stream. 

Gilman Pond; Lexington and New. Portland townships, Somerset County; outlet 
into Carrabassett River; inlets from several small ponds; area, 0.5 square mile (Wells). 

Gold Brook; rises in Kibby Township, northern Franklin County; flows south- 
westward into North Branch of Dead River. 

Great Pond; Rome and Belgrade townships. Kennebec County; inlets from 
North, Ellis, and McGrath ponds; outlet to Long Pond (to Messalonskee Lake); area, 
12.7 square miles; elevation, 250 feet. 

Greeley Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Togus River; 
elevation, about 160 feet. 

Greeley Pond; Mount Vernon and Readfield townships, Kennebec County; outlet 
into Lake Maranacook; area, 1.1 square miles; elevation, 293 feet. 

Greenbush Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet to 
North Branch oinDead River. 

Grindstone Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet to Tufts Pond. 

Gulf Stream: rises in T. 1, R. 5, central Somerset County; flows southeastward 
into Dead River. 

Gulf Stream; rises in Withee Pond, Mayfield Township, Somerset County; flows 
northwestward into Austin Stream. 

Hall Pond; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet to Spencer Pond. 

Hammond Brook; rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows eastward 
into Carrabassett River. 

Hancock Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet to Embden Pond; 
area, about 1 square mile (Wells); elevation, 520 feet. 

Hayden Lake; Madison Township, Somerset County; outlet into Wesserunsett 
Stream; area, about 3 square miles (Wells). Called by Wells "Madison Pond." 

Heald Pond; Moose River Plantation, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose 
River. 

Heald Ponds (3); Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into 
Austin Stream; elevation of highest pond, 1,388 feet. 

Heald Stream; rises in Heald Ponds, Spaulding Township, eastern Somerset 
County; flows southeastward into Austin Stream. 

Henson Brook; rises in Jackman Township, western Somerset County; flows 
northward into Moose River. 

Hicks Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook Lake. 



218 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 

Higgdns Stream; rises in Brighton Township, Somerset County; flows southeast- 
ward into Moose Pond (to Sebasticook River). 

Holeb Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River; 
area, approximately 2 square miles; elevation, about 1,133 feet. See pages 136-137 
for further information regarding this pond. 

Holway Brook; rises in southern part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows 
southwestward into Kennebec River. 

Horse Brook; rises in T. 3, R. 6, central Somerset County; flows northwestward 
into Moose River. 

Horseshoe Pond; West Gardiner Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Cob- 
bosseecontee River; elevation, 137 feet. 

Horseshoe Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch 
of Dead River; elevation, about 1,260 feet. 

Horseshoe Pond; Tps. 3 and 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer 
Stream. 

Houston Brook; rises in western part of Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset 
County; flows southeastward, then northeastward, into Kennebec River. 

Huston Brook; rises on southern slope of Mount Bigelow, western Somerset"€ounty; 
flows southward into Carrabassett River. 

Indian Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River. 

Indian Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet into Carrabassett 
River. 

Indian Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook 
River; area, approximately, 2.5 square miles (Wells). 

Indian Pond; eastern Somerset County; inlets, West Outlet Ponds, Kennebec River, 
Indian Stream, and a number of small streams and ponds; outlet, Kennebec River; 
about 5 miles long in two levels, the first being about a mile long, and 932 feet above 
mean tide; a short stretch of "narrows," where a fall of about 5 feet occurs, connects 
the two levels; greater part of pond is 927 feet above tide; used for regulation of water in 
log driving; controlled by a dam at lower end; total area, 1.5 square miles. 

Indian Stream; rises in Big Indian Pond, western Piscataquis County; flows north- 
westward into Indian Pond, Kennebec River. 

Indian Stream; rises in the western part of T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; 
flows eastward into Long Pond (to Dead River). 

Ironbound Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 
Lower Churchill Stream. 

Iron Pond; T. 5, R. 6, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. 

Island Pond; T. 1, R. 6, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. 

Jackson Brook; rises in southern part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; flows 
southwestward into Kennebec River. 

Jackson Pond; Concord Township, Somerset County; outlet through Mill Stream 
to Martin Stream. 

Jamies Pond; Manchester and Farmingdale townships, Kennebec County; outlet 
into Sanborn Pond (to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 210 feet. 

Jim Pond; northwestern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of Dead River. 

Jimmy Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Buker Pond; 
elevation, about 175 feet. \ 

Johnson Brook; rises in small ponds in northern part of Bingham Township, Som- 
erset County; flows southward into Fall Brook, which enters the Kennebec. 

Judkins Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Gilman 
Pond to Carrabassett River; area, 0.75 square mile (Wells). 

Kelly Brook; rises in central part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows west- 
ward into Kennebec River. 



AND PONDS [IS! KENNEBEC BASIN. 219 

Kibby Stream; rises in Kibby Township, northern Franklin County; flows south- 
eastward into Spencer Stream, western Somerset Count)". 

Kidder Pond; Vienna Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Beaver Pond; eleva- 
tion, about 840 feel . 

Knights Pond; Square Town Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Ken- 
nebec River; area, 0.2 square mile. 

Lazy Tom Brook; rises in western Piscataquis ( !ounty ; Hows southward into Roach 
River. 

Lemon Stream; rises in Industry Township, Franklin County; flows southeast- 
ward into Sandy River. 

Lily Pond; Freeman and New Portland townships, Franklin and Somerset counties; 
outlet into Carrabassett River. 

Little Alder Stream; rises in extreme southern part of T. 2, R. 6, northern Frank- 
lin County; flows southeastward into Alder Stream, a tributary of North Branch of 
Dead River; receives drainage from Snow and Round Mountain ponds. 

Little Austin Pond; Bald Mountain Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet 
into Austin Pond; elevation, 1,216 feet. 

Little Big Wood Pond; Dennes Township, west-central Somerset County; inlet, 
Wood Stream; outlet into Little Wood Pond; area, approximately, 1.35 square miles 
(Wells). 

Little Chase Pond; Moscow Township, Somerset County ; outlet into Chase Stream; 
elevation, about 1,320 feet. 

Little Heald Brook; rises on south side of Dimmick Mountain, Spaulding Town- 
ship, eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Heald Stream. 

Little Houston Brook; rises in western part of Concord Township, Somerset County; 
flows northeastward into Houston Brook. 

Little Indian Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Indian 
Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, approximately, 0.35 square mile (Wells). 

Little Indian Pond; Square Town Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into 
Indian Stream (to Kennebec River). 

Little Jim Pond; northeastern Franklin County, Jim Pond Township; outlet into 
Jim Pond. 

Little Pocket Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet to Natanis Pond 
(to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds." 

Little Pond; Rome Township, Kennebec County ; outlet to North Pond ; combined 
area of Little and North ponds, 3.6 square miles; elevation, 253 feet. 

Little Spencer Stream; rises in ponds in T. 4, R. 5, Somerset County; flows south- 
ward through Spencer Ponds into Spencer Stream. 

Little Wood Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlets from, 
Little Big Wood and Benjamin ponds; outlet to Wood Pond (to Moose River). 

Locks Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County: outlet to Wilson Stream (to 
Sandy River). 

Long Pond; T. 2, R. (i, northern Franklin County; inlets from Natanis and Pocket, 
ponds and small brooks; outlet to Bog Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; 
one of the "Chain of Ponds." 

Long Pond; southwestern part of Hartland Township, Somerset County; outlet to 
Sebleys Pond (to Carrabassett' Stream) . 

Long Pond; Jackman and Long Pond townships, north-central Somerset County; 
inlets, Moose River, Upper and Lower- Churchill streams, and Parlin Stream; outlet, 
Moose River; area, approximately, 5 square miles; elevation, 1,155 feet; used for stor- 
age of water for log driving; dam commands a head of about 8 feet. See page 134 for 
additional information regarding this pond. 

Long Pond; Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset County; outlet into Parlin 
Stream (to Moose River). 

3697— irr 198—07 15 



220 KIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN.- 

Long Pond; Rangeley and Dallas townships, west-central Franklin County; outlet 
into South Branch of Dead River. 

Long Pond; Rome, Belgrade, and Mount Vernon townships, Kennebec County; 
inlets from Great Pond and several smaller ponds and brooks; outlet through Belgrade 
Stream to Messalonskee Lake; area, 4.2 square miles; elevation, 241 feet. 

Long Pond; T. 1, R. 6, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. 

Long Pond; T. 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Stream. 

Loon Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Pleasant Pond 
(to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 180 feet. 

Lovejoy Pond; Albion Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Sebasticook 
River through Fifteenmile Brook; area, 0.7 square mile (Wells). 

Lower Churchill Stream; rises in small ponds in Thorndike Township, north- 
central Somerset County; flows southeastward into Long Pond (to Moose River). 

Lower Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlet from Bog Pond, Dead 
River; outlet, North Branch of Dead River. 

Luther Pond; Thorndike Township, central Somerset County; outlet, Brassua 
Stream (to Brassua Lake). 

Maranacook Lake; Readfield and Winthrop townships, Kennebec County; inlets 
from Greeley and other small ponds; outlet to Lake Annabessacook; area, 2.5 square 
miles: elevation, 215 feet. Called by Wells "North Pond." 

Martin Stream; rises in Concord Township, Somerset County; flows southeast- 
ward into Kennebec River. 

McGrath Pond; Oakland and Belgrade townships, Kennebec County; inlets, 
small brooks; outlet into Ellis Pond; area, 0.7 square mile; elevation, 273 feet. 

McGurdy Pond; Sharon and Chesterville townships, Franklin County; outlet into 
Sandy River. 

McKinney Pond; Holeb Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose 
River. 

Merrill Pond; Concord Township, Somerset County; outlet to Kennebec River; 
elevation, 343 feet. 

Messalonskee Lake; Oakland, Belgrade, and Sidney townships, Kennebec 
County; principal inlet, Belgrade Stream; outlet, Messalonskee Stream; area, 5.4 
square miles; elevation, 235 feet. Called by Wells "Snow Pond." 

Messalonskee Stream; rises in Messalonskee Lake, Oakland Township, Kennebec 
County; flows northeastward, then southeastward, and enters the Kennebec at Water- 
ville; length, about 42 miles; drainage area, 208 square miles; fed by extensive lakes, 
the aggregate water surface of which is between 25 and 30 square miles; flow very con- 
stant and fall large; extensively utilized for power. Called by Wells "Emerson 
Stream." Gaging station at Waterville, established 1903, discontinued 1906; drain- 
age area at this point, 205 square miles. 

Michael Stream; rises in southeastern part of Jerusalem township, Franklin 
County; flows eastward into Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. 

Michael Stream; rises in Solon Township, Somerset County; flows south westward 
into Kennebec River about 3 miles below Solon. 

Mill Pond; Harmony Township, Somerset County; outlet into Moose Pond (to Sebas- 
ticook River); area, 1.1 square miles (Wells). 

Mill Pond; Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec 
River; elevation, 1,149 feet. 

Mill Stream; rises in Embden Pond, Emden Township, Somerset County; flows 
southeastward into Carrabassett River. 

Mill Stream; rises in Jackson Lake, Concord Township, Somerset County; flows 
southward into Martin Stream, a tributary of the Kennebec. 

Mill Stream; rises in Norridgewock Township, Somerset County; flows northeast- 
ward into Kennebec River at Norridgewock, 



RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 221 

Mink Brook; rises in Mink Ponds; flows southward into Austin Stream. 

Mink Brook; rises in western part of Forks Plantation, Somerset County; flows 
southwestward into Kennebec River. 

Mink Ponds; Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet to Austin Stream; ele- 
vation, 1,240 feet. 

Miseree Pond; Misery Township, east-central Somerset County; outlet, Miseree 
Stream (to Brassua Lake); area, approximately; area 1.5 square miles (Wells). 

Miseree Stream; rises in Miseree Pond, Misery Township, east-central Somerset 
County; flows northeastward into Brassua Lake (to Moose River). 

Moores Pond; T. 4, R. 7, west-central Somerset County; outlet into Horse Brook, 
a tributary of Moose River. 

Moose Brook; rises in eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into Moose- 
head lake. 

Moose Brook; rises in T. 4, R. 7, central Somerset County; flows northwestward 
into Horse Brook, a tributary of Moose River. 

Moosehead Lake; eastern Somerset and western Piscataquis counties; inlets, 
Roach and Moose rivers and a number of small streams; outlet, Kennebec River; area, 
about 115 square miles; drainage area at mouth, 1,240 square miles; elevation, 1,026 
feet; used for storage of water for water power and log driving; dam commands a head 
of 7.5 feet over entire surface; navigable by steamboats from end to end. See pages 
132-133 for information regarding storage capacity, etc. 

Moose Pond; Harmony and Hartland townships, Somerset County; outlet to Sebas- 
ticook River; inlets from Mill, Starbird, and Stafford ponds and a number of brooks; 
area, approximately, 9.50 square miles (Wells). 

Moose Pond; Mount Vernon Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Belgrade 
Stream, a tributary of Messalonskee Lake; elevation, about 400 feet. 

Moose River; rises in the extreme northern part of Franklin County; flows in a 
general direction a little north of east and enters Moosehead Lake from the west; 
length, about 70 miles; drainage area, 680 square miles. The stream passes through 
Attean, Wood, and Long ponds and Brassua Lake, and receives the drainage from a 
large number of small ponds well scattered over the basin. Gaging station near Rock- 
wood, established 1902; drainage area at this point, 680 square miles. 

Mosquito Pond; Forks Plantation, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Moxie 
Pond. 

Moxie Pond; East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset County; inlets, Alder, Sandy, 
and Baker streams and several small ponds and brooks; outlet through Moxie Stream 
into Kennebec River; area, 2.6 square miles; drainage area at outlet, 80 square miles; 
elevation, 965 feet; commanded by a dam affording a head of 9 feet; used for water 
storage for log driving. See page 138 for fuller information. 

Moxie Stream; rises in Moxie Pond, eastern Somerset County; flows westward 
into Kennebec River; has a fall of 370 feet in 4 miles, one fall of 95 feet being nearly 
vertical; total drainage area, 92 square miles. 

Mountain Pond; central Somerset County; outlet northeastward into Dimmick 
Ponds; elevation, 2,000 feet. 

Muddy River; rises in Topsham Township, Sagadahoc County; flows northeast- 
ward into Kennebec River at Merrymeeting Bay. 

Mud Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet into Fahi Pond, 

Mud Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 
Lower Churchill Stream. 

Muskrat Pond; Thorndike Township, north-central Somerset County; outlet into 
Lower Churchill Stream. 

Narrows Pond: Winthrop Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Carlton Pond ; 
outlet into Lake Annabessacook; area, 0.8 square mile; elevation, approximately, 180 
feet. 



222 KIVEBS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 

Natanis Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlet from Round Pond, 
Dead River; outlet into Long Pond (to Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the 
"Chain of Ponds." 

Neh.um.keag Pond; Pittston Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Kennebec 
River. 

Nequasset Brook; rises in Dresden Township, Lincoln County; flows southward 
through Nequasset Pond into Kennebec River at Woolwich, opposite Bath. 

Nequasset Pond; Woolwich Township, Sagadahoc County; inlets from Nequasset 
and other brooks; outlet into Kennebec River; area, 0.6 square mile; elevation, 18 
feet. 

Nokomis Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County, and Newport Township, 
Penobscot County; outlet into Sebasticook Lake. 

Norcross Brook; rises in western Piscataquis County; flows northwestward into 
Moosehead Lake. 

Norcross Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy 
River; area, 0.35 square mile (Wells). 

North. Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North 
Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2,061+ feet. 

North. Pond; on boundary between Smithfield and Mercer townships, Somerset 
County, and Rome Township, Kennebec County; inlets from East and Little ponds; 
outlet into Great Pond; combined area of North and Little ponds, 3.6 square miles; 
elevation, 253 feet. 

North. Pond; Temple and Wilton townships, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy 
River; area, about 1 square mile (Wells). 

North Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Sandy River; 
area, about 1 square mile (Wells?). 

It is not certain to which of the three foregoing ponds Wells referred in his list of 
ponds connected with Sandy River. As shown on Scarborough's map of southwestern 
Maine, they differ little in size from Norcross Pond, the area of which is given as 0.35 
square mile. 

Northwest Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into 
North Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2,061 feet. 

Oak Pond; Skowhegan Township, Somerset County; inlet from Lake George; out- 
let into Carrabassett Stream. 

Otter Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North Branch of 
Dead River; elevation, 1,360+ feet. 

Otter Ponds; central Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; area, two 
ponds, 0.5 square mile. 

Palmyra Ponds; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Sebasticook 
River; combined water surface, two ponds, 0.6 square mile (Wells). 

Parker Pond; T. 3, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet to Spencer Stream. 

Parlin Pond; Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset County; outlet, Parlin 
Stream to Long Pond (to Moose River); area, approximately, 2.75 square miles (Wells) 

Parlin Stream; rises in Parlin Pond, Parlin Pond Township, central Somerset 
County; flows northeastward into Long Pond (to Moose River). 

Pattee Pond; Winslow Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Sebasticook 
River; area, 0.85 square mile (Wells); elevation, about 120 feet. 

Perham Stream; rises in Mount Abraham Township, Franklin County; flows 
southward and southwestward into Sandy River. 

Pierce Pond; central Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; area, about 
2.3 square miles; drainage area at outlet, 18 square miles; elevation, about 1,125 feet 
(barometric); dam commands a head of about 10 feet; used for storage of water for log 
driving. See page 139 for additional information regarding this pond. 



RIVEBS, LAKER, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 223 

Pleasant Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County, and Richmond Town- 
ship. Sagadahoc County; inlets from a number of small brooks; outlel into Cobbossee- 
contee River; area. 1.1 square miles; elevation, L37 feet. 

Pleasant Pond; central Somerset County; outlet, Pleasant Pond Stream; area, 1.6 
square miles; drainage area at mouth, 5.9 square miles; elevation, 1,265 feet; 780 feet 
fall to Kennebec River in a distance of about 3.5 miles. 

Pleasant Pond Stream; rises in Pleasant Pond, central Somerset County; flows 
Bouthwestward into Kennebec River. 

Plymouth. Ponds; Plymouth Township, Penobscot County; inlets from Skinner 
Pond and small brooks; outlet into Sebasticook Lake; area, about 3 square miles 
(Wells). 

Pocket Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlel. into Long Pond (to 
Dead River); elevation, 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds." 

Ponco Ponds; Moose River Plantation, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose 
River. 

Poplar Brook; rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows southwest- 
ward into Carrabassett River at Carrabassett. 

Prong Pond; western part of Piscataquis County; outlet to Moosehead Lake. 

Purgatory Ponds (3); Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Sand 
Pond; outlet into Cobbosseecontee River; area of largest pond, 0.7 square mile; eleva- 
tion, 175 feet. 

Rapid Stream; rises in Jerusalem Township, Franklin County; flows southeast- 
ward, then northeastward, into Carrabassett River at Kingfield. 

Redington Brook; rises in Redington Ponds, central Franklin County; flows 
southwestward, then northwestward, into South Branch of Dead River. 

Redington Ponds; Redington Township, central Franklin County; outlet into 
Redington Brook. 

Reed Brook; rises on Mount Bigelow, Bigelow Township, western Somerset 
County; flows northward into Dead River. 

Richard Pond; Winthrop Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Shed Pond; 
outlet into Cobbosseecontee Pond; elevation, about 180 feet. 

Ritt Brook; rises in southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; 
flows northward into South Branch of Austin Stream. 

Roach Ponds; west-central Piscataquis County; outlet through Roach River to 
Moosehead Lake; three ponds, known as Upper, Middle, and Lower, with areas, 
respectively, of 1.5, 1.5, and 5 square miles; dam on each pond; used for log driving. 
See pages 137-138 for further description of these ponds. 

Roach River; receives headwaters from slopes of Boardman and White Cap moun- 
tains, west-central Piscataquis County; flows northwestward through a series of three 
ponds, and empties into Spencer Bay on east side of Moosehead Lake: length, about 
20 miles; drainage basin completely forested; total area at mouth, 120 square miles; 
no large tributary streams; three ponds of importance — Upper, Middle, and Lower 
Roach ponds; river utilized for log driving; gaging station at Roach River established 
jn 1901; drainage area at this point, 85 square miles. 

Robinson Pond; on boundary between Carritunk and Spaulding townships, east- 
ern Somerset County; inlet from Doughnut Pond; outlet into Pleasant Pond Stream; 
elevation, 1,478 feet. 

Robinson Pond Outlet; rises in Robinson Pond; flows northwestward through 
Deer Bog and Moores Bog to Pleasant Pond Stream. 

Rock Pond; Tps. 5 and 6, Rs. 6 and 7, western Somerset County; outlet into Spen- 
cer Stream. 

Rogers Pond; St. Albans Township, Somerset County; outlet into Little Indian 
Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, about 0.9 square mile (Wells). 



224 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS IN KENNEBEC BASIN. 

Rolling Dam Brook; rises in southern part of Gardiner Township, Kennebec 
County; flows northeastward and eastward into Kennebec River near Gardiner. 

Round Mountain Lake; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County; 
outlet to Little Alder Stream. 

Round Pond; T. 2, R. 6, northern Franklin County; inlet, Dead River; outlet to 
Natanis Pond, Dead River; elevation, about 1,260 feet; one of the "Chain of Ponds.' 5 

Rowe Ponds; Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet through Sandy 
Stream to Carrabassett River; inlets from several small ponds; area of largest pond, 
0.7 square mile (Wells); elevation, 1,209 feet. 

Rowe Pond Stream; rises in Rowe Ponds, Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset 
County; flows southwestward, uniting with East Brook to form Sandy Stream, a trib- 
utary of Carrabassett River. 

Saddleback Ponds (2); near Saddleback Mountain, in northern part of Sandy 
River Township, west-central Franklin County; outlet to Dead River Pond (to South 
Branch of Dead River). 

Sally Pond; Dennes Township, western Somerset County; outlet into Moose River. 

Salmon Stream; rises in Johnson Mountain, T. 2, R. 6, central Somerset County; 
flows southeastward into Dead River. 

Sanborn Pond; Manchester and Farmingdale townships, Kennebec County; out- 
let into Cobbosseecontee River; inlet from Jamies Pond; elevation, about 180 feet. 

Sand Pond; Chesterville Township, Franklin County; outlet into Wilson Stream 
(to Sandy River). 

Sand Pond; Litchfield Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Buker Pond; out- 
let into Purgatory Pond (to Cobbosseecontee River); elevation, about 175 feet. 

Sandy Pond; Embden Township, Somerset County; outlet to Fahi Pond; area, 
0.4 square mile (Wells); elevation, 413 feet. 

Sandy Pond; Freedom Township, Waldo County; outlet to Sebasticook River; 
area, about 0.9 square mile (Wells). 

Sandy River; rises in western part of Franklin County in the hilly region east of 
Rangeley Lake; flows southeastward about 32 miles, then northeastward 17 miles, 
entering the Kennebec about 3 miles below Madison; drainage area, 670 square miles; 
no large tributaries or ponds; total fall about 1,600 feet, mostly in upper part of basin. 
Gaging station near Madison established in 1904; drainage area at this point, 650 square 
miles. 

Sandy River Ponds; Sandy River Township, Franklin County; outlet, Sandy 
River; area, four ponds, 1 square mile (Wells). 

Sandy Stream; rises in East Moxie Township, eastern Somerset County; flows 
southwestward into Moxie Pond. 

Sandy Stream; rises in Highland Township, Somerset County, being formed by 
union of East Brook and Rowe Pond, which drain Middle Carrying Place and Rowe 
ponds; flows southward through Gilman Pond to Carrabassett River. 

Savage Pond; northwestern Cornville Township, Somerset County; outlet to Wes- 
serunsett Stream. 

Sebasticook Lake; Newport Township, Penobscot County; inlets from Stetson 
and Corinna ponds and several small brooks; outlet to Sebasticook River; area, 
approximately 7.5 square miles (Wells). Called by Wells "Newport Pond." 

Sebasticook River; rises in ponds in southeastern Somerset and western Penob- 
scot counties; flows in general southwestward 45 miles to Kennebec River at Wins- 
low, opposite Waterville; drainage area, 970 square miles; many tributary ponds, 
covering in all about 50 square miles: total fall, about 170 feet; extensively used for 
power. 

Sebleys Pond; Canaan and Pittsfield townships, Somerset County; outlet to Ken- 
nebec River through Carrabassett Stream 



225 

Sevenmile Brook; rises in Spectacle, Tolman, and Dam ponds, Augusta Town- 
ship, Kennebec County; flows northwestward into Kennebec River aboul 5 miles 

above Augusta. 

Shallow Pond; Jim Pond Township, northeastern Franklin County^ outlel into 
North Branch of Dead River. 

Shed Pond; Manchester Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Richard Pond 
(to Cobbosseecontee Pond); elevation, about 320 feet. 

Skinner Pond; Dixmont Township, Penobscot County; outlet to Plymouth Ponds 
(to Sebasticpok Lako^); area, approximately 0.7 square mile (Wells). 

Smith Pond; Parlin Pond and Misery townships, central Somerset County; outlet 
to Parlin Stream. 

Snow Pond; Alder Stream Township, northern Franklin County; outlet into Lit- 
tle Alder Stream. 

Socatean River; rises in Plymouth or Boyd Township, eastern Somerset County; 
flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake. 

South Boundary Pond; T. 3, R. 6, northern Franklin County; outlet into North 
Branch of Dead River; elevation, 2,061+ feet. 

Spectacle Pond; T. 4, R. 5, western Somerset County; outlet into Kibby Stream, 
a branch of Spencer Stream. 

Spectacle Pond; Vassalboro and Augusta townships, Kennebec County; outlet 
into Kennebec River through Sevenmile Brook. 

Spencer Pond; western Piscataquis County; outlet into Moosehead Lake; three 
small inlets; area, approximately, 1.5 square miles (Wells). 

Spencer Ponds; Tps. 3 and 4, Rs. 5 and 6, western Somerset County; inlet drains 
several small ponds; outlet into Spencer Stream; area, approximately, 2.6 square 
miles; elevation, about 1,150 feet (barometric); dam commands 16-foot head when 
pond is filled; used for log sluicing. See page 141 for additional information regarding 
these ponds. 

Spencer Stream; rises in T. 5, R. 6, western Somerset County; flows southwest- 
ward, then southeastward, into Dead River; many tributary ponds; largest are Spen- 
cer Ponds, which reach Spencer Stream by way of Little Spencer Stream. See page — 
for additional information regarding this stream. 

Spring' Lake; T. 3, R. 4, western Somerset County; outlet to Dead River; area, 
approximately, 1.1 square miles; elevation, about 1,260 feet above mean sea level 
(barometric) and 260 feet above Dead River. Called by Wells "Long Lake." See 
page 140 for additional information regarding this lake. 

Spruce Pond; Lexington Township, Somerset County; outlet through Witham 
Brook to Embden Pond; area, 0.35 square mile (Wells). 

Squaw Brook; rises in Fitzgerald Pond, near Squaw Mountain, western Piscata- 
quis County; flows southeastward into Moosehead Lake. 

Stafford Pond; Hartland Township, Somerset County; outlet to Moose Pond (to 
Sebasticook River); area, 0.35 square mile (Wells). 

Starbird Pond; Hartland Township, Somerset County; outlet to Moose Pond (to 
Sebasticook River); area, 0,35 square mile (Wells). 

Stetson Pond; Stetson Township, Penobscot County; outlet to Sebasticook Lake; 
area, about 2.5 square miles. (Wells). 

Stony Brook; rises in central part of Highland Township, Somerset County; flows 
southeastward into Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. 

Stony Brook; rises in Thorndike Township, central Somerset County; flows south- 
eastward into Moose River. 

Stratton Brook; rises on Mount Bigelow, T. 4, R. 3, Franklin County; flows west- 
ward and northwestward into South Branch of Dead River. 



226 RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEC BASIN. 

Tee Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet to Tim Brook 
(to North Branch of Dead River). 

Ten Thousand Acre Ponds; southern boundary of Misery township, eastern 
So niQrset County; outlet to Chase Stream (to Kennebec River). 

Three-Cornered Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Togus 
Ponds; elevation, 198 feet. 

Threemile Pond; China and Windsor townships, Kennebec County; outlet to 
Weber Pond (to Kennebec River); area, 1.6 square miles; elevation, 180 feet. 

Tim Brook; rises in Tim Pond, northern Franklin County; flows northeastward 
into North Branch of Dead River. 

Tim Pond; western Eustis Township, northern Franklin County; outlet, Tim 
Brook. 

Tobey Brook; rises about 1J miles southeast of South Norridgewock, Somerset 
County; flows southward into Martin Stream (into Kennebec River). 

Toby Ponds; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet to Moose River. 

Togus Ponds; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet through Togus River 
to Kennebec River; area, 1 square mile; elevation, 188 feet. Called by W T ells "Wor- 
romotogus Pond." 

Togus River; rises in Togus Ponds, Augusta, Township, Kennebec County; flows 
southwestward into Kennebec River at Randolph, opposite Gardiner. 

Tolman Pond; Augusta Township, Kennebec County; outlet into Kennebec 
River through Sevenmile Brook; elevation, about 210 feet. 

Tom Fletcher Stream; rises in Brassua Township, central Somerset County; 
flows southeastward into Moose River. 

Tomhegan Pond; Middlesex Grant Township, eastern Somerset County; outlet into 
Moosehead Lake through Tomhegan Stream; area, approximately, 0.75 square mile 
(Wells). 

Tomhegan Stream; rises in T. 2, R. 3, eastern Somerset County; flows southeast- 
ward into Moosehead Lake. 

Trout Pond; west-central Piscataquis County; outlet into Middle Roach Pond. 

Tufts Pond; Kingfield Township, Franklin County; outlet to Carrabassett River; 
area, 0.5 square mile (Wells). 

Turner Brook; rises in southern part of Madison Township, Somerset County; 
flows southeastward into Kennebec River between Norridgewock and Skowhegan. 

Turner Pond; Moscow Township, Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River; 
elevation, about 500 feet. 

Turner Pond (2); Forsythe and Holeb townships, western Somerset County; out- 
let into Holeb Pond. 

Unity (Twenty-five Mile) Pond; Unity, Burnham, and Troy townships, Waldo 
County; outlet to Sebasticook River; area, approximately, 4.25 square miles (Wells). 

Upper Churchill Stream; rises in Bog Pond, Bald Mountains, Moose River Plan- 
tation, western Somerset County; flows southeastward into Long Pond (to Moose 
River). 

Viles Pond; Jim Pond Township, northern Franklin County; outlet into North 
Branch of Dead River. 

Ward Pond; Sidney Township, Kennebec County; outlet to Messalonskee Lake; 
elevation, about 340 feet. 

Weber Pond; Vassal boro Township, Kennebec County; inlet from Threemile Pond; 
outlet to Kennebec River; area, 1.9 square miles; elevation, 138 feet. 

Weeks Pond; Brighton Township, Somerset County; outlet to W T esserunsett 
Stream. 

Welhern Pond; Eustis Township, northeastern Franklin County; outlet to Tim 
Brook. 



RIVERS, LAKES, AND PONDS TN KENNEBEC BASTN. 227 

Wentworth Pond; Solon and Athens townships, Somerset County; outlet into 
Wesserunsett Stream; area, with Bakers Pond (unnamed on available maps), approx- 
imately 1 square mile (Wells). 

Wesserunsett Stream; rises in Weeks Pond, Brighton Township, Somerset 
County; flows southward into Kennebec River in Skowhegan Township; drainage 
area (Tenth Census), 167 square miles; a rapid stream, affording numerous sites for 
power, many of which are unimproved; flow not very constant. 

West Brook; rises in Highland Township, Somerset County; flows eastward into 
Sandy Stream, a tributary of Carrabassett River. 

West Outlet Ponds; eastern Somerset County; outlet from Moosehead Lake to 
Indian Pond (to Kennebec River); area of three ponds, approximately, 1.25 square 
miles (Wells). 

Weymouth Pond; Corinna Township, Penobscot County ; outlet to Little Indian 
Pond (to Sebasticook River); area, 0.4 square mile (Wells). 

Whipple Pond; T. 5, R. 7, western Somerset County; outlet into Spencer Pond. 

Whitcomb Brook; rises in western part of Moscow Township, Somerset County; 
flows south westward into Kennebec River. 

Whites Pond; Palmyra Township, Somerset County; outlet into Palmyra Ponds 
(to Sebasticook' River.) 

Williams Stream; rises in eastern Somerset County; flows southeastward into 
Moosehead Lake. 

Wilsons Pond; Wayne and Monmouth townships, Kennebec County; inlets from 
Dexter and Cochnewagon ponds; outlet into Lake Annabessacook ; area, about 0.9 
square mile (Wells). 

Wilsons Pond; T. 1, R. 5, eastern Somerset County; outlet into Kennebec River. 

Wilson Stream; rises in Temple Township, Franklin County; flows southeastward, 
then northeastward into Sandy River. 

Wilton Pond; Wilton Township, Franklin County; outlet to Sandy River; area, 
approximately, 1.25 square miles (Wells). This is probably the pond called "Wil- 
sons" by Wells. 

Witham Brook; rises in Spruce Pond, Lexington Township, Somerset County; 
flows southeastward into Embden Pond. 

Withee Pond; southwestern part of Mayfield Township, Somerset County; outlet 
through Gulf Stream to Austin Stream; elevation, about 1,360 feet. 

Wood Pond; Attean Township, west-central Somerset County; inlets, Gander 
Breok, Wood Stream, and Moose River; receives also drainage from a number of small 
ponds; outlet, Moose River; area, about 3.3 square miles; elevation, 1,158 feet. See 
pages 135-136 for further information regarding this pond. 

Wood Stream; rises in Forsythe Township, western Somerset County; flows south- 
eastward through Little Big Wood and Little Wood ponds into Wood Pond (to Moose 
River). 

Wyman Pond; Brighton Township, Somerset County; outlet into Wesserunsett 
Stream; area, 0.75 square mile (Wells). 

Youngs Pond; northeastern Pleasant Ridge Township, Somerset County; outlet 
into Kennebec River; elevation, about 1,300 feet. 



INDEX. 



A. Page. 

Abagadassett River, data on 212 

Accuracy of flow determinations, state- 
ment on 30-32. 

Acknowledgments to those aiding 2 

Alder Pond, data on 212 

Alder Stream, data on 212 

Androscoggin River, evaporation station 

on, plate showing 26 

Annabessacook Lake, data on 143, 212 



Arnolds Falls, fall at. . . 

Attean Falls, fall at 

Attean Pond, data on. . 

discharge data near. 

plan of 

water storage in 



128 

128 

212 

64 

1 

135-136,144 

Augusta, map of 208 

pollution at 200 

ponds in 144 

population of 209 

typhoid fever at 200-201 , 207-211 

diagram showing 202 

map illustrating 208 

water at, quality of 177 

water power at 123 

water supply of 167, 199-200, 207 

Austin Ponds, data on 144, 212 

Austin Stream, data on 212-213 

drainage of 10 



B. 



Bacillus coli, occurrence of. . . 
Bacteria, occurrence of 



172-181,186,198,199 

.-. 172-181, 

182-183,186,197-198 

Baker Brook, data on 213 

Bakers Pond, data on 143,213 

Bakers Stream, data on 213 

Barker Pond, data on 143,213 

Barnard Pond, data on 213 

Barrett Brook, data on 213 

Barrows, H. K., on water resources of Ken- 
nebec River basin 1-166 

Bartlett Pond, data on 142,213 

Bean Brook, data on 213 

Beans Pond, data on ; 213 

Bear Brook, data on 213 

Bear Pond, data on .' 213 

Beaver Brook, data on 213 

Beaverdam Brook, data on 213 

Beaver Pond, data on 213 

Belgrade Stream, data on 213 



Page. 

Benjamin Ponds, data on 213 

Benton, typhoid fever at 200, 201 

Benton Falls, water power at 125 

Berry Pond, data on 213 

Big Injun Pond, data on 213 

Bingham, water powers near 127 

Bitter Brook, data on 213 

Black Brook, data on 213 

Black Brook Pond, data on 144,213 

Black Stream, data on 213 

Blanchard Pond, data on 213 

Bog Brook, data on 213 

Bog Pond, data on 142,213 

Bog Stream, data on 214 

Bombazee Brook, data on 214 

Bombazee Rips, water power at 127 

Bond Brook, data on 214 

Boston, Mass., evaporation near 115 

Boynton Pond, data on 214 

Bradley Pond, data on 214 

Brandy Pond, data on : 214 

Brassua Lake, data on 214 

discharge data near 64 

outlet of, plan of 1 

plan of '. l 

water storage in 133-134, 142 

Brassua Stream, dat.a on 214 

discharge data on 64 

Burnham Junction, water power near 125 

Buker Pond, data on 214 

Butler Pond, data on 142,214 

C. 

Cable station, plate showing 26 

Carlton Bog, data on 143 

Carlton Pond, data on 143, 214 

Carney Brook, data on 214 

Carrabassett River, basin of, storage in.. 142,144 

data on 214 

discharge data on 81-86, 121, 149 

drainage of 10, 14 

low water on 121 

population in basin of 189 

population and area in basin of, map 

and diagram showing 190, 191 

water powers on 123-124, 130 

Carrabassett Stream, data on 214 

Carritunk Falls, water power at 122 

Carry Brook, data on 214 

Carrying Place Ponds, data on 142, 144,214 

Carrying Place Rips, water power near 127 



For general description of rivers, ponds, and lakes see Gazetteer, pp. 212-227 



229 



230 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Cataracts, development of 6 

Cathance River, data on 214 

Chain of Ponds, data on _ 142,214 

Chase Bog Pond, data on 215 

Chase Ponds, data on 144,215 

Chase Stream, data on 215 

Chase Stream Pond, data on 1 44 

Chemical constituents of water, data on 181- 

184,197 

Chesterville Ponds, data on 142, 215 

Chesuncook, elevation at . . . 16 

rainfall at 17 

snow at 23 

China Lake, data on 143,215 

Chlorine, occurrence of 181-184, 186-188 

occurrence of, diagram showing 181, 187 

Churchill Stream, data on 215 

Clear Water Pond, data on.-. 142,215 

Clearwater Brook, data on 215 

Cleveland Rips, water power at 130 

Clinton, water power at 125 

Cobhosseecontee Pond, data on 143, 215 

Cobbosseecontee Stream, basin of, water 

in 143,144 

data on ... 215 

discharge data on 93-105, 110-113 

diversion of 8 

drainage of , 14 

population in basin of 189 

population and area in basin of, diagram 

and map showing 190, 191 

low water on 121 

precipitation on 111-113 

ratio of, to run-off 111-113 

water powers on : 126, 130 

Cochnewagon Pond, data on 143, 215 

Cold Stream, data on . t 215 

Cold Stream Pond, data on 144, 215 

Color of water, data on 167-168, 

170-171, 172-181, 182-183, 196 

Corinna, water power at 125 

Corinna Pond, data on 143, 215 

Cotton mills, pollution from 195 

Current meter, description and use of 26 

Curves, rating, area, and mean velocity, de- 
scription of 27-28 

diagram showing 27 

D. 

Dam Pond, data on 215 

Davis Ferry, water power at 130 

Dead River, basin of, water storage in . . 139-141, 

142, 144 

data on 215-216 

discharge data on 76-81, 121, 149 

drainage of 10,14 

elevations along 129 

low water on 121 

population in basin of 189 

water powers on 123, 128-129 

Dead River dam, use of 140 

Dead River Pond, data on 210 

Dead River Rapids, water powers on 129 

Decker Pond, data on 216 

Deer Pond, data on 216 

Definitions of terms used 28-29 



Page. 

Description of Kennebec basin 2-16 

Desert Pond,.data on 143 

Determinations of flow, accuracy of 30-32 

methods of 25-28 

Detroit, water power at 125 

Dexter Ponds, data on 143, 216 

Dimmick Ponds, data on 216 

Discharge. See Stream flow. 

Double Head Pond, data on 216 

Doughnut Pond, data on 216 

Dow, F. T. , on log driving 166 

Drainage, description of 3-4, 9-14 

skeleton of 9-14 

transference of 6-8 

water powers due to 7 

Dutton Pond, data on 142, 216 

E. 

East New Portland, water powers at 123, 124 

East Brook, data on 216 

East Pond, data on 143, 216 

Eastern River, data on 216 

Ellis Pond, data on 143, 216 

Embden Pond, data on 142, 216 

Emerson Ponds, data on 216 

Enchanted Stream, data on 216 

Evaporation in Maine, effect of, on stored 

water 145 

records of 113-115 

stations for 113 

Evaporation raft, description of 114 

plate showing 26 

F. 

Fahi Brook, data on 216 

Fahi Pond, data on 142, 216 

Fairbanks, water power at 124 

Fairfield, .elevation at 16 

paper mills at, pollution from 195 

rainfall at 17, 18 

typhoid fever at 200, 201, 205, 207 

water power at 122-123 

Fall Brook, data on 216 

Farmington, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 17, 18 

water power at 124 

Fifteenmile Brook, data on 217 

Fifteenmile Rips, water power at 130 

Fish Pond, data on 217 

Fitzgerald Pond, data on 217 

Flagstaff, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 17, 18 

water power at 128 

Flagstaff Lake, data on 142, 217 

plan of 1 

water storage in 139-140, 142 

Floods, on Kennebec River, description of 115-119 

plate showing 120 

Forest conditions, description of 15 

Forks. See The Forks. 

Freshet oak, gage heights at 119 

plate showing 120 

G. 

Caging statioris, locations of 33 

operations at 25-26 

pla te showing 26 



INDEX. 



231 



Page. 

Gander Brook, data on 217 

Ga rdiner, discharge data 93-105, 110-113, 121 

elevation at 16 

ra infall at 17, 18-19, 110-113 

diagram showing 17 

ratio of, to run-off 110-113* 

typhoid lever at 201 

water powers at and near 126 

Gardiner Pond, data on 144, 217 

Gas works, pollution from 195 

Gazetteer of rivers, lakes, and ponds in Ken- 
nebec basin 212-227 

Geologic history, outline of 6-8 

Geology, description of. 4-9 

drainage affected by 4-5 

George Lake, data on 217 

Oilman Pond, data on 142, 217 

Glaciation, effect of, on Kennebec topog- 
raphy 6-8 

Gold Brook, data on 217 

Grand Falls, water power at 128-129 

Grant Farm, elevation at 16 

ra infall at 20 

snow at 23 

Great Pond, data on 142, 143, 217 

Great Swamp, data on 144 

Greeley Pond, data on 143, 217 

Greenbush Pond, data on 217 

Greenville, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 20 

snow at 23 

Grindstone Pond, data on 217 

Gulf Stream, data on . . ., 217 

H. 

Hall Pond, data on 217 

Hallowell, typhoid fever at 201 

Hammond Brook, data on 217 

Hancock Pond, data'on 142, 217 

Hartland, water powers at 124 

Hayden Lake, data on 143, 217 

Heald Ponds, data on 217 

Heald Stream, data on 217 

Hicks Pond, data on 217 

Higgins Stream, data on 218 

Holeb Falls, water power at 128 

Holeb Pond, data on 144. 218 

plan of 1 

water storage in 136-137, 144 

Hollingsworth, Sumner, on log driving 166 

Hoi way Brook, data on 218 

Horse Brook, data on 218 

Horseshoe Ponds, data on 218 

Houston Brook, data on 218 

Hurricane Falls, fall at 128 

Huston Brook, data on 1 218 

I. 

Ice, effect of, on flow 28, 31 

Indian Pond, data on 143, 144, 218 

water powers near 127 

Indian Stream, data on 218 

Iron Pond, data on 218 

Ironbound Pond, data on 218 

Ironworks, pollution from 195 



Page 

Island Pond, data on 218 

Isochlors, normal, occurrence of 181-182 

occurrence of, diagram showing 181 

J. 

Jackman, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 20 

snow at 23 

Jackson Brook, data on 218 

Jackson Pond, data on 218 

Jamies Pond, data on 143,218 

Jams, log, occurrence of 162 

view of 162 

Jerusalem Pond, data on 142 

Jim Pond, data on 142, 218 

Jimmy Pond, data on 218 

Johnson Brook, data on 218 

Judkins Pond, data on 142, 218 



Kelly Brook, data on 218 

Kennebec Log Driving Association, work of. 131 

Kennebec River, character of 8 

description of 3-4 

diversion of 7 

discharge data of o3-59, 118, 120, 149 

drainage of 14 

floods on 115-119 

flow of, effect of storage on. . . 145-148, 158-162 
effect of storage on, diagrams show- 
ing 160, 161 

regulation of 131 

headwaters of, storage on 132-138, 144 

water available in 148-162 

ice industry on 15-16 

improvement of 166 

log jam on, plate showing 162 

navigation of 15 

plan and profile of 1 

pollution of 168, 188-198 

See also Pollution. 

population in basin of 189-191 

population and area in basin of, map 

and diagram showing 190, 191 

profile of, plate showing 126 

survey of ■ 1 

topography due to 5-6 

valley of, typhoid in 211 

view on 162 

water of, Bacillus coli in 172-177, 186 

bacteiia in. . . . 172-177, 182-183. 186. 197-198 

chemical constituents in 181-184, 197 

chlorine in 181-184 

diagram showing 181 

color of 170-171, 172-177. 182-183. 196 

hardness of 181 

microorganisms in 184-186 

odor of 172, 173-176, 182-183, 196-197 

quality of 167-211 

turbidity of. . . 168-170, 172-177, 182-183, 196 

typhoid fever from 205-211 

water powers on 122-123, 127 

water supply from 167, 199 

Kennebec Water Power Co., work of 131-132 

Kents Mill, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 20 



232 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Kibby Stream, data on 219 

Kidder River, data on 219 

Kineo, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 17, 20 

King Pond, data on 142 

Kingfleld, water powers at 123 

Knights Pond, data on 144, 219 

L. 

Lakes, origin of 8 

list of 11-14 

relations of 11-14 

See also lakes and ponds described in 

gazetteer 212-227 

Lazy Tom Brook, data on 219 

Lemon Stream, data on 219 

Lewiston, evaporation at 115 

evaporation station at, plate showing. . 26 

Levy, E. C. , on typhoid fever 199 

Lily Pond, data on 219 

Little Alder Stream, data on 219 

Little Austin Pond, data on 219 

Little Big Wood Pond, data on 219 

Little Brassua Lake, water powers near 128 

Little Chase Pond, data on 219 

Little Heald Brook, data on 219 

Little Houston Brook, data on 219 

Little Indian Pond, data on 143, 219 

Little Jim Pond, data on 219 

Little Pocket Pond, data on 219 

Little Pond, data on 143,219 

Little Spencer Stream, data on 219 

Little Wood Pond, data on 219 

Locks Pond, data on 219 

Log driving, cost of 164-166 

dates of 163 

effect of, on color of water 171 

improvements in 166 

jams in 162 

view of 162 

magnitude of 164 

methods of 162 

pollution from 195 

water power and, relations of . 131 

water used f or 163-164 

Logs, transportation of . * 164-166 

Long Falls, fall at 128 

Long Pond, dam on, plate showing 128 

data on 142, 143, 144, 219, 220 

plan of 1 

water powers near 128 

water storage in 133, 134-135, 142, 143, 144 

Loon Pond, data on 220 

Lovejoy Pond, data on 143, 219 

Low water, description of 120-121 

Lower Baker Pond, data on 144 

Lower Churchill Pond, data on 220 

Lower Pond, data on 220 

Lower Roach Pond, plan of 1 

water storage in 137, 144 

Lufikin Pond, data on 142 

Luther Pond, data on 220 

M. 

McGrath Pond, data on 143,220 

McGurdy Pond, data on 22q 



Page. 

McKinney Pond, data on 220 

Madison, discharge data near.. 86-90,118,121,149 

elevation at . 16 

rainfall at 20 

snow at 23 

log jam near, plate showing 162 

paper mills at, pollution from 194-195 

water powers at and near 122, 124, 127 

Maine, evaporation in 115 

Maine State Survey Commission, coopera- 
tion of 1,2 

Manufacturing, outline of 15 

pollution by 192-195 

Map, of Kennebec basin 3 

Maps, topographic, publication of • 1-2 

Maranacook Lake, data on 143, 220 

Martin Stream, data on 220 

Mass curves, application of 158-161 

diagrams showing 152, 154, 155 

discussion of 153-158 

Mayfield, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 17, 20 

Merrill Pond, data on 220 

Merrymeeting Bay, population and area in 
basin of, diagram and map 

showing 190, 191 

Messalonskee Lake, data on 143, 220 

■Messalonskee Stream, basin of, storage in. 143, 144 

data on 220 

discharge data of 90-92, 121 

diversion of 7 

drainage of 14 

low water on 121 

pollution of 199 

population in basin of 189 

population and area in basin of, dia- 
gram and map showing 190, 191 

typhoid fever from 205 

water of, Bacillus coli in 177-181 

bacteria in 177-181 

color of 177-181 

quality of 167, 171-181 

turbidity of 168, 177-181 

water powers on 125-126, 130 

water supply from 167, 199, 200 

Michael Stream, data on 220 

Microorganisms in Kennebec water 184-186 

Middle Roach Pond, plan of 1 

water storage in : 137, 144 

Mill Pond, data on 143, 220 

Mill Stream, data on 220 

Millinocket, evaporation at 115 

Mink Brook, data on 221 

Mink Ponds, data on 221 

Miseree Pond, data on...- 142,221 

Miseree Stream, data on 221 

discharge data of 64 

Moorcs Pond, data on 221 

Moose Brook, data on 221 

Moose Pond, data on 143, 221 

Moose River, basin of, water storage in. 133, 142, 144 

cable station on, plate showing 26 

dam on, plate showing 128 

data on 221 

discharge data on . r ;9-64, 121, 149 

drainage of 9, 14 



INDEX. 



233 



Page. 

Moose River, low water on 121 

plan and profile of 1 

water powers on 128 

Moosehead Lake, data on 221 

drainage of .' 9 

gage heights on 70-76, 132 

outlet of, headgates at, plate showing. . 128 

population in basin of 189 

population and area in basin of, dia- 
gram and map showing 190, 191 

water of, use of 131 

water storage in 132-133, 144 

amount available for 150-151 

amount required for 156-158 

diagram showing 157 

effect of, on stream flow . . 145-148, 158-162 

diagrams showing 160, 161 

mass curves of 153-158 

diagrams showing 152, 154, 158 

Mores Bog Stream Pond, data on 144 

Morrill Pond, data on 144 

Mosquito Pond, data on; . ., 144, 221 

Mosquito Rips, fall at 128 

Moxie Falls, height of 128 

Moxie Pond, data on 138,144,221 

Moxie Stream, data on 221 

drainage of 10, 14 

water powers on 128 

Mountain Pond, data on 221 

Muddy River, data on 221 

Mud Pond, data on 221 

Muskrat Pond, data on 221 

N. 

Narrows Pond, data on 143, 221 

Natanis Pond, data on 222 

Nehumkeag Pond, data on 222 

Nequasset Brook, data on 222 

Nequasset Pond, data on 144, 222 

Newport, water power at 125 

New Sharon, water power at 124, 130 

Nokomis Pond, data on 222 

Norcross Brook, data on ; 222 

Norcross Pond, data on 142, 222 

North Anson, discharge at, effect of 

storage on 146-148 

discharge data at and near 41-48, 

81-86,120,121,149 

water powers at 123-124 

North Boundary Pond, data on 222 

North Pond, data on 142, 143, 222 

Northwest Boundary Pond, data on 222 

O. 

Oak Pond, data on 222 

Oakland, pollution at 199 

water powers at ; 125, 130 

Odor of water, data on 172, 

173-176, 182-183, 196-197 
Organisms, microscopic, in Kennebec wa- 
ter 184-186 

Otter ponds, data on 144, 212 

P. 

Palmyra Ponds, data at 143, 222 

Paper and pulp mills, pollution by 192-193 



Page. 

Parker Pond, data on 222 

Parlin Pond, data on 142, 222 

Parlin Stream, data on 222 

Pattee Pond, data on 143, 222 

Perham Stream, data on 222 

Phillips, water power at 124 

Pierce Pond, data on 139, 144, 222 

outlet of, water power on 129 

Pittsfield, water powers at 124-125 

Pleasant Pond, data on 143, 144. 223 

Pleasant Pond Stream, data on 223 

water powers on 129 

Pleistocene epoch, effect of, on Kennebec 

topography 6-8 

Plymouth Pond, data on 143, 223 

Pocket Pond, data on 223 

Pollution, discussion of 188-198 

effects of . . ; 195-198 

sources of ... 188-195 

map showing 191 

Ponco Ponds, data on 223 

Ponds, formation of 8 

list of 11-14 

See also Gazetteer. 

relations of 11-14 

See also particular ponds. 

Poplar Brook, data on 223 

Population, data on 15, 189 

Porters Pond, data on 142 

Precipitation, ratio of run-off to 106-113 

records of 16-24, 116 

See also Rainfall; Snow. 

Prong Pond, data on 223 

Pulp. See Paper and pulp. 

Purgatory ponds, data on 143, 223 

Q- 
Quality of water 167-211 

R. 

Rail carriage of logs, cost of 165-166 

Rainfall, diagram showing 22 

records of 16-22 

relation of, to Waterville typhoid epi- 
demic 206 

Rainfall station, plate showing 26 

Rapid Stream, data on 223 

Rating table, construction and use of 27 

Redington Brook, data on 223 

Redington Pond, data on 223 

Reed Brook, data on 223 

Relief, description of 9 

Richard Pond, data on 223 

Richmond, chlorine at. diagram showing. . . 187 

quality of river water at 186-188, 200 

typhoid fever at 201, 211 

water supply at 200 

Rippl, W., method of computing water 

supply by 150 

Rivers, data -concerning 212-227 

Ritt Brook, data on 223 

Roach Ponds, data on 223 

Roach River, basin of, storage in 137 

data on 223 

discharge data on 64-70, 121, 149 

drainage oi r ...... , 14 



234 



INDEX. 



Page. 
Roach River., low water in 121 

water powers on 128 

Roach River (P. O.), discharge data at 64-70, 

121, 149 

elevation at 16 

rainfall at 20 

Robinson Pond , data on 144, 223 

outlet of, data on 223 

Rock Pond, data on 223 

Rockwood, cable station at, plate showing. 26 

discharge data near . . % 59-64, 121, 149 

water power near .* 128 

Rogers Pond, data on 143, 223 

Rolling Dam Brook, data on 224 

Round Mountain Lake, data on 224 

Round Pond, data on 224 

Rowe Pond, data on 142, 224 

Rowe Pond Stream, data on 224 

Run-off, definition of 29 

ratio of, to precipitation 106-113 

S. 

Saddlerock Ponds, data on 224 

Sally Pond, data on 224 

Salmon Stream, data on 224 

Sanborn Pond, data on v . . 143, 224 

Sand Pond, data on 224 

Sandy Pond, data on 142, 143, 224 

Sandy River, basin of, storage in 142, 144 

data on 224 

discharge data of 86-90, 121, 149 

drainage of 11 

former course of 7 

low water on 121 

population in basin of 189 

population and area in basin of, dia- 
gram and map showing 190, 191 

water powers on 124, 130 

Sandy River Ponds, data on 142, 224 

Sandy Stream, data on 224 

drainage of 10 

Savage Pond, data on 224 

Sebastian Lake, data on 143, 224 

Sebasticook River, basin of, storage in. . . 143, 144 

data on 224 

drainage of 14 

population and area in basin of, dia- 
gram and map showing 190, 191 

water powers on 124-125, 130 

Sebleys Pond, data on 224 

Second-feet per square mile, definition of. . . 29 

Second-foot, definition of 28 

Sevenmile Brook, data on 225 

Sewage, pollution by 188-195, 197 

Shallow Pond, data on 225 

Shawmut, water power at 122 

Shed Pond, data on 225 

Sibley Pond, data on 144 

Skinner Pond, data on 143, 225 

Skowhegan, water power at 122, 127 

Smith, George Otis, on geology of Kennebec 

basin '. . 4-9 

Smith Pond, data on 225 

Snow, storage by 23-24 

Snow Pond, data on 225 

Socatean River, data on 225 



Page. 

Soldier Pond, evaporation at 115 

Solon, elevation at 16 

rainfall at 20 

Solon Ferry, water power near 127 

Somerset Railway, log carrying rates of. . . 165-166 

South Boundary Pond, data on 225 

Spectacle Pond, data on 225 

Spencer Ponds, data on 142, 144, 225 

plan of _ 1 

Spencer Rips, fall at 128 

Spencer Stream, dam on, use of 141 

data on 225 

drainage of 10 

Spring Lake, data on 140, 142, 225 

pian of 1 

Spruce Pond, data on 142, 225 

Squaw Brook, data on 225 

Stafford Pond, data on 143, 225 

Starbird Pond, data on 143, 225 

Stetson Pond, data on 143, 225 

Stony Brook, data on . . 225 

Storage. See Water storage. 

Stratton Brook, data on 225 

Stream flow, data on, collection of. . . 25-26,33-166 

data on, collection of, stations for 33 

computation of ^ 27-28 

sources of 24-25 

use of 32-33 

definitions of terms used in 28-29 

determination of accuracy of 30-32 

effect of storage on 145-147, 158-162 

diagram showing 160, 161 

tables of, explanation of 29 

Streams, fall on 3-4 

flow of. See Stream flow. 

list of 9-11 

plans and profiles of 1 

pollution of. See Pollution. 

relations of 9-11 

Strong, water power at 130 

Stuarts Ponds, data on 143 

Surveys, plans and profiles of 1 

Sylvester Pond, data on 142 

T. 

Tables, explanation of 29 

Taylor Pond, data on 142 

Tee Pond, data on 226 

Ten Thousand Acre Ponds, data on 226 

The Forks, discharge at, effect of storage 

on 146-148 

discharge data at and near 33-40, 

76-81,118,120,121,149 

elevation at 16 

rainfall at 17,20 

snow at 23 

diagram showing 24 

water powers near 127 

Thorndike Ponds, data on 142 

Three-Cornered Pond, data on 226 

Threemile Pond, data on 144, 226 

Ticonic Falls, water power at 123 

Tides, etfect of, on quality of water 186-188 

Tim Brook, data on 226 

Tim Pond, data on 142, °26 



INDEX. 



235 



Page. 

Toby Brook, data'on 226 

Toby Pond, data on 226 

Togus Pond, data on 144, 226 

Tolman Pond, data on 226 

Tom Fletcher Stream, data on 226 

Tomhegan Pond, data on 144, 226 

Tomhegan Stream , data on 226 

Topography, description of 2-4 

Transportation, character of , 16 

Trout Pond, data on 226 

Tufts Pond, data on 142, 226 

Turbidity, data concerning 168-170, 

172-181, 182-183, 196 

Turner Brook, data on 226 

Turner Pond, data on 226 

Twenty-five Mile Pond, data on 143, 226 

Typhoid fever epidemic, causes of. 198, 203-207, 209 

occurrence of . . 198-211 

relation of rainfall and 206-207 

starting points of 205-206 

U. 

Unity Pond, data on 226 

Upper Churchill Stream, data on 226 

Upper Roach Pond, data on 144 



Viles Pond, data on. 



V. 



226 



W. 



Ward Pond, data on 226 

Water, Bacillus coli in . . .. 172-181, 186, 198 

bacteria in 172-181, 182-183, 186, 197-198 

color of 167-168, 

170-171, 172-181, 182-183, 196 

chemical constituents in 181-184, 197 

chlorine in 181-184 

hardness of 168,181-184 

microorganisms in 184-186 

odor of 172, 173-176, 182-183, 196-197 

pollution of 188-198 

quality of 167-211 

turbidity of 168-170, 172-181, 182-183, 196 

typhoid fever from * 198-211 

See also Typhoid fever. 

Waterfalls, production of 6 

Water powers, existence of 1 

log driving and, relations of 131 

Water powers, developed, descriptions of. 121-126 
Water powers, undeveloped, descriptions 

of 126-130 

Water resources of Kennebec basin 1-166 

Water storage, amount available for 149-162 

amount required for . , 161-162 

effect of, on flow 145-148, 158-161 

diagrams showing 160, 151 

effect of evaporation on 145 

mass curves of. See Mass curves. 

purposes of : 131 

system of, .- 131-132 

description of 131-162 

geologic genesis of 8 

Waterville, discharge at, effect of storage 

on 146-148, 158-161 

diagram showing 160 



Page. 

Waterville, discharge data at 48-49, 

90-92, 106-110, 118, 120, 121, 149-152 

iron works at. pollution from 195 

map of 204 

precipitation in Kennebec basin above. . 22, 

106-110 

diagram showing 22 

ratio of, to run-off 106-110 

rainfall at, relation of, to typhoid fever 206-207 

sewage pollution at 197-198, 199, 200 

typhoid fever at 200-207, 211 

diagram showing 202 

map illustrating 204 

source of , 205-207 

water above, quality of 172-177 

water powers at and near 125-126 

water supply of 167, 199, 203 

Weber Pond, data on 144, 226 

outlet of, water power at 130 

Weeks Pond, data on 143, 226 

Welhern Pond, data on 226 

Wells, Walter, on water storage in Maine. . 141-144 

Wentworth Pond, data on 143, 227 

Wesserunsett Stream, basin of, storage in. 143, 144 

data on 227 

West Brook, data on 227 

West Carry Pond, plan of 1 

water storage in 140 

West New Portland, water power at 124 

West Outlet Pond, data on : . . . 144, 227 

Weymouth Pond, data on 143, 227 

Whipple, G. C, on quality of Kennebec 

River water 167-211 

Whipple Pond, data on 227 

Whitcomb Rock, data on 227 

Whites Pond, data on 227 

Williams Stream, data on 227 

Wilsons Pond, data on 143,227 

Wilson Stream, data on 227 

W ilton Pond, data on 142, 227 

W inslow, elevation at 16 

paper mills at, pollution from 194-195 

rainfall at 17, 20 

snow at , 23 

typhoid fever at 200, 201 

water powers at 123, 130 

Witham Brook, data on 227 

Withee Pond, data on 227 

Wood, B. D., gazetteer by, of rivers, lakes, 
and ponds in Kennebec River 

basin. 212-227 

Wood Pond, data on 142,227 

discharge data of 64 

outlet of, plan of 1 

plan of 1 

water storage in 135-] 36 

Wood Pond Stream, discharge data of 64 

Wood Stream, data on 227 

Woolen mills, pollution by , 192-193, 195 

Wyman Pond, data on 143,227 

Y. 
Youngs Pond, data on ' 227 



3697— irr 198—07- 



-16 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL 

SURVEY. 

[Water-Supply Paper No. 198.] 

The publications of the United States Geological Survey consist of (1) Annual 
Reports, (2) Monographs, (3) Professional Papers, (4) Bulletins, (5) Mineral 
Resources, (6) Water-Supply and Irrigation Papers, (7) Topographic Atlas of United 
States — folios and separate sheets thereof, (8) Geologic Atlas of United States — 
folios thereof. The classes numbered 2, 7, and 8 are sold at cost of publication; the 
others are distributed free. A circular giving complete lists can be had on application. 

Most of the above publications can be obtained or consulted in the following ways: 

1. A limited number are delivered to the Director of the Survey, from whom they 
can be obtained, free of charge (except classes 2, 7, and 8), on application. 

2. A certain number are delivered to Senators and Representatives in Congress for 
distribution. 

3. Other copies are deposited with the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, 
D. C, from whom they can be had at prices slightly above cost. 

4. Copies of all Government publications are furnished to the principal public 
libraries in the large cities throughout the United States, where they can be consulted 
by those interested. 

The Professional Papers, Bulletins, and Water-Supply Papers treat of a variety of 
subjects, and the total number issued is large. They have therefore been classified 
into the following series: A, Economic geology; B, Descriptive geology; C, System- 
atic geology and paleontology; D, Petrography and mineralogy; E, Chemistry and 
physics; F, Geography; G, Miscellaneous; H, Forestry; I, Irrigation; J, Water stor- 
age; K, Pumping water; L, Quality of water; M, General hydrographic investiga- 
tions; N, Water power; 0, Underground waters; P, Hydrographic progress reports; 
Q, Fuels; R, Structural materials. This paper is the twenty-first in Series L, the 
twenty-third in Series M, and the thirteenth in Series N, the complete lists of 
which follow (WS= Water-Supply Paper): 

SERIES L, QUALITY OF WATER. 

WS 3. Sewage irrigation, by G. W. Rafter. 1897. 100 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 22. Sewage irrigation, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100 pp., 7 pis. (Out of stock.) 

WS 72. Sewage pollution near New York City, by M. O. Leighton. 1902. 75 pp., 8 pis. 

WS 76. Flow of rivers near New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1903. 108 pp., 13 pis. 

WS 79. Normal and polluted waters in northeastern United States, by M. O. Leighton. 1903. 192 pp., 

15 pis. 
WS 103. Review of the laws, forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, by E. B. 

Goodell. 1904. 120 pp. 
WS 108. Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by M. O. Leighton, with an 

introductory chapter on physiographic features, by G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 113. The disposal of strawboard and oil-well wastes, by R. L. Sackett and Isaiah Bowman. 1905. 

52 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 121. Preliminary report onthe pollution of Lake Champlain, by M. O. Leighton. 1905. 119 pp. 

13 pis. 
WS 144. The normal distribution of chlorine in the natural waters of New York and New England, 

by D. D. Jackson. 1905. 31 pp., 5 pis. 
WS 151. Field assay of water, by M. O. Leighton. 1905. 77 pp., 4 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 152. A review of the laws forbidding pollution of inland waters in the United States, second 

edition, by E. B. Goodell. 1905. 149 pp. 
WS 161. Quality of water in upper Ohio River basin and at Erie, Pa., by S. J. Lewis. 1906. 114 pp., 

6 pis. (Out of stock. ) 

I 



II SERIES LIST. 

WS 179. Prevention of stream pollution by distillery refuse, based on investigations at Lynchburg, 

Ohio, by Herman Stabler. 1906. 34 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 185. Investigations on the purification of Boston sewage, by C. E. A. Winslow and Earle B, 

Phelps. 1906. ' 163 pp. 
WS 186. Stream pollution by acid-iron wastes, a report based on investigations made at Shelby, Ohio, 

by Herman Stabler. 1906. 36 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 189. The prevention of stream pollution by strawboard waste, by Earle Bernard Phelps. 1906. 

29 pp., 2 pis. 
WS 192. The Potomac River basin: Geographic history — rainfall and stream flow — pollution, typhoid 

fever, and character of water — relation of soils and forest cover to quality and quantity of 

surface water— effect of industrial wastes on fishes, by H. N.* Parker, Bailey Willis, R. H. 

Bolster, W. W. Ashe, and M. C. Marsh. 1907. 364 pp., 10 pis. 
WS 193. Quality of surface waters in Minnesota, by R. B. Dole and F. F. Wesbrook. 1907. 171 pp. , 7 pis. 
WS 194. Pollution of Illinois and Mississippi rivers by Chicago sewage; a digest of the testimony 

taken in the case of the State of Missouri v. the State of Illinois and the Sanitary District 

of Chicago, by M. O. Leigh ton. 1907. 369 pp., 2 pis. 
WS. 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on 

the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis. 

SERIES M, GENERAL HYDROGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS. 

WS 56. Methods of stream measurement. 1901. 51 pp., 12 pis. 

WS 64. Accuracy of stream measurements, by E. C. Murphy. 1902. 99 pp., 4 pis. 

WS 76. Observations on the flow of rivers in the vicinity of New York City, by H. A. Pressey. 1902. 

108 pp., 13 pis. 
WS 80. The relation of rainfall to run-off, by G. W. Rafter. 1903. 104 pp. 
WS 81. California hydrography, by J. B. Lippincott. 1903. 488 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 88. The Passaic flood of 1902, by G. B. Hollister and M. O. Leighton. 1903. 56 pp., 15 pis. 
WS 91. Natural features and economic development of the Sandusky, Maumee, Muskingum, and 

Miami drainage areas in Ohio, by B. H. Flynn and M. S. Flynn. 1904. 130 pp. 
WS 92. The Passaic flood of 1903, by M. O. Leighton. 1904. 48 pp., 7 pis. 
WS 94. Hydrographic manual of the United States Geological Survey, prepared by E. C. Murphy, 

J. C. Hoyt, and G. B. Hollister. 1904. 76 pp., 3 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 95. Accuracy of stream measurements (second edition), by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 169 pp., 6 pis. 
WS 96. Destructive floods in the United States in 1903, by E. C. Murphy. 1904. 81 pp., 13 pis. 
WS 106. Water resources of the Philadelphia district, by Florence Bascom. 1904. 75 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 109. Hydrography of the Susquehanna River drainage basin, by J. C. Hoyt and R. H.Anderson. 

1904. 215 pp., 28 pis. 
WS 116. Water resources near Santa Barbara, California, by J. B. Lippincott. 1904. 99 pp., 8 pis. 
WS 147. Destructive floods in the United States in 1904, by E. C. Murphy and others. 1905. 206 pp., 

18 pis. 
WS 150. Weir experiments, coefficients, and formulas, by R. E. Horton. 1906. 189 pp., 38 pis. (Out 

of stock.) 
WS 162. Destructive floods in the United States in 1905, by E. C. Murphy and others. 1906. 105 pp., 

4 pis. 
WS 180. Turbine water-wheel tests and power tables, by Robert E. Horton. 1906. 134 pp., 2 pis. (Out 

of stock. ) 
WS 187. Determination of stream flow during the frozen season, by H. K. Barrows and Robert E. 

Horton. 1907. 93 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 192. The Potomac River basin: Geographic history — rainfall and stream flow — pollution, typhoid 

fever, and character of water— relation of soils and forest cover to quality and quantity of 

surface water— effect of industrial wastes on fishes, by H. N. Parker, Bailey Willis, R. H. 

Bolster, W. W. Ashe, and M. C. March. 1907. 364 pp., 10 pis. 
WS 196. Water supply of Nome region, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 1906, by J. C. Hoyt and F. F. Hen- 

shaw. 1907. 52 pp., 6 pis. (Out of stock.) 
WS 197. Water resources of Georgia, by B. M. and M. R. Hall. 1907. 342 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on 
the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis. 

SERIES N, WATER POWER. 

WS 24. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. I, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 92 pp., 13 pis. 

WS 25. Water resources of the State of New York, Pt. II, by G. W. Rafter. 1899. 100-200 pp., 12 pis. 

WS 44. Profiles of rivers, by Henry Gannett. 1901. 100 pp., 11 pis. 

WS 62. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt, I, by H. A. Pressey. 1902. 

95 pp., 25 pis. 
WS 63. Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain region, Pt. II, by H. A. Pressey. 1902." 

96-190 pp., 26-44 pis. 



SERIES LIST. Ill 

WS 69. Water powers of the State of Maine, by H. A. Pressor. 1902. 124 pp., 14 pis. 

\VS 105. Water powers of Texas, by T. U. Taylor. 1904. 11G pp., 17 pis. 

WS 107. Water powers of Alabama with an appendix on stream measurements in Mississippi, by B. M. 

Hall. 1904. 253 pp., 9 pis. 
WS 109. Hydrography of Susquehanna River drainage basin, by .1. C. Hoyt and K. II. Anderson. 

1905. 215 pp., 29 pis. 
WS 115. River surveys and profiles made in 1903, by W. C. Hall and J. C. Hoyt, 1905. 115 pp., 4 pis. 
WS 156. Water powers of northern Wisconsin, by L. S. Smith. 1906. 145 pp., 5 pis. 
WS 197. Water resources of Georgia, by B. M. and M. R. Hall. 1907. 342 pp., 1 pi. 
WS 198. Water resources of the Kennebec River basin, Maine, by H. K. Barrows, with a section on 

the quality of Kennebec River water, by George C. Whipple. 1907. 235 pp., 7 pis. 

Correspondence should be addressed to 

The Director, 

United States Geological Survey, 

Washington, D. C. 
August, 1907. 

o 



HFe '06 



( L, Quality of Water, 21 
\\ M, General 



Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 198 Series < M, General Hydrographic Investigations, 

[ N, Water Power, 13 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Director 



WATER RESOURCES 

OF THE 

KENNEBEC RIVER BASIN, MAINE 

BY 

H. K. BARROWS 

WITH A SECTION ON THE 

QUALITY OF KENNEBEC RIVER WATER 

BY 

GEORGE C. WHIPPLE 




WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1907 

Monograph 



